A substitute is a political candidate who is not directly elected, but who succeeds a politician holding an elected office after that person ceases to hold the office due to, for example, resignation or death. This system can be used as opposed to holding

by-election A by-election, also known as a special election in the United States and the Philippines, a bye-election in Ireland, a bypoll in India, or a Zimni election ( Urdu: ضمنی انتخاب, supplementary election) in Pakistan, is an election use ...

s or special elections to fill the vacant office.

Belgium

In Belgium, each electoral list has both a list of "effective" candidates and a list of "substitutes" ( nl, opvolgers; french: suppléants). The system was introduced as part of the law of 29 December 1899 introducing proportional representation. Before that,

s were held to succeed members.

France

In the elections for the French National Assembly, each candidate nominates a substitute (french: Suppléant), who assumes the functions of the elected deputy if they die, enter the executive government, if the Government appoints them to an assignment of more than six months' duration, or if they are appointed to the Constitutional Council or ''Defender of Rights'' (''Défenseur des droits''). If the deputy resigns, or their election is determined to be invalid, a

(french: élections legislatives partielles) is held instead. The Electoral Code does not provide for any age restriction to be appointed alternate. For the Fourteenth Legislature (2012 - 2017), the youngest Deputy-Substitute in France was Nicolas Brien, born in 1989, who was elected in

Allier's 2nd constituency The 2nd constituency of Allier is a French legislative Constituency (France), constituency in the Allier departments of France, ''département''. Members elected Election results 2022 , - , colspan="8" bgcolor="#E9E9E9", , - ...

Examples

;2017 * Élise Fajgeles replaced

Benjamin Griveaux Benjamin-Blaise Griveaux (; born 29 December 1977) is a French politician of La République En Marche! (LREM) who served as Government Spokesman from 2017 to 2019 under Prime Minister Édouard Philippe. From 2017 until 2021, he also served as ...

when he was appointed Secretary of State to the Minister of the Economy and Finance on 22 July 2017. *

Grégory Galbadon Grégory Galbadon (born 21 January 1973) is a French politician who represented Manche's 3rd constituency in the National Assembly from 2017 to 2018 as a member of En Marche. Political career At the 2017 French legislative election, Gal ...

replaced

Stéphane Travert Stéphane Travert (born 12 October 1969) is a French politician who has served as member of the National Assembly for Manche's 3rd constituency since 2018 and previously from 2012 to 2017. Travert began his political career in the Socialist Part ...

when he was appointed Minister of Agriculture on 22 July 2017 ;2018 * Jean-Louis Thiériot replaced Yves Jégo in

Seine-et-Marne's 3rd constituency The 3rd constituency of Seine-et-Marne is a French legislative constituency in the Seine-et-Marne ''département''. Description The 3rd constituency of Seine-et-Marne Seine-et-Marne () is a Departments of France, department in the Île-de- ...

. ;2019 * Stéphanie Atger replaced Amélie de Montchalin when she was appointed Minister of Europe and Foreign Affairs. ;2020 *

Sandra Boëlle Sandrine Boëlle (née Bachy; born 26 May 1961) is a French politician from The Republicans. She has represented Paris's 14th constituency as an MP since 2020. Early life Boëlle was born in Neuilly-sur-Seine. Career Boëlle was the su ...

replaced

Claude Goasguen Claude Goasguen (12 March 1945 – 28 May 2020) was a French politician who served as a member of the National Assembly for Paris from 1993 to 1995 and again from 1997 until his death in 2020. A member of The Republicans, he also briefly was Min ...

Paris's 14th constituency The 14th constituency of Paris (french: Quatorzième circonscription de Paris) is a French legislative constituency in the Paris ''département'' (75). Like the other 576 French constituencies, it elects one MP using the two-round system ...

when he died. *

Nicolas Meizonnet Nicolas Jérôme Grégoire Meizonnet-Bérenguier (born 22 December 1983) is a French politician serving as the member of the National Assembly for the 2nd constituency of Gard since 1 February 2020. A member of the National Rally (RN), he has al ...

replaced

Gilbert Collard Gilbert Georges Jean Camille René Collard (; born 3 February 1948) is a French writer, barrister and politician serving as a Member of the European Parliament (MEP) since 2019. A member of the National Rally (RN) until 2022, he was a member of ...

Gard's 2nd constituency The 2nd constituency of Gard is a French legislative constituency in the Gard Gard () is a department in Southern France, located in the region of Occitanie. It had a population of 748,437 as of 2019;European Parliament The European Parliament (EP) is one of the legislative bodies of the European Union and one of its seven institutions. Together with the Council of the European Union (known as the Council and informally as the Council of Ministers), it adop ...

. ;2021 *

Maud Gatel Maud Gatel (born 6 April 1979) is a French politician serving as the member of the National Assembly for the 11th constituency of Paris since 2021. A member of the Democratic Movement (MoDem), she replaced Marielle de Sarnez after her death as ...

replaced

Marielle de Sarnez Marielle de Sarnez (; 27 March 195113 January 2021) was a French politician who served as Secretary of State for European Affairs under Prime Minister Édouard Philippe. A member of the Union for French Democracy (UDF) until 2008 when she j ...

Paris's 11th constituency The 11th constituency of Paris (french: Onzième circonscription de Paris) is a French legislative constituency in the Paris ''département'' (75). Like the other 576 French constituencies, it elects one MP using the two-round system Th ...

when she died

References

{{Reflist Politics Elections