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Struck idiophones is one of the categories of
idiophone An idiophone is any musical instrument that creates sound primarily by the vibration of the instrument itself, without the use of air flow (as with aerophones), strings (chordophones), membranes (membranophones) or electricity ( electrophone ...
s (that is, any
musical instrument A musical instrument is a device created or adapted to make Music, musical sounds. In principle, any object that produces sound can be considered a musical instrument—it is through purpose that the object becomes a musical instrument. A person ...
that creates sound primarily by the instrument as a whole vibrating—without the use of strings or
membrane A membrane is a selective barrier; it allows some things to pass through but stops others. Such things may be molecules, ions, or other small particles. Membranes can be generally classified into synthetic membranes and biological membranes. Bi ...
s) that are found in the Hornbostel-Sachs system of musical instrument classification. Struck idiophones are categorised as 11 in the Hornbostel-Sachs system. There are two main categories of struck idiophones, directly (111) and indirectly (112) struck. According to Sachs,


Directly struck (111)

Directly struck idiophones produce sound resulting from a direct action of the performer as opposed to the indirectly struck idiophones. The player strikes the instrument with a direct action, either by hand or by mechanical intermediate devices, beaters, keyboards, or by pulling ropes, etc. It is definitive that the player can apply clearly defined individual strokes and that the instrument itself is equipped for this kind of percussion. There are two main categories of directly struck idiophones, concussion idiophones (111.1) and percussion idiophones (111.2).


Concussion idiophones or clappers (111.1)

Two or more complementary sonorous parts are struck against each other. According to Sachs, idophones struck together: According to Sachs, struck idiophones: 111.11 Concussion sticks or stick clappers (nearly equal thickness and width). * Clapsticks * Claves 111.12 Concussion plaques or plaque clappers (flat). * Clapper * Guban * Paiban * Pak *
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111.13 Concussion troughs or trough clappers (shallow). * Devil chase 111.14 Concussion vessels or vessel clappers (deep). *
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111.141 Castanets - Natural and hollowed-out vessel clappers. * Castanets * Krap 111.142 Cymbals - Vessel clappers with manufactured rim. * Chap *
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Clash Cymbals Clash cymbals (also called concert cymbals, orchestral cymbals, or crash cymbals) are cymbals played in matched pairs by holding one cymbal in each hand and striking the two together. To differentiate this type of cymbal from a suspended cymbal, t ...


Percussion idiophones (111.2)

The instrument is struck either with a non-sonorous object (hand, stick, striker) or against a non-sonorous object (human body, the ground). 111.21 Percussion sticks. 111.211 Individual percussion sticks. * Dhantal *
Triangle A triangle is a polygon with three corners and three sides, one of the basic shapes in geometry. The corners, also called ''vertices'', are zero-dimensional points while the sides connecting them, also called ''edges'', are one-dimension ...
111.212 Sets of percussion sticks in a range of different pitches combined into one instrument. - All xylophones, as long as their sounding components are not in two different planes. *
Balafon The balafon (pronounced , or, by analogy with ''xylophone'' etc., ) is a gourd-resonated xylophone, a type of struck idiophone. It is closely associated with the neighbouring Mandé peoples, Mandé, Bwaba Bobo people, Bobo, Senufo people, Seno ...
* Gandingan a kayo * Glasschord * Glass marimba * Glasspiel/verrillon * Kulintang a kayo * Luntang or kwintangan kayo *
Marimba The marimba ( ) is a musical instrument in the percussion family that consists of wooden bars that are struck by mallets. Below each bar is a resonator pipe that amplifies particular harmonics of its sound. Compared to the xylophone, the mari ...
*Wooden Marimbaphone (also bowed) * Xylophone * Xylorimba 111.22 Percussion plaques. 111.221 Individual percussion plaques. 111.222 Sets of percussion plaques - Examples are the Lithophone and also most
Metallophone A metallophone is any musical instrument in which the sound-producing body is a piece of metal (other than a metal string), such as tuned metal bars, tubes, rods, bowls, or plates. Most frequently the metal body is struck to produce sound, usual ...
s. * Crotales * Lithophone *
Celesta The celesta () or celeste (), also called a bell-piano, is a struck idiophone operated by a keyboard. It looks similar to an upright piano (four- or five-octave), albeit with smaller keys and a much smaller cabinet, or a large wooden music ...
* Dulcitone *
Fangxiang The ''fangxiang'' (also ''fang xiang'', ''fang hsiang''; zh, s=, t=, p=fāngxiǎng; also known in the West as the Chinese chang) is an organized-suspended (bianxuan) Chinese metallophone that has been used for over 1,000 years. It was first u ...
* Gangsa * Gendèr *
Glockenspiel The glockenspiel ( ; or , : bells and : play) or bells is a percussion instrument consisting of pitched aluminum or steel bars arranged in a Musical keyboard, keyboard layout. This makes the glockenspiel a type of metallophone, similar to the v ...
* Kulintang a tiniok, kulintang a putao, or sarunay *
Metallophone A metallophone is any musical instrument in which the sound-producing body is a piece of metal (other than a metal string), such as tuned metal bars, tubes, rods, bowls, or plates. Most frequently the metal body is struck to produce sound, usual ...
*Metal Marimbaphone (also bowed) *
Ranat ek lek The ''ranat ek lek'' (, ) is a metallophone used in the classical music of Thailand. It is the smaller of the two sizes of Thai metallophone; the larger one is called '' ranat thum lek''. This musical instrument was originated in the reign o ...
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Ranat thum lek The ''ranat thum lek'' (, ) is a metallophone used in the classical music of Thailand. It is the larger of the two sizes of Thai metallophones; the smaller one is called ''ranat ek lek The ''ranat ek lek'' (, ) is a metallophone used in th ...
*Steel Marimba * Toy piano * Ugal *
Vibraphone The vibraphone (also called the vibraharp) is a percussion instrument in the metallophone family. It consists of tuned metal bars and is typically played by using Percussion mallet, mallets to strike the bars. A person who plays the vibraphone ...
111.23 Percussion tubes. 111.231 Individual percussion tubes. * Agung a tamlang *Alimba *Huari * Huiringua * Kagul *Krin or Kolokolos *Mondo *Mukoko * Slit drum * Takuapu * Teponaztli *Tubular Wood block 111.232 Sets of percussion tubes. * Tubular bells or chimes 111.24 Percussion vessels. *Boungu *
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Cymbal A cymbal is a common percussion instrument. Often used in pairs, cymbals consist of thin, normally round plates of various alloys. The majority of cymbals are of indefinite pitch, although small disc-shaped cymbals based on ancient designs sou ...
s *
Crash cymbal A crash cymbal is a type of cymbal that produces a loud, sharp "crash" and is used mainly for occasional accents, as opposed to a ride cymbal. It can be mounted on a stand and played with a drum stick, or by hand in clash cymbals, pairs. One ...
* Hank drum * Hi-hat cymbal * Hang * Kagul or tagutok * Ride cymbal * Slit drums: * Slit gong *
Splash cymbal In a drum kit, splash cymbals are the smallest accent cymbals, often a smaller derivative of the more common crash cymbals. Splash cymbals and china cymbals are the main types of effects cymbals. The most common sized splash has a diameter of 10" ...
*
Steelpan The steelpan (also known as a pan or steel drum) is a musical instrument originating in Trinidad and Tobago from Afro–Trinidadians and Tobagonians, Afro-Trinidadians. Steelpan musicians are called pannists. In 1992, the steelpan was declared ...
or
steel drum The steelpan (also known as a pan or steel drum) is a musical instrument originating in Trinidad and Tobago from Afro-Trinidadians. Steelpan musicians are called pannists. In 1992, the steelpan was declared Trinidad and Tobago’s national in ...
* Udu (also an
aerophone An aerophone is a musical instrument that produces sound primarily by causing a body of air to vibrate, without the use of strings or membranes (which are respectively chordophones and membranophones), and without the vibration of the instrume ...
) * Wood block 111.241 Gongs - The vibration is strongest near the vertex. 111.241.1 Individual gongs. * Babendil 111.241.2 Sets of gongs. *
Agung The agung is a set of two wide-rimmed, vertically suspended gongs used by the Maguindanao, Maranao, Sama-Bajau and Tausug people of the Philippines as a supportive instrument in kulintang ensembles. The agung is also ubiquitous among ot ...
or agong * Bock-a-da-bock * Gandingan *
Kulintang Kulintang (, ) is a modern term for an ancient instrumental form of music composed on a row of small, horizontally laid gongs that function melodically, accompanied by larger, suspended gongs and drums. As part of the larger gong-chime culture ...
or kolintang 111.242 Bells - The vibration is weakest near the vertex. * Bell tree 111.242.1 Individual bells 111.242.11 Resting bells whose opening faces upward. * Cowbell 111.242.12 Hanging bells suspended from the apex. 111.242.121 Hanging bells without internal strikers. 111.242.122 Hanging bells with internal strikers. *
Bell A bell /ˈbɛl/ () is a directly struck idiophone percussion instrument. Most bells have the shape of a hollow cup that when struck vibrates in a single strong strike tone, with its sides forming an efficient resonator. The strike may be m ...
111.242.2 Sets of bells or chimes. 111.242.11 Sets of resting bells whose opening faces upward. 111.242.12 Sets of hanging bells suspended from the apex. 111.242.121 Sets of hanging bells without internal strikers. 111.242.122 Sets of hanging bells with internal strikers.


Indirectly struck (112)

Indirectly stuck idiophones produce sound resulting from an indirect action of the performer as opposed to the directly struck idiophones. The player himself does not go through the movement of striking; percussion results indirectly through some other movement by the player. This category is divided in two main sub-categories: shaken idiophones and scraped idiophones.


Shaken idiophones or rattles (112.1)

The player makes a shaking motion 112.11 Suspension rattles - Perforated idiophones are mounted together, and shaken to strike against each other. 112.111 Strung rattles - Rattling objects are strung in rows on a cord. 112.112 Stick rattles - Rattling objects are strung on a bar or ring. 112.12 Frame rattles - Rattling objects are attached to a carrier against which they strike. 112.121 Pendant rattles. 112.122 Sliding rattles. 112.13 Vessel rattles - Rattling objects enclosed in a vessel strike against each other or against the walls of the vessel, or usually against both.


Scraped idiophones (112.2)

The player causes a scraping movement directly or indirectly; a non-sonorous object moves along the notched surface of a sonorous object, to be alternately lifted off the teeth and flicked against them; or an elastic sonorous object moves along the surface of a notched non-sonorous object to cause a series of impacts. This group must not be confused with that of friction idiophones. 112.21 Scraped sticks. 112.211 Scraped sticks without resonator. * Jawbone (instrument) 112.212 Scraped sticks with resonator. 112.22 Scraped tubes. * Kagul 112.23 Scraped vessels. * Guayo * Güira * Güiro *
Reco-reco The reco-reco (also called the raspador, caracaxá or querequexé) is a scraper of African origin used as a percussion instrument in Brazilian music,ROCCA, Edgar Nunes "Bituca", ''Escola Brasileira de Música: Uma visão Brasileira no ensino da m� ...
112.24 Scraped wheels - cog rattles or Ratchet * Derkach 112.3 Split idiophones - Instruments in the shape of two springy arms connected at one end and touching at the other: the arms are forced apart by a little stick, to jingle or vibrate on recoil.


References

{{Authority control Lists of percussion instruments Lists of musical instruments by Hornbostel–Sachs number