''Synalpheus'' is a

genus Genus ( plural genera ) is a taxonomic rank used in the biological classification of living and fossil organisms as well as viruses. In the hierarchy of biological classification, genus comes above species and below family. In binomial n ...

of snapping shrimp of the

family Family (from la, familia) is a group of people related either by consanguinity (by recognized birth) or affinity (by marriage or other relationship). The purpose of the family is to maintain the well-being of its members and of society. Idea ...

Alpheidae Alpheidae is a family of caridean snapping shrimp, characterized by having asymmetrical claws, the larger of which is typically capable of producing a loud snapping sound. Other common names for animals in the group are pistol shrimp or alpheid s ...

, presently containing more than 100

species In biology, a species is the basic unit of Taxonomy (biology), classification and a taxonomic rank of an organism, as well as a unit of biodiversity. A species is often defined as the largest group of organisms in which any two individuals of ...

; new ones are described on a regular basis, and the exact number even of described species is disputed.

''Zuzalpheus''

The genus ''Zuzalpheus'' was established for ''S. gambarelloides'', ''S. brooksi'', and their closest relatives, which contain several notably

eusocial Eusociality (from Greek εὖ ''eu'' "good" and social), the highest level of organization of sociality, is defined by the following characteristics: cooperative brood care (including care of offspring from other individuals), overlapping genera ...

species. While these do seem to form a clade, it is not fully resolved whether or not they are indeed the

sister taxon In phylogenetics, a sister group or sister taxon, also called an adelphotaxon, comprises the closest relative(s) of another given unit in an evolutionary tree. Definition The expression is most easily illustrated by a cladogram: Taxon A and ...

of all the remaining ''Synalpheus''. However, a detailed

cladistic Cladistics (; ) is an approach to biological classification in which organisms are categorized in groups (" clades") based on hypotheses of most recent common ancestry. The evidence for hypothesized relationships is typically shared derived ch ...

study of morphological characters found well marked differences between the proposed two genera and concluded that the supposed species groups around ''S. biunguiculatus''/''S. coutierei'', ''S. brevicarpus'' and ''S. neomeris'' are neither clearly defined nor, as it seems,

monophyletic In cladistics for a group of organisms, monophyly is the condition of being a clade—that is, a group of taxa composed only of a common ancestor (or more precisely an ancestral population) and all of its lineal descendants. Monophyletic ...

, while the group separated in ''Zuzalpheus'' was clearly distinct in characters of the minor first walking legs (

pereiopod The decapod (crustaceans such as a crab, lobster, shrimp or prawn) is made up of 20 body segments grouped into two main body parts: the cephalothorax and the pleon (abdomen). Each segment may possess one pair of appendages, although in various ...

s), and usually distinct in some others; in all ''Synalpheus sensu stricto'' checked to date, the transverse

seta In biology, setae (singular seta ; from the Latin word for "bristle") are any of a number of different bristle- or hair-like structures on living organisms. Animal setae Protostomes Annelid setae are stiff bristles present on the body. T ...

l comb on the back of the minor first pereopod

dactyl Dactyl may refer to: * Dactyl (mythology), a legendary being * Dactyl (poetry), a metrical unit of verse * Dactyl Foundation, an arts organization * Finger, a part of the hand * Dactylus The dactylus is the tip region of the tentacular clu ...

is missing, and the

carpus In human anatomy, the wrist is variously defined as (1) the carpus or carpal bones, the complex of eight bones forming the proximal skeletal segment of the hand; "The wrist contains eight bones, roughly aligned in two rows, known as the carpal ...

is plump (about as wide as it is long or slightly wider) and small (not longer than half the length of the palm). Moreover, their stylocerite clearly extends beyond the whole first segment of the first

antenna Antenna ( antennas or antennae) may refer to: Science and engineering * Antenna (radio), also known as an aerial, a transducer designed to transmit or receive electromagnetic (e.g., TV or radio) waves * Antennae Galaxies, the name of two collid ...

e, their scaphocerite blade is never missing, the fixed finger of the major first pereopod is about the same length as the dactyl and the

uropod Uropods are posterior appendages found on a wide variety of crustaceans. They typically have functions in locomotion. Definition Uropods are often defined as the appendages of the last body segment of a crustacean. An alternative definition sugge ...

exopod The arthropod leg is a form of jointed appendage of arthropods, usually used for walking. Many of the terms used for arthropod leg segments (called podomeres) are of Latin origin, and may be confused with terms for bones: ''coxa'' (meaning hip, plu ...

always has one tooth only; these traits however may be also present in some of the species separated in ''Zuzalpheus'' though as far as can be told, most of these differ. While the authors of the 2008 analysis made no explicit comment on the status of the newly proposed genus, they thus found the ''S. gambarelloides'' species group to be well-marked, and their results certainly harden the case for recognition of ''Zuzalpheus'' at least as a subgenus. However, this analysis only included 2 species from the ''S. gambarelloides'' species group, and none from the Caribbean, where the vast majority of the group resides. Opinion is still divided, however, and recently ''Zuzalpheus'' was synonymised with ''Synalpheus''.

Distribution

In the narrower sense, ''Synalpheus'' occur in the

East Pacific The Pacific Ocean is the largest and deepest of Earth's five oceanic divisions. It extends from the Arctic Ocean in the north to the Southern Ocean (or, depending on definition, to Antarctica) in the south, and is bounded by the conti ...

where they are most plentiful and probably originated, and to a lesser extent in the

Atlantic The Atlantic Ocean is the second-largest of the world's five oceans, with an area of about . It covers approximately 20% of Earth's surface and about 29% of its water surface area. It is known to separate the "Old World" of Africa, Europe an ...

and the

Indian Ocean The Indian Ocean is the third-largest of the world's five oceanic divisions, covering or ~19.8% of the water on Earth's surface. It is bounded by Asia to the north, Africa to the west and Australia to the east. To the south it is bounded by ...

; the species placed in ''Zuzalpheus'' occur mainly in the western

where their lineage probably originated, and to a lesser extent in the eastern Atlantic and

, and the

. It may thus be that the closure of the

Isthmus of Panama The Isthmus of Panama ( es, Istmo de Panamá), also historically known as the Isthmus of Darien (), is the narrow strip of land that lies between the Caribbean Sea and the Pacific Ocean, linking North and South America. It contains the country ...

in the Piacenzian (about 3

million years ago The abbreviation Myr, "million years", is a unit of a quantity of (i.e. ) years, or 31.556926 teraseconds. Usage Myr (million years) is in common use in fields such as Earth science and cosmology. Myr is also used with Mya (million years ago). ...

) was a key factor in separating the two lineages, as species referred to ''Synalpheus sensu stricto'' are most plentiful in the western Pacific.

Snapping

The snapping behaviour of ''Synalpheus'' is rather well studied. In ''Synalpheus parneomeris'',

peak to peak The amplitude of a periodic variable is a measure of its change in a single period (such as time or spatial period). The amplitude of a non-periodic signal is its magnitude compared with a reference value. There are various definitions of ampli ...

source levels of 185–190 dB re 1 μPa at 1 m were measured, depending on the size of the claw.

Eusociality

The only known

aquatic species occur within the genus ''Synalpheus''. The species known to be eusocial are ''S. brooksi'', ''S. chacei'', ''S. elizabethae'', ''S. filidigitus'', ''S. rathbunae'', ''S. regalis'', ''S. microneptunus'', and ''S. duffyi'' as well as potentially ''S. riosi''. Eusociality has evolved at least three times within ''Synalpheus''. It appears that there were multiple rapid radiations between 3 and 9 mya from which the ancestors of these eusocial species appeared. Eusociality is thought to have arisen due to competition for space, because among the species that host ''Synalpheus'', empty sponges are rarely found. It also appears that

kin selection Kin selection is the evolutionary strategy that favours the reproductive success of an organism's relatives, even when at a cost to the organism's own survival and reproduction. Kin altruism can look like altruistic behaviour whose evolution ...

was necessary for this evolution to occur because the only species in which eusociality has appeared are non-dispersing shrimp that hatch directly into crawling individuals. Until recently, eusocial species of ''Synalpheus'' have appeared in far greater abundance than and appear to outcompete less social species for space in sponges.

Species

''Synalpheus'' contains the following species: *'' Synalpheus agelas'' Pequegnat & Heard, 1979 *'' Synalpheus albatrossi'' Coutière, 1909 *''

Synalpheus amabilis ''Synalpheus'' is a genus of snapping shrimp of the family Alpheidae, presently containing more than 100 species; new ones are described on a regular basis, and the exact number even of described species is disputed. ''Zuzalpheus'' The genus ...

'' De Man, 1910 *''

Synalpheus anasimus ''Synalpheus'' is a genus of snapping shrimp of the family Alpheidae, presently containing more than 100 species; new ones are described on a regular basis, and the exact number even of described species is disputed. ''Zuzalpheus'' The genus ''Z ...

'' Chace, 1972 *''

Synalpheus anceps ''Synalpheus'' is a genus of snapping shrimp of the family Alpheidae, presently containing more than 100 species; new ones are described on a regular basis, and the exact number even of described species is disputed. ''Zuzalpheus'' The genus ...

'' Banner, 1956 *''

Synalpheus ancistrorhynchus ''Synalpheus'' is a genus of snapping shrimp of the family Alpheidae, presently containing more than 100 species; new ones are described on a regular basis, and the exact number even of described species is disputed. ''Zuzalpheus'' The genus ''Z ...

'' De Man, 1909 *''

Synalpheus androsi ''Synalpheus'' is a genus of snapping shrimp of the family Alpheidae, presently containing more than 100 species; new ones are described on a regular basis, and the exact number even of described species is disputed. ''Zuzalpheus'' The genus ''Z ...

'' Coutière, 1909 *''

Synalpheus antenor ''Synalpheus'' is a genus of snapping shrimp of the family Alpheidae, presently containing more than 100 species; new ones are described on a regular basis, and the exact number even of described species is disputed. ''Zuzalpheus'' The genus ...

'' De Man, 1910 *''

Synalpheus arostris ''Synalpheus'' is a genus of snapping shrimp of the family Alpheidae, presently containing more than 100 species; new ones are described on a regular basis, and the exact number even of described species is disputed. ''Zuzalpheus'' The genus ''Z ...

'' Wicksten, 1989 *''

Synalpheus bannerorum ''Synalpheus'' is a genus of snapping shrimp of the family Alpheidae, presently containing more than 100 species; new ones are described on a regular basis, and the exact number even of described species is disputed. ''Zuzalpheus'' The genus '' ...

'' Abele, 1975 *''

Synalpheus barahonensis ''Synalpheus'' is a genus of snapping shrimp of the family Alpheidae, presently containing more than 100 species; new ones are described on a regular basis, and the exact number even of described species is disputed. ''Zuzalpheus'' The genus ''Z ...

'' Armstrong, 1949 *''

Synalpheus belizensis ''Synalpheus'' is a genus of snapping shrimp of the family Alpheidae, presently containing more than 100 species; new ones are described on a regular basis, and the exact number even of described species is disputed. ''Zuzalpheus'' The genus ''Z ...

'' Anker & Tóth, 2008 *''

Synalpheus bispinosus ''Synalpheus'' is a genus of snapping shrimp of the family Alpheidae, presently containing more than 100 species; new ones are described on a regular basis, and the exact number even of described species is disputed. ''Zuzalpheus'' The genus '' ...

'' De Man, 1910 *'' Synalpheus bituberculatus'' De Man, 1910 *''

Synalpheus biunguiculatus ''Synalpheus'' is a genus of snapping shrimp of the family Alpheidae, presently containing more than 100 species; new ones are described on a regular basis, and the exact number even of described species is disputed. ''Zuzalpheus'' The genus ...

'' (Stimpson, 1860) *'' Synalpheus bocas'' Anker & Tóth, 2008 *'' Synalpheus bousfieldi'' Chace, 1972 *''

Synalpheus bradleyi ''Synalpheus'' is a genus of snapping shrimp of the family Alpheidae, presently containing more than 100 species; new ones are described on a regular basis, and the exact number even of described species is disputed. ''Zuzalpheus'' The genus ''Z ...

'' Verrill, 1922 *'' Synalpheus brevicarpus'' (Herrick, 1891) *''

Synalpheus brevidactylus ''Synalpheus'' is a genus of snapping shrimp of the family Alpheidae, presently containing more than 100 species; new ones are described on a regular basis, and the exact number even of described species is disputed. ''Zuzalpheus'' The genus ''Z ...

'' Anker & Tóth, 2008 *''

Synalpheus brevifrons ''Synalpheus'' is a genus of snapping shrimp of the family Alpheidae, presently containing more than 100 species; new ones are described on a regular basis, and the exact number even of described species is disputed. ''Zuzalpheus'' The genus '' ...

'' Chace, 1972 *''

Synalpheus brevispinis ''Synalpheus'' is a genus of snapping shrimp of the family Alpheidae, presently containing more than 100 species; new ones are described on a regular basis, and the exact number even of described species is disputed. ''Zuzalpheus'' The genus ''Z ...

'' Coutière, 1909 *''

Synalpheus brooksi ''Synalpheus'' is a genus of snapping shrimp of the family Alpheidae, presently containing more than 100 species; new ones are described on a regular basis, and the exact number even of described species is disputed. ''Zuzalpheus'' The genus '' ...

'' Coutière, 1909 *''

Synalpheus carinatus ''Synalpheus'' is a genus of snapping shrimp of the family Alpheidae, presently containing more than 100 species; new ones are described on a regular basis, and the exact number even of described species is disputed. ''Zuzalpheus'' The genus '' ...

'' (De Man, 1888) *'' Synalpheus carpenteri'' MacDonald & Duffy, 2006 *''

Synalpheus chacei ''Synalpheus'' is a genus of snapping shrimp of the family Alpheidae, presently containing more than 100 species; new ones are described on a regular basis, and the exact number even of described species is disputed. ''Zuzalpheus'' The genus ''Z ...

'' Duffy, 1998 *'' Synalpheus charon'' (Heller, 1861) *''

Synalpheus comatularum ''Synalpheus'' is a genus of snapping shrimp of the family Alpheidae, presently containing more than 100 species; new ones are described on a regular basis, and the exact number even of described species is disputed. ''Zuzalpheus'' The genus ''Z ...

'' (Haswell, 1882) *''

Synalpheus corallinus ''Synalpheus'' is a genus of snapping shrimp of the family Alpheidae, presently containing more than 100 species; new ones are described on a regular basis, and the exact number even of described species is disputed. ''Zuzalpheus'' The genus ''Z ...

'' MacDonald, Hultgren & Duffy, 2009 *''

Synalpheus coutierei ''Synalpheus'' is a genus of snapping shrimp of the family Alpheidae, presently containing more than 100 species; new ones are described on a regular basis, and the exact number even of described species is disputed. ''Zuzalpheus'' The genus '' ...

'' Banner, 1953 *'' Synalpheus cretoculatus'' Banner & Banner, 1979 *''

Synalpheus crosnieri ''Synalpheus'' is a genus of snapping shrimp of the family (biology), family Alpheidae, presently containing more than 100 species; new ones are described on a regular basis, and the exact number even of described species is disputed. ''Zuzalphe ...

'' Banner & Banner, 1983 *''

Synalpheus curacaoensis ''Synalpheus'' is a genus of snapping shrimp of the family Alpheidae, presently containing more than 100 species; new ones are described on a regular basis, and the exact number even of described species is disputed. ''Zuzalpheus'' The genus ...

'' Schmitt, 1924 *'' Synalpheus dardeaui'' (Ríos & Duffy, 2007) *''

Synalpheus demani ''Synalpheus'' is a genus of snapping shrimp of the family Alpheidae, presently containing more than 100 species; new ones are described on a regular basis, and the exact number even of described species is disputed. ''Zuzalpheus'' The genus '' ...

'' Borradaile, 1900 *''

Synalpheus digueti ''Synalpheus'' is a genus of snapping shrimp of the family Alpheidae, presently containing more than 100 species; new ones are described on a regular basis, and the exact number even of described species is disputed. ''Zuzalpheus'' The genus ...

'' Coutière, 1909 *'' Synalpheus disparodigitus'' Armstrong, 1949 *''

Synalpheus dominicensis ''Synalpheus'' is a genus of snapping shrimp of the family Alpheidae, presently containing more than 100 species; new ones are described on a regular basis, and the exact number even of described species is disputed. ''Zuzalpheus'' The genus '' ...

'' Armstrong, 1949 *''

Synalpheus dorae ''Synalpheus'' is a genus of snapping shrimp of the family Alpheidae, presently containing more than 100 species; new ones are described on a regular basis, and the exact number even of described species is disputed. ''Zuzalpheus'' The genus ''Z ...

'' Bruce, 1988 *''

Synalpheus duffyi ''Synalpheus'' is a genus of snapping shrimp of the family Alpheidae, presently containing more than 100 species; new ones are described on a regular basis, and the exact number even of described species is disputed. ''Zuzalpheus'' The genus ''Z ...

'' Anker & Tóth, 2008 *''

Synalpheus echinus ''Synalpheus'' is a genus of snapping shrimp of the family Alpheidae, presently containing more than 100 species; new ones are described on a regular basis, and the exact number even of described species is disputed. ''Zuzalpheus'' The genus ''Z ...

'' Banner & Banner, 1975 *''

Synalpheus elizabethae ''Synalpheus'' is a genus of snapping shrimp of the family Alpheidae, presently containing more than 100 species; new ones are described on a regular basis, and the exact number even of described species is disputed. ''Zuzalpheus'' The genus ...

'' (Ríos & Duffy, 2007) *''

Synalpheus filidigitus ''Synalpheus'' is a genus of snapping shrimp of the family Alpheidae, presently containing more than 100 species; new ones are described on a regular basis, and the exact number even of described species is disputed. ''Zuzalpheus'' The genus ''Z ...

'' Armstrong, 1949 *''

Synalpheus fossor ''Synalpheus'' is a genus of snapping shrimp of the family Alpheidae, presently containing more than 100 species; new ones are described on a regular basis, and the exact number even of described species is disputed. ''Zuzalpheus'' The genus ...

'' (Paul'son, 1875) *''

Synalpheus fritzmuelleri ''Synalpheus'' is a genus of snapping shrimp of the family Alpheidae, presently containing more than 100 species; new ones are described on a regular basis, and the exact number even of described species is disputed. ''Zuzalpheus'' The genus ...

'' Coutière, 1909 *'' Synalpheus gambarelloides'' (Nardo, 1847) *''

Synalpheus goodei ''Synalpheus'' is a genus of snapping shrimp of the family Alpheidae, presently containing more than 100 species; new ones are described on a regular basis, and the exact number even of described species is disputed. ''Zuzalpheus'' The genus ...

'' Coutière, 1909 *''

Synalpheus gracilirostris ''Synalpheus'' is a genus of snapping shrimp of the family Alpheidae, presently containing more than 100 species; new ones are described on a regular basis, and the exact number even of described species is disputed. ''Zuzalpheus'' The genus ...

'' De Man, 1910 *''

Synalpheus haddoni ''Synalpheus'' is a genus of snapping shrimp of the family (biology), family Alpheidae, presently containing more than 100 species; new ones are described on a regular basis, and the exact number even of described species is disputed. ''Zuzalphe ...

'' Coutière, 1900 *''

Synalpheus harpagatrus ''Synalpheus'' is a genus of snapping shrimp of the family Alpheidae, presently containing more than 100 species; new ones are described on a regular basis, and the exact number even of described species is disputed. ''Zuzalpheus'' The genus ...

'' Banner & Banner, 1975 *''

Synalpheus hastilicrassus ''Synalpheus'' is a genus of snapping shrimp of the family Alpheidae, presently containing more than 100 species; new ones are described on a regular basis, and the exact number even of described species is disputed. ''Zuzalpheus'' The genus ...

'' Coutière, 1905 *''

Synalpheus heardi ''Synalpheus'' is a genus of snapping shrimp of the family Alpheidae, presently containing more than 100 species; new ones are described on a regular basis, and the exact number even of described species is disputed. ''Zuzalpheus'' The genus ...

'' Dardeau, 1984 *''

Synalpheus hemphilli ''Synalpheus'' is a genus of snapping shrimp of the family Alpheidae, presently containing more than 100 species; new ones are described on a regular basis, and the exact number even of described species is disputed. ''Zuzalpheus'' The genus ...

'' Coutière, 1909 *''

Synalpheus herdmaniae ''Synalpheus'' is a genus of snapping shrimp of the family Alpheidae, presently containing more than 100 species; new ones are described on a regular basis, and the exact number even of described species is disputed. ''Zuzalpheus'' The genus ''Z ...

'' Lebour, 1938 *'' Synalpheus heroni'' Coutière, 1909 *''

Synalpheus herricki ''Synalpheus'' is a genus of snapping shrimp of the family Alpheidae, presently containing more than 100 species; new ones are described on a regular basis, and the exact number even of described species is disputed. ''Zuzalpheus'' The genus '' ...

'' Coutière, 1909 *''

Synalpheus hilarulus ''Synalpheus'' is a genus of snapping shrimp of the family Alpheidae, presently containing more than 100 species; new ones are described on a regular basis, and the exact number even of described species is disputed. ''Zuzalpheus'' The genus '' ...

'' De Man, 1910 *''

Synalpheus hoetjesi ''Synalpheus'' is a genus of snapping shrimp of the family Alpheidae, presently containing more than 100 species; new ones are described on a regular basis, and the exact number even of described species is disputed. ''Zuzalpheus'' The genus '' ...

'' Hultgren, MacDonald & Duffy, 2010 *'' Synalpheus idios'' (Ríos & Duffy, 2007) *''

Synalpheus iocasta ''Synalpheus'' is a genus of snapping shrimp of the family Alpheidae, presently containing more than 100 species; new ones are described on a regular basis, and the exact number even of described species is disputed. ''Zuzalpheus'' The genus ''Z ...

'' De Man, 1909 *'' Synalpheus iphinoe'' De Man, 1909 *''

Synalpheus irie ''Synalpheus'' is a genus of snapping shrimp of the family Alpheidae, presently containing more than 100 species; new ones are described on a regular basis, and the exact number even of described species is disputed. ''Zuzalpheus'' The genus ...

'' MacDonald, Hultgren & Duffy, 2009 *''

Synalpheus jedanensis ''Synalpheus'' is a genus of snapping shrimp of the family Alpheidae, presently containing more than 100 species; new ones are described on a regular basis, and the exact number even of described species is disputed. ''Zuzalpheus'' The genus ...

'' De Man, 1909 *''

Synalpheus kensleyi ''Synalpheus'' is a genus of snapping shrimp of the family Alpheidae, presently containing more than 100 species; new ones are described on a regular basis, and the exact number even of described species is disputed. ''Zuzalpheus'' The genus ''Z ...

'' (Ríos & Duffy, 2007) *''

Synalpheus kuadramanus ''Synalpheus'' is a genus of snapping shrimp of the family Alpheidae, presently containing more than 100 species; new ones are described on a regular basis, and the exact number even of described species is disputed. ''Zuzalpheus'' The genus '' ...

'' Hultgren, MacDonald & Duffy, 2010 *''

Synalpheus kusaiensis ''Synalpheus'' is a genus of snapping shrimp of the family Alpheidae, presently containing more than 100 species; new ones are described on a regular basis, and the exact number even of described species is disputed. ''Zuzalpheus'' The genus '' ...

'' Kubo, 1940 *''

Synalpheus laevimanus ''Synalpheus'' is a genus of snapping shrimp of the family Alpheidae, presently containing more than 100 species; new ones are described on a regular basis, and the exact number even of described species is disputed. ''Zuzalpheus'' The genus ''Z ...

'' *'' Synalpheus lani'' Hermoso & Alvarez, 2005 *''

Synalpheus laticeps ''Synalpheus'' is a genus of snapping shrimp of the family Alpheidae, presently containing more than 100 species; new ones are described on a regular basis, and the exact number even of described species is disputed. ''Zuzalpheus'' The genus ...

'' Coutière, 1905 *''

Synalpheus lockingtoni ''Synalpheus'' is a genus of snapping shrimp of the family Alpheidae, presently containing more than 100 species; new ones are described on a regular basis, and the exact number even of described species is disputed. ''Zuzalpheus'' The genus '' ...

'' Coutière, 1909 *'' Synalpheus longicarpus'' (Herrick, 1891) *''

Synalpheus lophodactylus ''Synalpheus'' is a genus of snapping shrimp of the family Alpheidae, presently containing more than 100 species; new ones are described on a regular basis, and the exact number even of described species is disputed. ''Zuzalpheus'' The genus ''Z ...

'' Coutière, 1908 *'' Synalpheus macromanus'' Edmondson, 1925 *'' Synalpheus mcclendoni'' Coutière, 1910 *''

Synalpheus merospiniger ''Synalpheus'' is a genus of snapping shrimp of the family Alpheidae, presently containing more than 100 species; new ones are described on a regular basis, and the exact number even of described species is disputed. ''Zuzalpheus'' The genus '' ...

'' Coutière, 1908 *'' Synalpheus mexicanus'' Coutière, 1909 *''

Synalpheus microneptunus ''Synalpheus microneptunus'' is a species of small snapping shrimp native to the waters off the island of Barbados. It is one of at least seven known species of eusocial shrimp. They are cryptofauna, living exclusively within the network of tunn ...

'' Hultgren, MacDonald & Duffy, 2011 *''

Synalpheus minus ''Synalpheus'' is a genus of snapping shrimp of the family Alpheidae, presently containing more than 100 species; new ones are described on a regular basis, and the exact number even of described species is disputed. ''Zuzalpheus'' The genus ...

'' (Say, 1818) *'' Synalpheus modestus'' De Man, 1909 *''

Synalpheus mortenseni ''Synalpheus'' is a genus of snapping shrimp of the family Alpheidae, presently containing more than 100 species; new ones are described on a regular basis, and the exact number even of described species is disputed. ''Zuzalpheus'' The genus ...

'' Banner & Banner, 1985 *''

Synalpheus mulegensis ''Synalpheus'' is a genus of snapping shrimp of the family Alpheidae, presently containing more than 100 species; new ones are described on a regular basis, and the exact number even of described species is disputed. ''Zuzalpheus'' The genus '' ...

'' Ríos, 1992 *''

Synalpheus mushaensis ''Synalpheus'' is a genus of snapping shrimp of the family Alpheidae, presently containing more than 100 species; new ones are described on a regular basis, and the exact number even of described species is disputed. ''Zuzalpheus'' The genus '' ...

'' Coutière, 1908 *''

Synalpheus neomeris ''Synalpheus'' is a genus of snapping shrimp of the family Alpheidae, presently containing more than 100 species; new ones are described on a regular basis, and the exact number even of described species is disputed. ''Zuzalpheus'' The genus '' ...

'' (De Man, 1897) *''

Synalpheus nilandensis ''Synalpheus'' is a genus of snapping shrimp of the family Alpheidae, presently containing more than 100 species; new ones are described on a regular basis, and the exact number even of described species is disputed. ''Zuzalpheus'' The genus ''Z ...

'' Coutière, 1905 *''

Synalpheus nobilii ''Synalpheus'' is a genus of snapping shrimp of the family Alpheidae, presently containing more than 100 species; new ones are described on a regular basis, and the exact number even of described species is disputed. ''Zuzalpheus'' The genus ''Z ...

'' Coutière, 1909 *''

Synalpheus obtusifrons ''Synalpheus'' is a genus of snapping shrimp of the family Alpheidae, presently containing more than 100 species; new ones are described on a regular basis, and the exact number even of described species is disputed. ''Zuzalpheus'' The genus '' ...

'' Chace, 1972 *'' Synalpheus occidentalis'' Coutière, 1909 *''

Synalpheus odontophorus ''Synalpheus'' is a genus of snapping shrimp of the family Alpheidae, presently containing more than 100 species; new ones are described on a regular basis, and the exact number even of described species is disputed. ''Zuzalpheus'' The genus '' ...

'' De Man, 1909 *''

Synalpheus orapilosus ''Synalpheus'' is a genus of snapping shrimp of the family Alpheidae, presently containing more than 100 species; new ones are described on a regular basis, and the exact number even of described species is disputed. ''Zuzalpheus'' The genus ...

'' Hultgren, MacDonald & Duffy, 2010 *''

Synalpheus osburni ''Synalpheus'' is a genus of snapping shrimp of the family Alpheidae, presently containing more than 100 species; new ones are described on a regular basis, and the exact number even of described species is disputed. ''Zuzalpheus'' The genus '' ...

'' Schmitt, 1933 *''

Synalpheus otiosus ''Synalpheus'' is a genus of snapping shrimp of the family Alpheidae, presently containing more than 100 species; new ones are described on a regular basis, and the exact number even of described species is disputed. ''Zuzalpheus'' The genus ''Z ...

'' Coutière, 1908 *''

Synalpheus pachymeris ''Synalpheus'' is a genus of snapping shrimp of the family Alpheidae, presently containing more than 100 species; new ones are described on a regular basis, and the exact number even of described species is disputed. ''Zuzalpheus'' The genus ''Z ...

'' Coutière, 1905 *''

Synalpheus pandionis ''Synalpheus'' is a genus of snapping shrimp of the family Alpheidae, presently containing more than 100 species; new ones are described on a regular basis, and the exact number even of described species is disputed. ''Zuzalpheus'' The genus '' ...

'' Coutière, 1909 *''

Synalpheus paradoxus ''Synalpheus'' is a genus of snapping shrimp of the family Alpheidae, presently containing more than 100 species; new ones are described on a regular basis, and the exact number even of described species is disputed. ''Zuzalpheus'' The genus ...

'' Banner & Banner, 1981 *''

Synalpheus paralaticeps ''Synalpheus'' is a genus of snapping shrimp of the family Alpheidae, presently containing more than 100 species; new ones are described on a regular basis, and the exact number even of described species is disputed. ''Zuzalpheus'' The genus ''Z ...

'' Banner & Banner, 1982 *'' Synalpheus paraneomeris'' Coutière, 1905 *'' Synalpheus paraneptunus'' Coutière, 1909 *''

Synalpheus parfaiti ''Synalpheus'' is a genus of snapping shrimp of the family Alpheidae, presently containing more than 100 species; new ones are described on a regular basis, and the exact number even of described species is disputed. ''Zuzalpheus'' The genus '' ...

'' (Coutière, 1898) *'' Synalpheus paulsonoides'' Coutière, 1909 *''

Synalpheus pectiniger ''Synalpheus'' is a genus of snapping shrimp of the family Alpheidae, presently containing more than 100 species; new ones are described on a regular basis, and the exact number even of described species is disputed. ''Zuzalpheus'' The genus '' ...

'' Coutière, 1907 *''

Synalpheus peruvianus ''Synalpheus'' is a genus of snapping shrimp of the family Alpheidae, presently containing more than 100 species; new ones are described on a regular basis, and the exact number even of described species is disputed. ''Zuzalpheus'' The genus '' ...

'' Rathbun, 1910 *''

Synalpheus pescadorensis ''Synalpheus'' is a genus of snapping shrimp of the family Alpheidae, presently containing more than 100 species; new ones are described on a regular basis, and the exact number even of described species is disputed. ''Zuzalpheus'' The genus ...

'' Coutière, 1905 *''

Synalpheus pinkfloydi ''Synalpheus pinkfloydi'', the Pink Floyd pistol shrimp, is a species of snapping shrimp in the genus '' Synalpheus''. Described in 2017, it was named after the rock band Pink Floyd, in part because it has a distinctive "bright pink-red claw". ...

'' De Grave, 2017 *''

Synalpheus plumosetosus ''Synalpheus'' is a genus of snapping shrimp of the family Alpheidae, presently containing more than 100 species; new ones are described on a regular basis, and the exact number even of described species is disputed. ''Zuzalpheus'' The genus ''Z ...

'' MacDonald, Hultgren & Duffy, 2009 *'' Synalpheus pococki'' Coutière, 1898 *''

Synalpheus quadriarticulatus ''Synalpheus'' is a genus of snapping shrimp of the family Alpheidae, presently containing more than 100 species; new ones are described on a regular basis, and the exact number even of described species is disputed. ''Zuzalpheus'' The genus ''Z ...

'' Banner & Banner, 1975 *''

Synalpheus quadrispinosus ''Synalpheus'' is a genus of snapping shrimp of the family Alpheidae, presently containing more than 100 species; new ones are described on a regular basis, and the exact number even of described species is disputed. ''Zuzalpheus'' The genus ...

'' De Man, 1910 *''

Synalpheus quinquedens ''Synalpheus'' is a genus of snapping shrimp of the family Alpheidae, presently containing more than 100 species; new ones are described on a regular basis, and the exact number even of described species is disputed. ''Zuzalpheus'' The genus '' ...

'' Tattersall, 1921 *'' Synalpheus rathbunae'' Coutière, 1909 *''

Synalpheus readi ''Synalpheus'' is a genus of snapping shrimp of the family (biology), family Alpheidae, presently containing more than 100 species; new ones are described on a regular basis, and the exact number even of described species is disputed. ''Zuzalphe ...

'' Banner & Banner, 1972 *'' Synalpheus recessus'' Abele & W. Kim, 1989 *'' Synalpheus redactocarpus'' Banner, 1953 *''

Synalpheus regalis ''Synalpheus regalis'' is a species of snapping shrimp that commonly live in sponges in the coral reefs along the tropical West Atlantic. They form a prominent component of the diverse marine cryptofauna of the region. For the span of their en ...

'' Duffy, 1996 *''

Synalpheus riosi ''Synalpheus'' is a genus of snapping shrimp of the family Alpheidae, presently containing more than 100 species; new ones are described on a regular basis, and the exact number even of described species is disputed. ''Zuzalpheus'' The genus ''Z ...

'' Anker & Tóth, 2008 *''

Synalpheus ruetzleri ''Synalpheus'' is a genus of snapping shrimp of the family Alpheidae, presently containing more than 100 species; new ones are described on a regular basis, and the exact number even of described species is disputed. ''Zuzalpheus'' The genus ''Z ...

'' MacDonald & Duffy, 2006 *''

Synalpheus sanctithomae ''Synalpheus'' is a genus of snapping shrimp of the family Alpheidae, presently containing more than 100 species; new ones are described on a regular basis, and the exact number even of described species is disputed. ''Zuzalpheus'' The genus '' ...

'' Coutière, 1909 *''

Synalpheus sanjosei ''Synalpheus'' is a genus of snapping shrimp of the family Alpheidae, presently containing more than 100 species; new ones are described on a regular basis, and the exact number even of described species is disputed. ''Zuzalpheus'' The genus ''Z ...

'' Coutière, 1909 *''

Synalpheus sanlucasi ''Synalpheus'' is a genus of snapping shrimp of the family Alpheidae, presently containing more than 100 species; new ones are described on a regular basis, and the exact number even of described species is disputed. ''Zuzalpheus'' The genus ''Z ...

'' Coutière, 1909 *''

Synalpheus scaphoceris ''Synalpheus'' is a genus of snapping shrimp of the family Alpheidae, presently containing more than 100 species; new ones are described on a regular basis, and the exact number even of described species is disputed. ''Zuzalpheus'' The genus '' ...

'' Coutière, 1910 *''

Synalpheus sciro ''Synalpheus'' is a genus of snapping shrimp of the family Alpheidae, presently containing more than 100 species; new ones are described on a regular basis, and the exact number even of described species is disputed. ''Zuzalpheus'' The genus '' ...

'' Banner & Banner, 1975 *'' Synalpheus senegambiensis'' Coutière, 1908 *''

Synalpheus septemspinosus ''Synalpheus'' is a genus of snapping shrimp of the family Alpheidae, presently containing more than 100 species; new ones are described on a regular basis, and the exact number even of described species is disputed. ''Zuzalpheus'' The genus '' ...

'' De Man, 1910 *''

Synalpheus sladeni ''Synalpheus'' is a genus of snapping shrimp of the family Alpheidae, presently containing more than 100 species; new ones are described on a regular basis, and the exact number even of described species is disputed. ''Zuzalpheus'' The genus ''Z ...

'' Coutière, 1908 *''

Synalpheus somalia ''Synalpheus'' is a genus of snapping shrimp of the family Alpheidae, presently containing more than 100 species; new ones are described on a regular basis, and the exact number even of described species is disputed. ''Zuzalpheus'' The genus '' ...

'' Banner & Banner, 1979 *''

Synalpheus spinifrons ''Synalpheus'' is a genus of snapping shrimp of the family Alpheidae, presently containing more than 100 species; new ones are described on a regular basis, and the exact number even of described species is disputed. ''Zuzalpheus'' The genus '' ...

'' (H. Milne-Edwards, 1837) *'' Synalpheus spiniger'' (Stimpson, 1860) *''

Synalpheus spongicola ''Synalpheus'' is a genus of snapping shrimp of the family Alpheidae, presently containing more than 100 species; new ones are described on a regular basis, and the exact number even of described species is disputed. ''Zuzalpheus'' The genus '' ...

'' Banner & Banner, 1981 *''

Synalpheus stimpsonii ''Synalpheus'' is a genus of snapping shrimp of the family (biology), family Alpheidae, presently containing more than 100 species; new ones are described on a regular basis, and the exact number even of described species is disputed. ''Zuzalphe ...

'' (De Man, 1888) *''

Synalpheus streptodactylus ''Synalpheus'' is a genus of snapping shrimp of the family Alpheidae, presently containing more than 100 species; new ones are described on a regular basis, and the exact number even of described species is disputed. ''Zuzalpheus'' The genus ''Z ...

'' Coutière, 1905 *''

Synalpheus stylopleuron ''Synalpheus'' is a genus of snapping shrimp of the family Alpheidae, presently containing more than 100 species; new ones are described on a regular basis, and the exact number even of described species is disputed. ''Zuzalpheus'' The genus '' ...

'' Hermoso Salazar & Hendrickx, 2006 *'' Synalpheus superus'' Abele & W. Kim, 1989 *''

Synalpheus tenuispina ''Synalpheus'' is a genus of snapping shrimp of the family Alpheidae, presently containing more than 100 species; new ones are described on a regular basis, and the exact number even of described species is disputed. ''Zuzalpheus'' The genus ''Z ...

'' Coutière, 1909 *''

Synalpheus thai ''Synalpheus'' is a genus of snapping shrimp of the family Alpheidae, presently containing more than 100 species; new ones are described on a regular basis, and the exact number even of described species is disputed. ''Zuzalpheus'' The genus ''Z ...

'' Banner & Banner, 1966 *'' Synalpheus theano'' De Man, 1910 *''

Synalpheus thele ''Synalpheus'' is a genus of snapping shrimp of the family Alpheidae, presently containing more than 100 species; new ones are described on a regular basis, and the exact number even of described species is disputed. ''Zuzalpheus'' The genus '' ...

'' MacDonald, Hultgren & Duffy, 2009 *''

Synalpheus tijou ''Synalpheus'' is a genus of snapping shrimp of the family Alpheidae, presently containing more than 100 species; new ones are described on a regular basis, and the exact number even of described species is disputed. ''Zuzalpheus'' The genus ...

'' Banner & Banner, 1982 *'' Synalpheus townsendi'' Coutière, 1909 *'' Synalpheus triacanthus'' De Man, 1910 *''

Synalpheus tricuspidatus ''Synalpheus'' is a genus of snapping shrimp of the family Alpheidae, presently containing more than 100 species; new ones are described on a regular basis, and the exact number even of described species is disputed. ''Zuzalpheus'' The genus '' ...

'' (Heller, 1861) *''

Synalpheus tridentulatus ''Synalpheus'' is a genus of snapping shrimp of the family Alpheidae, presently containing more than 100 species; new ones are described on a regular basis, and the exact number even of described species is disputed. ''Zuzalpheus'' The genus ...

'' (Dana, 1852) *'' Synalpheus trispinosus'' De Man, 1910 *''

Synalpheus triunguiculatus ''Synalpheus'' is a genus of snapping shrimp of the family (biology), family Alpheidae, presently containing more than 100 species; new ones are described on a regular basis, and the exact number even of described species is disputed. ''Zuzalphe ...

'' (Paul'son, 1875) *''

Synalpheus tropidodactylus ''Synalpheus'' is a genus of snapping shrimp of the family Alpheidae, presently containing more than 100 species; new ones are described on a regular basis, and the exact number even of described species is disputed. ''Zuzalpheus'' The genus ...

'' Banner & Banner, 1975 *'' Synalpheus tuthilli'' Banner, 1959 *''

Synalpheus ul ''Synalpheus'' is a genus of snapping shrimp of the family (biology), family Alpheidae, presently containing more than 100 species; new ones are described on a regular basis, and the exact number even of described species is disputed. ''Zuzalphe ...

'' (Ríos & Duffy, 2007) *''

Synalpheus wickstenae ''Synalpheus'' is a genus of snapping shrimp of the family (biology), family Alpheidae, presently containing more than 100 species; new ones are described on a regular basis, and the exact number even of described species is disputed. ''Zuzalphe ...

'' Hermoso Salazar & Hendrickx, 2006 *''

Synalpheus williamsi ''Synalpheus'' is a genus of snapping shrimp of the family Alpheidae, presently containing more than 100 species; new ones are described on a regular basis, and the exact number even of described species is disputed. ''Zuzalpheus'' The genus ''Z ...

'' Ríos & Duffy, 1999 *''

Synalpheus yano ''Synalpheus'' is a genus of snapping shrimp of the family Alpheidae, presently containing more than 100 species; new ones are described on a regular basis, and the exact number even of described species is disputed. ''Zuzalpheus'' The genus ...

'' (Ríos & Duffy, 2007)

References

External links

{{Taxonbar, from=Q3934246 Alpheidae Decapod genera Taxa named by Charles Spence Bate

''Zuzalpheus''

Distribution

Snapping

Eusociality

Species

References

Further reading

External links