''Symplocarpus foetidus'', commonly known as skunk cabbageUSDA PLANTS Database: S. foetidus
/ref> or eastern skunk cabbage (also swamp cabbage, clumpfoot cabbage, or meadow cabbage, foetid pothos or polecat weed), is a low growing plant that grows in wetlands and moist hill slopes of eastern North America. Bruised leaves present an odor reminiscent of

skunk Skunks are mammals in the family Mephitidae. They are known for their ability to spray a liquid with a strong, unpleasant scent from their anal glands. Different species of skunk vary in appearance from black-and-white to brown, cream or ginge ...

. ''Symplocarpus'' combines the Greek word ''symploce'', meaning "connection" and ''carpos'', meaning "fruit", to indicate that the plant has a compound fruit. The genus name ''Symplocarpus'' combines two Greek words: ''Symplo-'' is derived from �υμπλoκή meaning connection, ''-carpus'' is derived from �αρπòς meaning fruit. Linnaeus gave the plant its species name of ''foetidus,'' Latin for "bad-smelling". The plant produces a strong odor, which is repulsive to many but sometimes described as smelling like "fresh cabbage with a slight suggestion of mustard". The odor increases in intensity over time, as the plant matures, likely due to increased ripeness in the plant's stamens.

Description

The plant grows from a thick rhizome, typically measuring 30 cm (1 ft). It has leaves that are large, each long and wide. Blooming early in the spring, just its blossoms can be seen above the mud. Particularly towards the top or older end of older roots, these marks or wrinkles have an odd ring-like appearance. The plant is generally pulled back into the earth as it develops every year. The roots permanently wrinkle up due to their contractile activity. As time elapses the entire stem is buried below ground and the plant becomes practically impossible to dig up. The spathe, which is 10-15 cm (4-6 in) tall and come in a variety of colours, contain a spadix that is 5-10 cm (2-4 in) long in which the flowers reside. While older spathes develop a darker general color with purple smears, younger spathes have a yellowish-green color. Due to thermogenic properties, spathes can melt the surrounding ice in a circle around the spathe. The spathes are generally 10–15 cm tall, are hood-like or shell-like in shape. Their mottling closely mimics the fluttering lights and hues frequently observed on underbrush as the sun passes through the leaves of the trees above. On the forest floor, this usually makes it difficult to observe them. With both male and female reproductive organs, Eastern skunk cabbage flowers are perfect. Dichogamy, or the division of gender expression into two temporal periods, is a common feature of blooming plants and serves to avoid self-fertilization. Because the flowers are protogynous, the pistils, which are the female reproductive components, reach sexual maturity before the male parts do (stamens). The flowers are inconspicuously crowded on the spadix. The spathes acts as the conspicuous portion of the plant. The infloresence differs in size and the amount of flowers they contain. Due mostly to the crowding effect, the flowers do not show three (or its multiple) floral parts, as should be expected for monocots, but four perianth parts. These look almost cuboidal in shape and overlap each other to make a box-like arrangement. In opposition to the components of the perianth are the stamens. The two-celled anthers are extrorse and move rather flexibly. Because the blooms are protandrous, the anthers grow before the pistil. The pistil's overall structural shape is distinctive: The style is cuboidal, the ovary is one cell, and the stigma has three lobes. The leafage consists of two whitish sheathing leaves, and they have parallel veins, which is characteristic of monocots. The true leaves are rolled within the hard-coiled center. When the tips have pierced the encasing sheath-like leaves, they are typically tinted purplish like the plant's spathe. The first and even second leaves' tips may have this hue on the exterior. These inner, or true, leaves appear to diverge from monocotyledonous plants and lean more toward the dicotyledonous plants' netted veining. The unfolding of the first three leaves reveals a progressive shift toward the later leaves' netted veining. The veining is palmately netted in every instance. The leaves have fairly big air spaces and loosely packed cellular structures under a microscope. There are several rhaphides present in the leaf's enormous bundle masses. There are a number of other crystal forms, some of which are cuboidal in shape and even some of which are spherical. ''Symplocarpus foetidus'' reproduce by hard, pea-sized seeds which, when fully grown, drop onto the slimy substrate after developing inside the spadix. Birds, small animals, and floods can then spread the seeds.

Distribution and habitat

The native region of the Eastern skunk cabbage is eastern

North America North America is a continent in the Northern Hemisphere and almost entirely within the Western Hemisphere. It is bordered to the north by the Arctic Ocean, to the east by the Atlantic Ocean, to the southeast by South America and the Car ...

. Its geographic range includes eastern Canada, the northeastern United States, and the states of Tennessee and North Carolina in the southeast and Minnesota in the west. In Canada, the plant's distribution ranges from western Nova Scotia to southeastern Manitoba. In Tennessee, it is protected as an endangered species. Its habitats include moist regions including marshes, wet forests, and stream banks. Like the rest of the Arum family, the Eastern skunk cabbage grows best in areas with great moisture.

Ecology

Eastern skunk cabbage belongs to a select group of thermogenic plants for its capacity to create temperatures of up to 15–35 °C (59–95 °F) above air temperature through cyanide–resistant cellular respiration in order to melt its way through frozen ground. One mechanism behind maintaining heat around the plant is the thermogenic oscillation of the spadix: Independent of light, a precise thermal regulator is produced by an oscillatory temperature-sensing model in the spadix under dynamic external temperature variations. An equilibrium between heat production and loss, due to heat radiation, evaporation, conduction and convention is maintained in the spadix. Additionally, the airflow around the spathe effiectively maintains heat generated by the spadix. It blooms while there is snow and ice on the ground, yet early insects that also emerge at this time effectively pollinate it. According to certain research, the heat the plant generates may aid in dispersing its odour in the atmosphere in addition to enabling the plant to flourish in cold environments. Both male and female skunk cabbage plants generated skunk-like floral odours that contained dimethyl disulfide, aliphatic hydrocarbons, carboxylic acids, and esters, whereas only female plants produced aromatic hydrocarbons and indole chemicals. The fact that the spathe is warmer than the surrounding air may induce carrion-feeding insects to enter it more than once, promoting pollination. ''

Calliphora vomitoria ''Calliphora vomitoria'', known as the blue bottle fly, orange-bearded blue bottle, or bottlebee is a species of blow fly, a species in the family Calliphoridae. ''Calliphora vomitoria'' is the type species of the genus ''Calliphora''. It is c ...

'' and other blowflies are common pollinators of skunk cabbage. Curiously, spiders' webs were frequently noticed at the entrance to the spathes. The flower's carrion-like odor attracts the flies, which become tangled in the spider's web and become food for the spider.

Uses

Numerous Native American cultures employed the Eastern skunk cabbage substantially as a medicinal herb, spice, and mystical talisman. The plant was mainly utilised for its antispasmodic and expectorant qualities, which are still used in contemporary herbalism. In particular, the Winnebago and Dakota tribes utilised it to encourage phlegm evacuation in asthma patients. Different cultures also utilised it as a talisman and seasoning. It was employed as the medicine "dracontium" in pharmaceutical goods from 1820 until 1882 to treat respiratory conditions, neurological disorders, rheumatism, and dropsy. Internal administration of the plant's rootstock can be used to treat a variety of respiratory and nervous conditions, including hay fever, asthma, whooping cough, catarrh, and bronchitis. Young leaves that have been completely dried are particularly useful when reintroduced in soups or stews. Skunk Cabbage in Wetland

Toxicity

Since its roots are antispasmodic, diaphoretic, diuretic, emetic, expectorant, and slighly narcotic, it is not recommented to directly consume the raw plant. While high quantities of the root can produce nausea and vomiting, headaches, and dizziness, handling the fresh leaves can burn skin. Other symptoms of poisoning include swelling of the lip, throat, and tongue. This is due to skunk cabbage containing

calcium oxalate Calcium oxalate (in archaic terminology, oxalate of lime) is a calcium salt of oxalic acid with the chemical formula . It forms hydrates , where ''n'' varies from 1 to 3. Anhydrous and all hydrated forms are colorless or white. The monohydrate ...

crystals, which are moderately harmful to humans. It is possible to eliminate the toxicity with care, such as changing the water frequently when boiling the leaves, or thoroughly drying the plant.

Gallery

File:앉은부채.jpg, Eastern skunk cabbage melting a hole through the snow. File:Symplocarpus foetidus 002.JPG, A cut-away view of the spadix (flower cluster) inside the spathe of the skunk cabbage. File:Eastern Skunk Cabbage along brook in sprintime.jpg, Early spring growth of eastern skunk cabbage along a flowing brook on the island of Martha's Vineyard File:Skunk cabbage and marsh marigolds.jpg, Skunk cabbage leaves and blooming marsh marigolds (''

Caltha palustris ''Caltha palustris'', known as marsh-marigold and kingcup, is a small to medium size perennial herbaceous plant of the buttercup family, native to marshes, fens, ditches and wet woodland in temperate regions of the Northern Hemisphere. It flower ...

'') in a wooded marsh File:Symplocarpus foetidus (Eastern skunk cabbage) sprouting.jpg, Skunk cabbage emerging from ground during winter File:SkunkCabbageThermalCam.jpg, alt=Left: Photograph of Eastern Skunk Cabbage spadix and first leaves. Right: Thermal image with bright yellow spadix, indicating a source of warmth, surrounded by leaves and branches in shades of pink and purple, indicating cold surfaces., Thermal imaging of a newly emerged eastern skunk cabbage showing heat, via thermogenesis, in the spadix

References

External links

Connecticut Botanical Society: ''Symplocarpus foetidus''Lady Bird Johnson Wildflower Center: ''Symplocarpus foetidus''Minnesota Wildflowers: ''Symplocarpus foetidus''Plants For A Future: ''Symplocarpus foetidus''
* {{Authority control Orontioideae Medicinal plants Flora of Eastern Canada Flora of the United States Flora of the North-Central United States Flora of the Northeastern United States Flora of the Southeastern United States Plants described in 1753 Taxa named by Carl Linnaeus Thermogenic plants Flora without expected TNC conservation status