Succineidae are a

family Family (from ) is a Social group, group of people related either by consanguinity (by recognized birth) or Affinity (law), affinity (by marriage or other relationship). It forms the basis for social order. Ideally, families offer predictabili ...

of small to medium-sized, air-breathing

land snail A land snail is any of the numerous species of snail that live on land, as opposed to the sea snails and freshwater snails. ''Land snail'' is the common name for terrestrial molluscs, terrestrial gastropod mollusks that have gastropod shell, shel ...

s (and

slug Slug, or land slug, is a common name for any apparently shell-less Terrestrial mollusc, terrestrial gastropod mollusc. The word ''slug'' is also often used as part of the common name of any gastropod mollusc that has no shell, a very reduced ...

s),

terrestrial Terrestrial refers to things related to land or the planet Earth, as opposed to extraterrestrial. Terrestrial may also refer to: * Terrestrial animal, an animal that lives on land opposed to living in water, or sometimes an animal that lives on o ...

pulmonate Pulmonata or pulmonates is an informal group (previously an order, and before that, a subclass) of snails and slugs characterized by the ability to breathe air, by virtue of having a pallial lung instead of a gill, or gills. The group inclu ...

gastropod Gastropods (), commonly known as slugs and snails, belong to a large Taxonomy (biology), taxonomic class of invertebrates within the phylum Mollusca called Gastropoda (). This class comprises snails and slugs from saltwater, freshwater, and fro ...

mollusc Mollusca is a phylum of protostome, protostomic invertebrate animals, whose members are known as molluscs or mollusks (). Around 76,000 extant taxon, extant species of molluscs are recognized, making it the second-largest animal phylum ...

s in the superfamily

Succineoidea Succineidae are a family of small to medium-sized, air-breathing land snails (and slugs), terrestrial pulmonate gastropod molluscs in the superfamily Succineoidea.MolluscaBase eds. (2021). MolluscaBase. Succineidae Beck, 1837. Accessed through ...

.MolluscaBase eds. (2021). MolluscaBase. Succineidae Beck, 1837. Accessed through: World Register of Marine Species at: http://marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=181585 on 2021-02-23 They are commonly called amber snails because their thin fragile shells are translucent and amber-colored. They usually live in damp habitats such as marshes. Succineidae is the only family in the superfamily Succineoidea. The soft parts of the animal appear to be too large for the shell.Janus, Horst, 1965. ‘’The young specialist looks at land and freshwater molluscs’’, Burke, London

Karyotype

In this family, the number of

haploid Ploidy () is the number of complete sets of chromosomes in a cell (biology), cell, and hence the number of possible alleles for Autosome, autosomal and Pseudoautosomal region, pseudoautosomal genes. Here ''sets of chromosomes'' refers to the num ...

chromosome A chromosome is a package of DNA containing part or all of the genetic material of an organism. In most chromosomes, the very long thin DNA fibers are coated with nucleosome-forming packaging proteins; in eukaryotic cells, the most import ...

s varies greatly. The most common totals are less than 10, and also lies between 21 and 25, but other values are also possible (according to the values in this table).Barker G. M.: Gastropods on Land: ''Phylogeny, Diversity and Adaptive Morphology''. in Barker G. M. (ed.):
The biology of terrestrial molluscs
'. CABI Publishing, Oxon, UK, 2001, . 1-146, cited pages: 139 and 142.

Taxonomy

The family Succineidae contains two subfamilies (according to the taxonomy of the Gastropoda by Bouchet & Rocroi, 2005): * Succineinae Beck, 1837 - synonyms: Hyalimacinae Godwin-Austen, 1882; Oxylomatinae Schileyko & I. M. Likharev, 1986 * Catinellinae Odhner, 1950

Genera

Genera in the family Succineidae include: * † '' Eoquickia'' Harzhauser & Neubauer in Harzhauser et al., 2016 * † '' Papyrotheca'' Brusina, 1893 * † '' Suratia'' Hamilton-Bruce & Kear, 2010 ; Catinellinae Odhner, 1950 * '' Catinella'' Pease, 1870 * '' Indosuccinea'' Rao, 1924 * '' Mediappendix'' Pilsbry, 1948 * ''

Quickella ''Quickella'' is a monotypic genus of land snail in the family Succineidae, the amber snails. It is known commonly as the sandbowl snail. The only species is ''Quickella arenaria''. ;Synonyms: * ''Quickella (Mediappendix)'' Pilsbry, 1948: synon ...

'' C. Boettgger, 1939 * ''

Quickia ''Quickia'' is a genus of gastropods belonging to the family Succineidae Succineidae are a family of small to medium-sized, air-breathing land snails (and slug Slug, or land slug, is a common name for any apparently shell-less Terrestr ...

'' Odhner, 1950 ; Oxylomatinae Schileyko & Likharev, 1986 * ''

Oxyloma :''The Jurassic Astartidae clam erroneously named ''Oxyloma'' by Gardner and Campbell in 2002 is now known as '' Oxyeurax. ''Oxyloma'' is a genus of air-breathing land snails, terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusks in the family Succineidae, th ...

'' Westerlund, 1885 ; Succineinae

Beck Beck David Hansen (born Bek David Campbell; July 8, 1970), known mononymously as Beck, is an American musician, singer, songwriter, and record producer. He rose to fame in the early 1990s with his Experimental music, experimental and Lo-fi mus ...

, 1837 * '' Austrosuccinea'' Iredale, 1937 * ''

Boninosuccinea ''Boninosuccinea'' is a genus of air-breathing land snails, terrestrial gastropod mollusks in the family Succineidae Succineidae are a family of small to medium-sized, air-breathing land snails (and slug Slug, or land slug, is a common ...

'' Habe, 1956 * '' Camptonyx'' Benson, 1858 * '' Helisiga'' Lesson, 1831 * ''

Hyalimax ''Hyalimax'' is a genus of small, air-breathing, land slugs, Terrestrial animal, terrestrial pulmonate gastropod molluscs in the family (biology), family Succineidae, the amber snails. This genus has no external shell, but it has an almost flat i ...

'' H. Adams & A. Adams, 1855 * † '' Laxisuccinea'' Cooke, 1921 * '' Lithotis'' W. T. Blanford, 1863 * '' Neosuccinea'' Matekin, 1956 * '' Novisuccinea'' Pilsbry, 1948 * '' Omalonyx'' d'Orbigny, 1837Robinson D. G., Hovestadt A., Fields A. & Breure A. S. H. (July 2009). "The land Mollusca of Dominica (Lesser Antilles), with notes on some enigmatic or rare species". ''

Zoologische Mededelingen ''Zoologische Mededelingen'' was a peer-reviewed open access scientific journal publishing papers and monographs on animal systematics. The publisher was the National Museum of Natural History Naturalis in the Netherlands. The first issue appeared ...

'' 83 http://www.zoologischemededelingen.nl/83/nr03/a13 * '' Pamirsuccinea'' Schileyko & Likharev, 1986 * '' Spirancinea'' Iredale, 1945 * ''

Succinea ''Succinea'', common name the amber snails, is a large genus of small, air-breathing land snails, terrestrial pulmonate gastropod molluscs in the family Succineidae.MolluscaBase eds. (2021). MolluscaBase. Succinea Draparnaud, 1801. Accessed thr ...

'' Draparnaud, 1801 * '' Succinella'' Mabille, 1871 ;Nomen nudum: * ''Papusuccinea'' Iredale, 1941 ;Synonyms: * Subfamily Hyalimacinae Godwin-Austen, 1882: synonym of Succineinae H. Beck, 1837 * Subfamily Oxylomatinae Schileyko & I. M. Likharev, 1986: synonym of Succineinae H. Beck, 1837 * ''Amphibina'' W. Hartmann, 1821: synonym of ''Succinea'' Draparnaud, 1801 * ''Amphibulima'' Gistel, 1848: synonym of ''Succinea'' Draparnaud, 1801 (Invalid: unnecessary substitute name for ''Succinea''; also a junior homonym of ''Amphibulima'' Lamarck, 1805) * ''Arborcinea'' Iredale, 1937: synonym of ''Succinea'' Draparnaud, 1801 * ''Brachyspira'' L. Pfeiffer, 1855 †: synonym of ''Succinea (Brachyspira)'' L. Pfeiffer, 1855 represented as ''Succinea'' Draparnaud, 1801 * ''Cerinasota'' Iredale, 1939: synonym of ''Succinea'' Draparnaud, 1801 * ''Cochlohydra'' A. Férussac, 1821: synonym of ''Succinea'' Draparnaud, 1801 * ''Homalonyx'' Ancey, 1881: synonym of '' Omalonyx'' d'Orbigny, 1838 (unjustified emendation) * ''Hydrophyga'' Lindholm, 1927: synonym of ''Succinella'' Mabille, 1871 * ''Hydrotropa'' Lindholm, 1927: synonym of Oxyloma Westerlund, 18854* Lucena Hartmann, 1821: synonym of Succinea Draparnaud, 1801 * ''Neohyalimax'' Simroth, 1896: synonym of ''Omalonyx'' d'Orbigny, 1838 * ''Succinastrum'' J. Mabille, 1871: synonym of ''Succinea'' Draparnaud, 1801 * ''Succinoides'' Schileyko, 1967: synonym of ''Oxyloma (Succinoides)'' Schileyko, 1967 represented as ''

'' Westerlund, 1885 * ''Tapada'' S. Studer, 1820: synonym of ''Succinea'' Draparnaud, 1801 * ''Truella'' Pease, 1871: synonym of ''Succinea'' Draparnaud, 1801

Conservation status

The

World Conservation Union The International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) is an international organization working in the field of nature conservation and sustainable use of natural resources. Founded in 1948, IUCN has become the global authority on the statu ...

(IUCN) considers five species or subspecies of ambersnail as threatened with extinction, and a further three species are categorized as "data deficient" which were previously considered Vulnerable or

Extinct Extinction is the termination of an organism by the death of its Endling, last member. A taxon may become Functional extinction, functionally extinct before the death of its last member if it loses the capacity to Reproduction, reproduce and ...

, and two species are listed as

Near Threatened A near-threatened species is a species which has been Conservation status, categorized as "Near Threatened" (NT) by the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) as that may be vulnerable to Endangered species, endangerment in the ne ...

.2006

IUCN Red List of Threatened Species The International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) Red List of Threatened Species, also known as the IUCN Red List or Red Data Book, founded in 1964, is an inventory of the global conservation status and extinction risk of biological spe ...

. ww.iucnredlist.org/ref>

Threatened species

*'' Oxyloma kanabense'' - Kanab Ambersnail,

Critically Endangered An IUCN Red List critically endangered (CR or sometimes CE) species is one that has been categorized by the International Union for Conservation of Nature as facing an extremely high risk of extinction in the wild. As of December 2023, of t ...

*'' Succinea piratarum'' -

Endangered An endangered species is a species that is very likely to become extinct in the near future, either worldwide or in a particular political jurisdiction. Endangered species may be at risk due to factors such as habitat loss, poaching, inv ...

*''

Succinea quadrasi ''Succinea quadrasi'' is a species of air-breathing land snail, a terrestrial gastropod mollusc in the family Succineidae, the amber snails. Distribution This species is endemic to Guam Guam ( ; ) is an island that is an Territories of ...

'' - Endangered *'' Boninosuccinea ogasawarae'' - Vulnerable *''

Boninosuccinea punctulispira ''Boninosuccinea punctulispira'' is a species of air-breathing land snail, a terrestrial gastropod mollusc in the family Succineidae, the amber snails. Distribution This species is endemic to Japan Japan is an island country in East Asia ...

'' - Vulnerable

Assigned other IUCN categories

*'' Catinella arenaria'' - Sandbowl Snail,

*'' Succinea sanctaehelenae'' - Near Threatened *'' Succinea guamensis'' -

Data Deficient A data deficient (DD) species is one which has been categorized by the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) as offering insufficient information for a proper assessment of conservation status to be made. This does not necessaril ...

, previously considered Extinct *'' Succinea chittenangoensis'' - Chittenago Ovate Ambersnail - Data Deficient, previously Vulnerable *''

Succinea philippinica ''Succinea philippinica'' is a species of air-breathing land snail, a terrestrial gastropod mollusc in the family Succineidae, the amber snails. Distribution This species is endemic to Palau Palau, officially the Republic of Palau, is an ...

'' - Data Deficient, previously Vulnerable

References

External links

Bouchet, P., Rocroi, J.-P. (2005). Classification and nomenclator of gastropod families. Malacologia. 47(1-2): 1-397.
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