Symphyotrichum Falcatum

''Symphyotrichum falcatum'' (formerly ''Aster falcatus'') is a species of flowering plant in the family Asteraceae. Commonly called white prairie aster and western heath aster, it is native to a widespread area of central and western North America.

Description

White prairie aster blooms July–November depending on variety and location. It is colonial or cespitose and grows tall. It has hairy stems and hairy, grayish-green and firm entire leaves.

On the outside of the flower heads of all members of the family Asteraceae are small specialized leaves called " phyllaries", and together they form the involucre that protects the individual flowers in the head before they open. The involucres of ''S. falcatum'' are campanulate (bell-shaped) and usually long. The outer phyllaries are spreading to reflexed (bent sharply backwards) and oblanceolate to spatulate in shape. The inner phyllaries are linear-lanceolate. They are in unequal rows, meaning they are staggered and do not end at the same point.

The flower heads have 15–35 usually white ray florets, sometimes blue or pink, that are typically long. These surround a center of roughly the same number of disk florets that start as yellow and become brown with age.

File:Symphyotrichum (Aster) falcatus (4990859656).jpg, Bracts, involucres, and phyllaries.
File:Symphyotrichum (Aster) falcatus (3301180835).jpg, Close-up of ray and disk florets

Chromosomes

''Symphyotrichum falcatum'' has a base number of ''x'' = 5. Diploid, tetraploid, and hexaploid cytotypes with respective chromosome counts of 10, 20, and 30 have been reported, depending upon the infraspecies, as follows:

* ''S. spathulatum'' var. ''falcatum'': ''2n'' = 2''x'' = 10, ''2n'' = 4''x'' = 20, and ''2n'' = 6''x'' = 30.
* ''S. spathulatum'' var. ''commutatum'': ''2n'' = 6''x'' = 30.

Taxonomy

''Symphyotrichum falcatum'' is one of the two species within ''Symphyotrichum'' sect. ''Ericoidei''. The other is '' S. ericoides''. The species was first formally described by John Lindley in 1834 as ''Aster falcatus''.

Two varieties are recognized:
* ''S. falcatum'' var. ''falcatum'', cespitose with up to ten stems from caudices, and known commonly as white prairie aster, western heath aster, creeping white prairie aster, falcate aster, and little grey aster.
* ''S. falcatum'' var. ''commutatum'', communal with stems growing from rhizomes. Common names of this variety include white prairie aster, western heath aster, and little grey aster, as well as cluster aster.

''S. falcatum'' is one of the parents of the two allopolyploidal ''Symphyotrichum'' species '' S. ascendens'' and '' S. defoliatum''.

Distribution and habitat

''S. falcatum'' var. ''falcatum'' is native from Alaska, Yukon, and Northwest Territories in the north, western Canada from British Columbia to Manitoba, in the United States from Idaho east to Minnesota, west to Wyoming and south to New Mexico and Arizona, then north to Utah. It is also native to northern Mexico.

''S. falcatum'' var. ''commutatum'' has no subarctic presence, extends farther east into Ontario, the South Central and upper Midwestern United States, and farther south in Mexico.

Conservation

NatureServe lists it as Secure (G5) worldwide, Critically Imperiled (S1) in Alaska, Imperiled (S2) in Manitoba, Vulnerable (S3) in Yukon, and Possibly Extirpated (SH) in Iowa. It is an exotic species in Ontario, Missouri, and Massachusetts.

Uses

The Zuni people call ''S. falcatum'' var. ''commutatum'' by the name ''ha'mopiawe'' and mix the ground blossoms with yucca suds to wash newborn infants. Quoting American ethnologist Matilda Coxe Stevenson:

The blossoms, ground to a fine meal, are sprinkled into a bowl of yucca suds used for bathing a new-born infant. This medicine is said to make the hair grow on the head and to give strength to the body. The remedy belongs to all women.

The Ramah Navajo use the plant in a decoction to make a lotion as a remedy for snake bites.

Notes

Citations

References

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External links

''Symphyotrichum falcatum''
in the CalPhotos photo database, University of California, Berkeley

{{Taxonbar, from1=Q13955505, from2=Q38782261

falcatum
Flora of Subarctic America
Flora of Canada
Flora of the North-Central United States
Flora of the South-Central United States
Flora of the Southwestern United States
Flora of the Northwestern United States
Plants used in traditional Native American medicine
Plants described in 1834
Taxa named by John Lindley