Sultan Murad (also spelled Sultan-Murad; Persian: سلطان مراد) was the last
sultan
Sultan (; ', ) is a position with several historical meanings. Originally, it was an Arabic abstract noun meaning "strength", "authority", "rulership", derived from the verbal noun ', meaning "authority" or "power". Later, it came to be use ...
of the
Aq Qoyunlu
The Aq Qoyunlu or the White Sheep Turkomans (, ; ) was a culturally Persianate society, Persianate,Kaushik Roy, ''Military Transition in Early Modern Asia, 1400–1750'', (Bloomsbury, 2014), 38; "Post-Mongol Persia and Iraq were ruled by two trib ...
from 1497 to 1508. After losing his kingdom to the
Safavid
The Guarded Domains of Iran, commonly called Safavid Iran, Safavid Persia or the Safavid Empire, was one of the largest and longest-lasting Iranian empires. It was ruled from 1501 to 1736 by the Safavid dynasty. It is often considered the begi ...
Shah
Shāh (; ) is a royal title meaning "king" in the Persian language.Yarshater, Ehsa, ''Iranian Studies'', vol. XXII, no. 1 (1989) Though chiefly associated with the monarchs of Iran, it was also used to refer to the leaders of numerous Per ...
Ismail I
Ismail I (; 17 July 1487 – 23 May 1524) was the founder and first shah of Safavid Iran, ruling from 1501 until his death in 1524. His reign is one of the most vital in the history of Iran, and the Safavid period is often considered the beginn ...
(), he fled to
Diyar Bakr
Diyar Bakr () is the medieval Arabic name of the northernmost of the three provinces of the Jazira (Upper Mesopotamia), the other two being Diyar Mudar and Diyar Rabi'a. According to the medieval geographer al-Baladhuri, all three provinces were ...
, where he was eventually killed by Shah Ismail's
Qizilbash
Qizilbash or Kizilbash (Latin script: ) ; ; (modern Iranian reading: ); were a diverse array of mainly Turkoman "The Qizilbash, composed mainly of Turkman tribesmen, were the military force introduced by the conquering Safavis to the Irani ...
soldiers at the end of 1514.
Reign
Civil war in the Aq Qoyunlu realm
Born in 1483, he was a son of
Sultan
Sultan (; ', ) is a position with several historical meanings. Originally, it was an Arabic abstract noun meaning "strength", "authority", "rulership", derived from the verbal noun ', meaning "authority" or "power". Later, it came to be use ...
Ya'qub Beg () and Gawhar-Sultan Khanum, the daughter of the
Shirvanshah
The Shirvanshahs (Arabic/) were the rulers of Shirvan (in present-day Azerbaijan) from 861 to 1538. The first ruling line were the Yazidids, an originally Arab and later Persianized dynasty, who became known as the Kasranids (also referred t ...
Farrukh Yasar (). Residing in
Shirvan
Shirvan (from ; ; Tat: ''Şirvan'') is a historical region in the eastern Caucasus, as known in both pre-Islamic Sasanian and Islamic times. Today, the region is an industrially and agriculturally developed part of the Republic of Azerbaijan ...
, Sultan Murad (who was 7 years old at that time) was summoned by the rebel commanders Ayba-Sultan Bayandur and Qasim Beg Purnak, who wanted to make him the figurehead of their government. When the news reached the Aq Qoyunlu ruler
Ahmad Beg (r. 1497), he raised a large army and marched towards the rebels. On 13–14 December 1497, a battle ensured near the city of
Isfahan
Isfahan or Esfahan ( ) is a city in the Central District (Isfahan County), Central District of Isfahan County, Isfahan province, Iran. It is the capital of the province, the county, and the district. It is located south of Tehran. The city ...
, where the forces of Ayba-Sultan Bayandur and Qasim Beg Purnak defeated the numerically superior army of Ahmad Beg, who was killed.
In the spring of 1498, while Ayba-Sultan was on his way to the capital
Tabriz
Tabriz (; ) is a city in the Central District (Tabriz County), Central District of Tabriz County, in the East Azerbaijan province, East Azerbaijan province of northwestern Iran. It serves as capital of the province, the county, and the distric ...
to welcome Sultan Murad, he was met by opposition by his officers, whom he subsequently expelled. He then dislodged Sultan Murad's Shirvani escort, and had the latter imprisoned in a fortress near
Maragha
Maragheh () is a city in the Central District of Maragheh County, East Azerbaijan province, Iran, serving as capital of both the county and the district. Maragheh is on the bank of the river Sufi Chay. It is from Tabriz, the largest city ...
. In order to strengthen his position more, Ayban-Sultan married Sultan Murad's mother. He now became the strongest person in the Aq Qoyunlu realm once again, and had
Alvand Beg
Alvand Mirza Beg was an Aq Qoyunlu prince, who was a contender for the throne between 1497 and 1504/5.
Life
He was the second son of Yusuf Bayandur, who was the grandson of Uzun Hasan. In 1478 he was appointed as the governor of Shiraz by Sulta ...
enthroned in Tabriz. After Ayban-Sultan was killed in a battle in May–June 1499 with the Aq Qoyunlu prince Muhammadi, Sultan Murad was freed by Ayban-Sultan's brother Güzel Ahmad Bayandur (who govnered Maragha) and cousin Farrukhsad. Together, they fled to Qasim Beg Purnak in the southern Iranian region of
Fars. They subsequently deposed the
Afshar governor of the provincial capital
Shiraz
Shiraz (; ) is the List of largest cities of Iran, fifth-most-populous city of Iran and the capital of Fars province, which has been historically known as Pars (Sasanian province), Pars () and Persis. As of the 2016 national census, the popu ...
and installed Sultan Murad there.
War with Shah Ismail I
In the winter of 1502 or 1503, the
Safavid
The Guarded Domains of Iran, commonly called Safavid Iran, Safavid Persia or the Safavid Empire, was one of the largest and longest-lasting Iranian empires. It was ruled from 1501 to 1736 by the Safavid dynasty. It is often considered the begi ...
Shah
Shāh (; ) is a royal title meaning "king" in the Persian language.Yarshater, Ehsa, ''Iranian Studies'', vol. XXII, no. 1 (1989) Though chiefly associated with the monarchs of Iran, it was also used to refer to the leaders of numerous Per ...
Ismail I
Ismail I (; 17 July 1487 – 23 May 1524) was the founder and first shah of Safavid Iran, ruling from 1501 until his death in 1524. His reign is one of the most vital in the history of Iran, and the Safavid period is often considered the beginn ...
() contacted Sultan Murad, who was in control over Fars and
Persian Iraq
Persian Iraq, also uncommonly spelled Persian Irak ( ''Erāq-e Ajam'' or ''Erāq-e Ajami''; ''ʿIrāq al-ʿAjam'' or ''al-ʿIrāq al-ʿAjamī'', literally, "Iraq of the Ajam"), is a historical region of the western parts of Iran.
The region, ...
, albeit mostly nominally. In reality, his governors ruled freely. The provinces were in disarray due to ceaseless war, famine, plague, and oppression by the Aq Qoyunlu dignitaries. Ismail reminded Sultan Murad of the common lineage that the Safavids and Aq Qoyunlu shared, and offered him part of Persian Iraq in exchange for compliance, or war would occur.
Although some of Murad's men advocated peace, the latter marched towards Ismail (whose army totalled 12,000) at head of 70,000 men, but was defeated near the city of
Hamadan
Hamadan ( ; , ) is a mountainous city in western Iran. It is located in the Central District of Hamadan County in Hamadan province, serving as the capital of the province, county, and district. As of the 2016 Iranian census, it had a po ...
on 21 June 1503, losing 10,000 men and his ''
amir al-umara
The office of (), variously rendered in English as emir of emirs, prince of princes, chief emir, and commander of commanders, was a senior military position in the 10th-century Abbasid Caliphate, whose holders in the decade after 936 came to super ...
'' (supreme commander) Güzel Ahmad. Ismail soon invaded Fars, capturing Shiraz on 24 September 1503 and entrusting it to Elyas Beg Dhu'l-Qadar, whose family would occupy the office for almost 50 years.
Azerbaijan
Azerbaijan, officially the Republic of Azerbaijan, is a Boundaries between the continents, transcontinental and landlocked country at the boundary of West Asia and Eastern Europe. It is a part of the South Caucasus region and is bounded by ...
, Fars, and most of Persian Iraq was now under Safavid rule, while the Timurid rebel and ruler of
Astarabad
Gorgan (; ) is a city in the Central District of Gorgan County, Golestan province, Iran, serving as capital of the province, the county, and the district. It lies approximately to the northeast of the national capital Tehran, and some a ...
, Muhammad Husayn Mirza, had made an alliance with Ismail. Meanwhile, Murad fled to the city of
Mar'ash, and would later be killed in
Ruha
Ruha (pronounced /ˈruːhə/) is a term with spiritual connotations found across various religious traditions. In Arabic, Ruh () signifies "spirit" or "soul" and is a fundamental concept in Islam, referring to the divine breath of life.Esposito, ...
,
Diyar Bakr
Diyar Bakr () is the medieval Arabic name of the northernmost of the three provinces of the Jazira (Upper Mesopotamia), the other two being Diyar Mudar and Diyar Rabi'a. According to the medieval geographer al-Baladhuri, all three provinces were ...
by Shah Ismail's
Qizilbash
Qizilbash or Kizilbash (Latin script: ) ; ; (modern Iranian reading: ); were a diverse array of mainly Turkoman "The Qizilbash, composed mainly of Turkman tribesmen, were the military force introduced by the conquering Safavis to the Irani ...
soldiers at the end of 1514. In the words of the 16th-century Safavid chronicler
Qazi Ahmad Qomi, after Sultan Murad's death "the line of the Aq Qoyunlu sultans was severed."
Offspring
Sultan Murad was survived by several of his offsprings. He had two sons with the daughter of
Ala al-Dawla Bozkurt, Beglu Khatun: Hasan and Ya'qub, but nothing is known about them. He also had a daughter, Jan Agha Khanum, who would eventually marry the Safavid governor-general of
Khorasan
KhorasanDabeersiaghi, Commentary on Safarnâma-e Nâsir Khusraw, 6th Ed. Tehran, Zavvâr: 1375 (Solar Hijri Calendar) 235–236 (; , ) is a historical eastern region in the Iranian Plateau in West and Central Asia that encompasses western and no ...
and guardian of the Safavid prince
Abbas
Abbas may refer to:
People
* Abbas (name), list of people with the name, including:
**Abbas ibn Ali (645–680), popularly known as ''Hazrat-e-Abbas'', the son of Ali ibn Abi Talib (the first imam in Shia Islam)
**Abbas ibn Abd al-Muttalib (567 ...
,
Ali-Qoli Khan Shamlu (died 1589).
References
Sources
*
*
*
*
{{Aq Qoyunlu leaders
15th-century Aq Qoyunlu rulers
16th-century monarchs in the Middle East
1483 births
1514 deaths