The Coalition of the Left, of Movements and Ecology
(, ''Synaspismós tīs Aristerás tōn Kinīmátōn kai tīs Oikologías''), commonly known as Synaspismos (, ''Synaspismós'', "Coalition") and abbreviated to SYN (ΣΥΝ), was a Greek political party of the radical
New Left
The New Left was a broad political movement that emerged from the counterculture of the 1960s and continued through the 1970s. It consisted of activists in the Western world who, in reaction to the era's liberal establishment, campaigned for freer ...
. It was founded in 1991 and was known as the Coalition of the Left and Progress (, ''Synaspismós tīs Aristerás kai tīs Proódou'') until 2003. In 2004 SYN was a founding member of the
Party of the European Left
The Party of the European Left (PEL), or European Left (EL), is a European political party that operates as an association of democratic socialist and communist political parties in the European Union and other European countries. It was formed ...
.
SYN was the largest party of the left-wing
coalition
A coalition is formed when two or more people or groups temporarily work together to achieve a common goal. The term is most frequently used to denote a formation of power in political, military, or economic spaces.
Formation
According to ''A G ...
formed in 2004 called
Coalition of the Radical Left (SYRIZA). SYN was dissolved in 2013.
History
Coalition, late 1980s–1991
As its name reveals, Synaspismos emerged initially as an electoral coalition at the late 1980s, with the pro-
Soviet
The Union of Soviet Socialist Republics. (USSR), commonly known as the Soviet Union, was a List of former transcontinental countries#Since 1700, transcontinental country that spanned much of Eurasia from 1922 until Dissolution of the Soviet ...
Communist Party of Greece
The Communist Party of Greece (, ΚΚΕ; ''Kommounistikó Kómma Elládas'', KKE) is a Marxist–Leninist political party in Greece. It was founded in 1918 as the Socialist Workers' Party of Greece (SEKE) and adopted its current name in Novem ...
(KKE) and the
Greek Left, one of the successors of the
eurocommunist KKE Interior, as its largest constituents. The
Party of Democratic Socialism, a splinter from the
Union of the Democratic Centre which occupied a similar position to
PASOK
The Panhellenic Socialist Movement (, ), known mostly by its acronym PASOK (; , ), is a social democracy, social-democratic List of political parties in Greece, political party in Greece. Until 2012 it was Two-party system, one of the two major ...
, was the largest non-
Communist
Communism () is a sociopolitical, philosophical, and economic ideology within the socialist movement, whose goal is the creation of a communist society, a socioeconomic order centered on common ownership of the means of production, di ...
member party.
The
dissolution of the USSR
Dissolution may refer to:
Arts and entertainment
* ''Dissolution'', a 2002 novel by Richard Lee Byers in the War of the Spider Queen series
* Dissolution (Sansom novel), ''Dissolution'' (Sansom novel), by C. J. Sansom, 2003
* Dissolution (Binge no ...
brought the Left into disunion, and the traditional
Stalinist
Stalinism (, ) is the totalitarian means of governing and Marxist–Leninist policies implemented in the Soviet Union (USSR) from 1927 to 1953 by dictator Joseph Stalin and in Soviet satellite states between 1944 and 1953. Stalinism in ...
majority within KKE purged all non-hardliners from the party—almost 45% of the Central Committee members, including ex-general secretary
Grigoris Farakos, and majorities in many Local Committees (called by the KKE majority as "revisionists" and by the press as the "renewers"). At this time KKE also left the coalition.
Party, 1991–2013
After that, the other parties of the coalition and the renewing part of KKE decided to convert the alliance into a political party (1991).
Although the 'experiment' seemed to have great potential, serious ideological conflicts were afflicting the new party. At the
legislative elections of 1993, SYN failed by 2,000 votes to pass the limit of 3% and enter the National Parliament. But next year, Synaspismos got its highest national 'score' ever (6.26%) in the
1994 European Parliament elections. Two years later, with 5.12%, got its highest score in
1996 legislative elections.
In the
legislative elections of 2000, SYN was supported by the small
Renewing Communist Ecological Left
The Renewing Communist Ecological Left (, ΑΚΟΑ; AKOA) was a Communism, Eurocommunist party in Greece.
Established in 1987 as KKE Interior – Renewing Left (, ΚΚΕσ–ΑΑ), the party resulted from the Communist Party of Greece (Interior), ...
(AKOA) party and a small group of ecologists. After the elections a few members of the National Committee, who were asking for approximation with the social democrats, left the party accusing the majority of neo-communist turn and created the short-lived party AEKA. AEKA was first split and little later disbanded in some months, when the head of the party became an Undersecretary in the
socialdemocratic administration of
Kostas Simitis.
In the
legislative elections of 2004, Synaspismos, together with several smaller parties (AKOA,
Movement for the Unity of Action of the Left – KEDA,
Internationalist Workers Left – DEA, Active Citizens), formed an alliance called
Coalition of the Radical Left (SYRIZA), but contested the
Euro-elections of the same year on its own, because of ideological disagreements within the party. The alliance with the smaller parties was formed again at the end of 2005, when chairman
Alekos Alavanos proposed the 30-year-old
Alexis Tsipras
Alexis Tsipras (, ; born 28 July 1974) is a Greek politician who served as Prime Minister of Greece from 2015 to 2019.
A left-wing figure, Tsipras was leader of the List of political parties in Greece, Greek political party Syriza from 200 ...
as candidate mayor of Athens for the Municipal Election of 2006, proclaiming the party's "overture to a younger generation". The Tsipras candidacy was received well, especially so by younger voters, and formed the party's springboard for its good
2007 parliamentary elections showing.
On 10 February 2008
Alexis Tsipras
Alexis Tsipras (, ; born 28 July 1974) is a Greek politician who served as Prime Minister of Greece from 2015 to 2019.
A left-wing figure, Tsipras was leader of the List of political parties in Greece, Greek political party Syriza from 200 ...
was elected party president, replacing Alavanos, who stepped down citing private reasons. At that time Tsipras did not hold a parliamentary seat, so Alavanos remained leader of the parliamentary group. After the
legislative elections in 2009, Tsipras entered Parliament and became leader of the SYRIZA parliamentary group.
The 6th Congress of Synaspismos took place in June 2010. The "renewing wing" led by
Fotis Kouvelis, in disagreement with the party's participation in
SYRIZA
The Coalition of the Radical Left – Progressive Alliance (), best known by the syllabic abbreviation SYRIZA ( ; ; a pun on the Greek adverb , meaning "from the roots" or "radically"), is a Centre-left politics, centre-left to Left-wing politi ...
, left the party and founding
Democratic Left. Fotis Kouvelis was followed by three more MPs, that left the party caucus.
Both in the
May 2012 Greek Legislative election
Parliamentary elections were held in Greece on Sunday, 6 May 2012 to elect all 300 members to the Hellenic Parliament. It was scheduled to be held in late 2013, four years after the previous election; however, an early Elections in Greece, elect ...
and in the
June 2012 Greek Legislative election,
SYRIZA
The Coalition of the Radical Left – Progressive Alliance (), best known by the syllabic abbreviation SYRIZA ( ; ; a pun on the Greek adverb , meaning "from the roots" or "radically"), is a Centre-left politics, centre-left to Left-wing politi ...
came second, electing 52 and 71 MPs, accordingly, of which 45 and 55 were part of Synaspismos.
In July 2013, right before the first Congress of
SYRIZA
The Coalition of the Radical Left – Progressive Alliance (), best known by the syllabic abbreviation SYRIZA ( ; ; a pun on the Greek adverb , meaning "from the roots" or "radically"), is a Centre-left politics, centre-left to Left-wing politi ...
, the final congress of Synaspismos took place, that overwhelmingly voted to disestablish Synaspismos and to merge with
SYRIZA
The Coalition of the Radical Left – Progressive Alliance (), best known by the syllabic abbreviation SYRIZA ( ; ; a pun on the Greek adverb , meaning "from the roots" or "radically"), is a Centre-left politics, centre-left to Left-wing politi ...
.
Synaspismos' disestablishment has been decided
/ref>
Election results
Hellenic Parliament
European Parliament
Ideological identity
SYN described itself as "a radical left party, inspired by the ideas of the renewal of the communist and broader left movement in Greece and in Europe. It also fights for the merging of the ecological movement along with the left, to form a strategic alliance. The party's culture has been enriched by its active participation in the movement against the Neoliberal Capitalist Globalization."
Synaspismos aspired to be a "canopy party"; where, under the party flag, one could find people of varying ideological and theoretical backgrounds. Therefore, SYN members were encouraged to form, or participate in, intra-party platforms on the basis of kinship in ideology. Platforms mounted open discussions and published magazines, but might not work against party consensus decisions.
Note: the exact word used is ''"τάσεις"'' ("tendencies"), but the term ''platform'' is more fitting in English.
Tendencies
The role of the platforms was vital especially in congresses, because each of them proposed a thesis on party strategy and presented its own ballot of candidates for the National Committee. In the National Committee elected by the last Congress (5 February 2008), the rank (in terms of representation) was the following: "Left Current" (mainstream western Marxism, party center-left), "Renewing Wing" (radical social democracy, party right), the "Red-green Network" (eco-Marxism, party left) and the "Initiative" (eurosceptic Marxism, party extreme left). Since 2004 the Left Stream, the Red-greens and the Initiative formed the so-called ''Left Majority'', which was responsible for moving the party to more radical leftist positions.
* ''Left Unity'' (democratic socialist
Democratic socialism is a left-wing economic and political philosophy that supports political democracy and some form of a socially owned economy, with a particular emphasis on economic democracy, workplace democracy, and workers' self-mana ...
, supporting Alexis Tsipras
Alexis Tsipras (, ; born 28 July 1974) is a Greek politician who served as Prime Minister of Greece from 2015 to 2019.
A left-wing figure, Tsipras was leader of the List of political parties in Greece, Greek political party Syriza from 200 ...
), 50.63% in the last congress
* ''Left Current'' (communist
Communism () is a sociopolitical, philosophical, and economic ideology within the socialist movement, whose goal is the creation of a communist society, a socioeconomic order centered on common ownership of the means of production, di ...
, eurosceptic
Euroscepticism, also spelled as Euroskepticism or EU-scepticism, is a political position involving criticism of the European Union (EU) and European integration. It ranges from those who oppose some EU institutions and policies and seek refor ...
), 29.83% in the last congress
* ''Renewing Wing'' (democratic socialist
Democratic socialism is a left-wing economic and political philosophy that supports political democracy and some form of a socially owned economy, with a particular emphasis on economic democracy, workplace democracy, and workers' self-mana ...
; most of its members left Synaspismos and founded Democratic Left), 17.23% in the last congress
* ''Red-Green Network'' ( eco-socialist, communist
Communism () is a sociopolitical, philosophical, and economic ideology within the socialist movement, whose goal is the creation of a communist society, a socioeconomic order centered on common ownership of the means of production, di ...
), participated with the Left Unity list in the last congress
* ''Initiative for the Left Recomposition'' (communist
Communism () is a sociopolitical, philosophical, and economic ideology within the socialist movement, whose goal is the creation of a communist society, a socioeconomic order centered on common ownership of the means of production, di ...
, eurosceptic
Euroscepticism, also spelled as Euroskepticism or EU-scepticism, is a political position involving criticism of the European Union (EU) and European integration. It ranges from those who oppose some EU institutions and policies and seek refor ...
), 1.16% in the last congress
Representation and international alliances
The party had members in the National and European Parliament
The European Parliament (EP) is one of the two legislative bodies of the European Union and one of its seven institutions. Together with the Council of the European Union (known as the Council and informally as the Council of Ministers), it ...
. After having survived the crisis of not achieving parliamentary representation in 1993, Synaspismos had, since 1996, been the fourth party in the Greek Parliament, and the third party (in terms of representation) in local government. In the European Parliament
The European Parliament (EP) is one of the two legislative bodies of the European Union and one of its seven institutions. Together with the Council of the European Union (known as the Council and informally as the Council of Ministers), it ...
SYN was a member of the European United Left - Nordic Green Left group, and also a member of the European Social Forum. Moreover, SYN hosted the 1st Congress of European Left (29–30 October 2005), which formulated the Athens Declaration of the European Left as the manifesto of the European Left party.
Well-known executive members of Synaspismos were: Alexis Tsipras
Alexis Tsipras (, ; born 28 July 1974) is a Greek politician who served as Prime Minister of Greece from 2015 to 2019.
A left-wing figure, Tsipras was leader of the List of political parties in Greece, Greek political party Syriza from 200 ...
, Alekos Alavanos, Giannis Dragasakis
Yannis Dragasakis (; born 1 January 1947) is a Greek politician and who served as Deputy Prime Minister of Greece from 27 January to 28 August 2015 and 23 September 2015 to 8 July 2019. He is a member of the Greek Parliament for the Coalition ...
, Nikos Konstantopoulos, Panagiotis Lafazanis et al.
Synaspismos was closely connected with the following:
*The Athens daily newspaper ΑΥΓΗ (''Dawn'')
*The Athens radio station "105.5 FM – Στο Κóκκινο" (''In Red'').
*The "Nicos Poulantzas
Nicos Poulantzas ( ; 21 September 1936 – 3 October 1979) was a Greek-French Marxist political sociologist and philosopher. In the 1970s, Poulantzas was known, along with Louis Althusser, as a leading structural Marxist; while at first a Leni ...
" Institute for Political Research
*The Archive of Modern Social History (ΑΣΚΙ)
Structure
The structure of SYN consists of three levels:
* Local: City, village or trade union committees, responsible for everyday matters at the workplace and neighborhood level, and deciding on issues of local interest.
* Prefectural: The Prefectural Administration is elected by the members of the local committees and co-ordinates local committee work.
* Nationwide: The National Committee (Central Political Committee (CPC)) is elected by the Party Congress, held every three years. It exercises the central administration of the party and convenes almost every month. Major decisions are usually taken at this level.
** The Secretariat is elected by the CPC among its members, and oversees three duties: to represent the party in media outlets and in negotiations with other parties; to prepare CPC sessions; and to co-ordinate party work at the nationwide level. Though somewhat similar to the ''Politbüro'' of old-style communist parties, its role is not nearly as dominant. Usually the members of the Secretariat are working full-time for the party.
*** The Chairperson of SYN is elected by the Congress and was a primus inter pares
is a Latin phrase meaning first among equals. It is typically used as an honorary title for someone who is formally equal to other members of their group but is accorded unofficial respect, traditionally owing to their seniority in office.
H ...
member of both the CPC and the Secretariat.
SYN youth
SYN's youth organisation was SYN Youth (Νεολαία ΣΥΝ, SYN Youth), which was autonomous from the party structure. Until the late 1990s they were called "Left Youth League" (Ένωση Αριστερών Νέων). N-SYN had their own membership and executive bodies, but in general their decisions and activity were similar to the ones of the party. Their power was noteworthy in most Student Councils all around Greece, through the AR.EN.(Αριστερή Ενότητα, "Left Unity"). N-SYN also participated in the European Network of Democratic Young Left (ENDYL).
Leaders
References
External links
*
Radio Station ''In Red'' live
Institute Nikos Poulantzas
ASKI archives
currently only in Greek
Kitsikis/article ''Grèce. Le Synaspismos tiraillé entre social-démocratie et anarchisme'', Grande Europe, no.16, janvier 2010, La Documentation Française. Read on Line
{{DEFAULTSORT:Synaspismos
Defunct socialist parties in Greece
Political parties established in 1991
1991 establishments in Greece
Political parties disestablished in 2013
2013 disestablishments in Greece
Components of Syriza
Centre-left parties in Europe
Left-wing parties in Europe
Left-wing politics in Greece
Defunct communist parties in Greece
Eco-socialist parties
Feminist parties in Europe
Pacifism in Greece
Pacifist parties
Feminism in Greece
United fronts