Supersaurus

''Supersaurus'' (meaning "super lizard") is a genus of diplodocid sauropod dinosaur that lived in North America during the Late Jurassic period. The type species, ''S. vivianae'', was first discovered by Vivian Jones of Delta, Colorado, in the middle Morrison Formation of Colorado in 1972. The fossil remains came from the Brushy Basin Member of the formation, dating between 153 and 145 million years ago. It is among the longest dinosaurs ever discovered, with the three known specimens reaching in length, with the largest individual possibly exceeding in size. Mass estimates for the WDC and BYU specimens tend to be around in body mass. A potential second species, ''S. lourinhanensis'' ('' Dinheirosaurus''), is known from Portugal and has been dated to a similar time.

Discovery

''Supersaurus'' is present in stratigraphic zone 5 of the Morrison, dating from the Tithonian. The original fossil remains of ''Supersaurus'' were discovered in the Dry Mesa Quarry in 1972. This find yielded only a few bones: mainly the shoulder girdle, an ischium, and tail vertebrae. Paleontologist James A. Jensen described ''Supersaurus''; he designated a scapulocoracoid BYU 9025 (originally labeled as BYU 5500) as the type specimen. This shoulder girdle stood some tall, if placed on end. The specimen was given the name "Supersaurus" informally as early as 1973, but was not officially described and named until more than a decade later, in 1985. Sauropod researcher Jack McIntosh at one time thought that the BYU ''Supersaurus'' material might represent a large species of ''Barosaurus'' but later felt that there was evidence for ''Supersaurus'' being a valid genus.

A much more complete specimen WDC DMJ-021, was found in Converse County, Wyoming in 1986 by Brandon Flyr and Bart Lesco while out hiking and was reported to the people who owned the land at the time. The discovery was later named "Jimbo" in 1996 by the family that purchased the land, it was described and assigned to ''Supersaurus'' in 2007. The specimen represented approximately 30% of the skeleton. Its bones are being held at the Wyoming Dinosaur Center. A comparison of WDC DMJ-021 and other specimens previously assigned to ''Supersaurus'' was done in order to help decide what material from the Dry Mesa Quarry belonged to the genus. It indicated that a series of tail vertebrae and an ulna may have belonged to some other diplodocid.

Ultrasauros

Jensen, who described the original ''Supersaurus'' specimen, simultaneously reported the discovery of another gigantic sauropod, which would later be named "Ultrasaurus" ''macintoshi'' (later renamed ''Ultrasauros macintoshi''). The type specimen (the specimen used to define a new species) of ''Ultrasauros'', being a backbone (dorsal vertebra, labeled BYU 9044), was later found to have come from ''Supersaurus''. In fact, it probably belonged to the original ''Supersaurus'' specimen, which was discovered in the same quarry in 1972. Therefore, ''Ultrasauros'' became a junior synonym of ''Supersaurus'', which had been named first and thus retains priority, and the name ''Ultrasauros'' was abandoned.

Other bones that were found at the same location and originally thought to belong to ''Ultrasauros'', like a shoulder girdle ( scapulocoracoid, BYU 9462), actually belonged to ''Brachiosaurus'', possibly a large specimen of ''Brachiosaurus altithorax''. The ''Brachiosaurus'' bones indicate a large, but not record-breaking individual, a little larger than the "''Brachiosaurus" brancai'' (''Giraffatitan brancai'') mount in the Berlin's Natural History Museum.

Originally, these ''Supersaurus'' and ''Brachiosaurus'' bones were believed to represent a single dinosaur that was estimated to reach about long, high at the shoulder, in total height, and weighing maybe . At the time, mass estimates ranged up to 180 tons, which placed it in the same category as the blue whale and the equally problematic '' Bruhathkayosaurus''.

The naming of the chimeric ''Ultrasauros'' has a similarly complicated history. ''Ultrasaurus'' (with the final "u") was the original choice, and was widely used by the media after the discovery in 1979. However, the name of a new species must be published with a description to become official.

Before Jim Jensen published his discovery in 1985, another paleontologist, Kim Haang Mook, used the name '' Ultrasaurus'' in a 1983 publication to describe what he believed was a giant dinosaur in South Korea. This was a different, much smaller dinosaur than Jensen's find, but Kim thought it represented a similarly gigantic animal because he confused a humerus for an ulna. While the logic of naming was incorrect, the ''Ultrasaurus'' from Kim's find fulfilled the requirements for naming and became regarded as a legitimate, if dubious genus. Thus, because Jensen did not publish his own "Ultrasaurus" find until 1985, Kim's use retained its official priority of name, and Jensen was forced to choose a new name (in technical terms, his original choice was "preoccupied" by Kim's sauropod). In 1991, at his suggestion, George Olshevsky changed one letter, and renamed Jensen's sauropod ''Ultrasauros'', with the final "o".

When it was later discovered that the new name referred to bones from two separate, and already known species, the name ''Ultrasauros'' was considered invalid and became a junior synonym for ''Supersaurus''. Since the holotype of the ''Ultrasaurus'' was a dorsal vertebrae of the ''Supersaurus'', so ''Ultrasauros'' is not a junior synonym for ''Brachiosaurus''. The name ''Supersaurus'' was kept instead of ''Ultrasaurus'' as the animal is a diplodocid and ''Ultrasaurus'' had always referred to a brachiosaurid.

Additional synonyms

Another diplodocid dinosaur found near the original ''Supersaurus'' quarry, known from a backbone (dorsal vertebra type specimen BYU 5750), was named ''Dystylosaurus edwini'' and is now also considered to be a specimen of ''Supersaurus vivianae''. Hence, ''Dystylosaurus'' has also become a junior synonym of ''Supersaurus''.

Description

''Supersaurus'' is among the largest dinosaurs known from good remains and quite possibly the longest discovered thus far, with the WDC specimen reaching in length, the BYU specimen reaching perhaps and a third specimen potentially exceeding in size. The WDC and BYU specimens are estimated to have weighed in body mass.

A study in 2024 also found the Jimbo specimen to be skeletally mature at the time of its death and among the oldest known dinosaurs. While the result obtained was 225 years, the study strongly states that a value this high is extremely unlikely and more reflects the limitations of the methodology in calculating the age of exceptionally old individuals. The same study found the age of a ''Diplodocus hallorum'' to be 60 years old, which makes it among the oldest known dinosaurs too, but considered the age of Jimbo to be even greater due to the extensive remodeling of the bone. In fact, the study suggests Jimbo was so old that its exact age cannot be reliably calculated by the applied methodology. Thus, despite the lack of a truly reliable age value, the Jimbo specimen of ''Supersaurus'' can be considered as possibly the oldest dinosaur known thus far. The study also suggests that, due to Jimbo's skeletal maturity, the size range displayed by the three known ''Supersaurus'' specimens, which ranges from , can be considered an average adult size for the species.

The first described specimens of ''Supersaurus'' were individual bones that suggested a large diplodocid. A large cervical vertebra BYU 9024 from the same quarry was later assigned to ''Supersaurus''. This vertebra measures in length and is the longest cervical known. This enormous vertebra was reclassified as a ''Barosaurus'' vertebra, by Mike Taylor and Matt Wedel. However Brian Curtice has reassigned it to ''Supersaurus'' on the basis of additional specimens. Michael Benton also agreed with the reclassification, giving the ''Supersaurus'' BYU 9024 specimen an approximate length of up to an impressive , which would have made it the longest animal to ever live.

The assignment of the more complete specimen, WDC DMJ-021, to ''Supersaurus'' suggests that in most respects it was very similar in anatomy to ''Apatosaurus'' but less robustly built with especially elongated cervical vertebrae, resulting in one of the longest-known sauropod necks.

Classification

Most studies of diplodocid relationships have found it to contain two primary subgroups: Diplodocinae (containing those diplodocids more closely related to ''Diplodocus'' than to ''Apatosaurus'') and Apatosaurinae (diplodocids more closely related to ''Apatosaurus'' than to ''Diplodocus''). Originally, it was thought that ''Supersaurus'' was related to the long-necked diplodocid ''Barosaurus'', and therefore a member of the subfamily Diplodocinae, however, with the assignment of the more complete WDC DMJ-021 most later studies found ''Supersaurus'' to be a close relative of the familiar ''Apatosaurus'' in the group Apatosaurinae. However, some later studies cast doubt on this paradigm. One comprehensive study of diplodocoid relationships published by Whitlock in 2011 found ''Apatosaurus'' itself to lie at the base of the diplodocid family tree, and other "apatosaurines", including ''Supersaurus'', to be progressively more closely related to ''Diplodocus'' (making them diplodocines).


In 2015, a specimen-level phylogenetic study of diplodocids found that '' Dinheirosaurus lourinhanensis'' grouped with ''Supersaurus''. The study considered that it should be a new species of ''Supersaurus'', in a new combination ''S. lourinhanensis''.

References

External links

*
Why do mass estimates vary so much?
, by Mike Taylor, August 27, 2002. (see footnote)

{{Taxonbar, from=Q131177

Diplodocidae
Dinosaur genera
Kimmeridgian dinosaurs
Morrison Formation
Taxa named by James A. Jensen
Fossil taxa described in 1985
Dinosaurs of the United States