HOME

TheInfoList



Click Here for Items Related To - Strobilanthes Callosa
OR:
Strobilanthes Callosa on:   [Wikipedia]   [Google]   [Amazon]

''Strobilanthes callosa'' ''(Synonym: Carvia callosa (Nees) Bremek)'' is a shrub found mainly in the low lying hills of the Western Ghats, all along the west coast of
India India, officially the Republic of India ( Hindi: ), is a country in South Asia. It is the seventh-largest country by area, the second-most populous country, and the most populous democracy in the world. Bounded by the Indian Ocean on the ...
.Flower that takes years to bloom
by Prachi Pinglay; At Mumbai; BBC News Its standardized
Hindi Hindi (Devanāgarī: or , ), or more precisely Modern Standard Hindi (Devanagari: ), is an Indo-Aryan languages, Indo-Aryan language spoken chiefly in the Hindi Belt region encompassing parts of North India, northern, Central India, centr ...
name is maruadona (मरुआदोना) which it is called in the state of
Madhya Pradesh Madhya Pradesh (, ; meaning 'central province') is a state in central India. Its capital city, capital is Bhopal, and the largest city is Indore, with Jabalpur, Ujjain, Gwalior, Sagar, Madhya Pradesh, Sagar, and Rewa, India, Rewa being the othe ...
where it is also found. In the state of Maharashtra, in the
Marathi language Marathi (; ''Marāṭhī'', ) is an Indo-Aryan language predominantly spoken by Marathi people in the Indian state of Maharashtra. It is the official language of Maharashtra, and additional official language in the state of Goa. It is one o ...
, and other local dialects and in the neighboring state of
Karnataka Karnataka (; ISO: , , also known as Karunāḍu) is a state in the southwestern region of India. It was formed on 1 November 1956, with the passage of the States Reorganisation Act. Originally known as Mysore State , it was renamed ''Kar ...
,THE KARNATAKA FOREST MANUAL
1976; Government of Karnataka, India. Pdf

/ref> the shrub is locally known as karvi (कारवी),Sharfuddin Khan, M. D. ''Forest flora of Hyderabad State. AP Forest Division, India; 1953.'' Available online at the Official website of the state of
Andhra Pradesh Andhra Pradesh (, abbr. AP) is a state in the south-eastern coastal region of India. It is the seventh-largest state by area covering an area of and tenth-most populous state with 49,386,799 inhabitants. It is bordered by Telangana to t ...
Forest Department

Accessed on 23 January 2010ANKOLA Ankola is a Town Municipal Council and a taluka in Uttara Kannada district of the Indian state of Karnataka. The name of the place is derived from a forest shrub Ankola grown on the coastal hill side and worshiped by the Halakki Vokkalig ...
HIGH FOREST BLOCKS XXIV & XXV">WORKING PLAN REPORT UC-NRLF
ANKOLA Ankola is a Town Municipal Council and a taluka in Uttara Kannada district of the Indian state of Karnataka. The name of the place is derived from a forest shrub Ankola grown on the coastal hill side and worshiped by the Halakki Vokkalig ...
HIGH FOREST BLOCKS XXIV & XXV BY E. S. PEAESON, I. F. S., F. L. S., Deputy Conservator of Forests, WORKING PLANS, S. C. 1908-
BOMBAY Mumbai (, ; also known as Bombay — the official name until 1995) is the capital city of the Indian state of Maharashtra and the '' de facto'' financial centre of India. According to the United Nations, as of 2018, Mumbai is the sec ...
. PRINTED AT THE GOVERNMENT CENTRAL PRESS 1910. Available online a

Accessed 25 January 2010 sometimes spelled in English as karvy. This shrub belongs to the
genus Genus ( plural genera ) is a taxonomic rank used in the biological classification of living and fossil organisms as well as viruses. In the hierarchy of biological classification, genus comes above species and below family. In binomial n ...
''
Strobilanthes ''Strobilanthes'' is a genus of about 350 species of flowering plants in the family Acanthaceae, mostly native to tropical Asia and Madagascar, but with a few species extending north into temperate regions of Asia. Many species are cultiva ...
'' which was first scientifically described by
Nees Christian Gottfried Daniel Nees von Esenbeck (14 February 1776 – 16 March 1858) was a prolific German botanist, physician, zoologist, and natural philosopher. He was a contemporary of Goethe and was born within the lifetime of Linnaeus. He ...
in the 19th century. The genus has around 350 species, of which at least 46 are found in India. Because most of these species show an unusual flowering behaviour, varying from annual to 16-year blooming cycles, there is often confusion on the national scale about which plant is flowering.


Description

It is a large shrub, sometimes attaining 6–20 ft in height and 2 inches in diameter and flowers between July and September. This plant is recognized for the fact that it takes nearly a decade for the bloom cycle to occur. Its leaves are home to several insects including caterpillars and snails which feed on it. The shrub has an interesting
life cycle Life cycle, life-cycle, or lifecycle may refer to: Science and academia * Biological life cycle, the sequence of life stages that an organism undergoes from birth to reproduction ending with the production of the offspring * Life-cycle hypothesi ...
; It comes alive and green every year with the advent of monsoon, but once the rainy season is over, all that is left is dry and dead-looking stems. This pattern repeats itself for seven years, but in the eighth year the plant bursts into mass flowering.City gears for lavender Karvi’s once-in-eight-years bloom
; by Nitya Kaushik; At Mumbai; Aug 12, 2008;
The Indian Express ''The Indian Express'' is an English-language Indian daily newspaper founded in 1932. It is published in Mumbai by the Indian Express Limited, Indian Express Group. In 1999, eight years after the group's founder Ramnath Goenka's death in 1991, ...
NewspaperNature lovers on the Karvy trail
At Mumbai; TNN, 22 September 2008;
The Times of India ''The Times of India'', also known by its abbreviation ''TOI'', is an Indian English language, English-language daily newspaper and digital news media owned and managed by The Times Group. It is the List of newspapers in India by circulation, t ...
The Karvy blooms; By Shantanu Chhaya; 24 July 2000; Bombay Edition: Bombay Times;
Times of India ''The Times of India'', also known by its abbreviation ''TOI'', is an Indian English-language daily newspaper and digital news media owned and managed by The Times Group. It is the third-largest newspaper in India by circulation and largest ...
Supplement. A copy of this original Newspaper article is posted online at "mumbai-central.com"

/ref> Plants that bloom at long intervals like ''Strobilanthes callosa'' are known as
plietesials Plietesials are plants that grow for a number of years, flower gregariously (synchronously), set seed and then die. The length of the cycle can vary between 8 and 16 years. For example, the neelakurinji plant flowers every 12 years and bloomed ...
, the term plietesial has been used in reference to perennial
monocarpic Monocarpic plants are those that flower and set seeds only once, and then die. The term is derived from Greek (''mono'', "single" + ''karpos'', "fruit" or "grain"), and was first used by Alphonse de Candolle. Other terms with the same meaning ar ...
plants “of the kind most often met with in the Strobilanthinae” (a subtribe of
Acanthaceae Acanthaceae is a family (the acanthus family) of dicotyledonous flowering plants containing almost 250 genera and about 2500 species. Most are tropical herbs, shrubs, or twining vines; some are epiphytes. Only a few species are distributed in ...
containing ''
Strobilanthes ''Strobilanthes'' is a genus of about 350 species of flowering plants in the family Acanthaceae, mostly native to tropical Asia and Madagascar, but with a few species extending north into temperate regions of Asia. Many species are cultiva ...
'' and allied
genera Genus ( plural genera ) is a taxonomic rank used in the biological classification of living and fossil organisms as well as viruses. In the hierarchy of biological classification, genus comes above species and below family. In binomial ...
) that usually grow gregariously, flower simultaneously following a long interval, set seed, and die. Other commonly used expressions or terms which apply to part or all of the plietesial life history include gregarious flowering,
mast seeding Mast is the fruit of forest trees and shrubs, such as acorns and other nuts. The term derives from the Old English ''mæst'', meaning the nuts of forest trees that have accumulated on the ground, especially those used historically for fattening ...
, and supra-annual synchronized semelparity (semelparity = monocarpy). In 1953 Sharfuddin Khan describing the plant in the former
Hyderabad State Hyderabad State () was a princely state located in the south-central Deccan region of India with its capital at the city of Hyderabad. It is now divided into the present-day state of Telangana, the Kalyana-Karnataka region of Karnataka, and ...
wrote: In 1956 during the Reorganisation of the Indian States based along linguist lines, the above-mentioned
state of Hyderabad Hyderabad State () was a princely state located in the south-central Deccan region of India with its capital at the city of Hyderabad. It is now divided into the present-day state of Telangana, the Kalyana-Karnataka region of Karnataka, and ...
was split up between
Andhra Pradesh Andhra Pradesh (, abbr. AP) is a state in the south-eastern coastal region of India. It is the seventh-largest state by area covering an area of and tenth-most populous state with 49,386,799 inhabitants. It is bordered by Telangana to t ...
,
Bombay state Bombay State was a large Indian state created at the time of India's Independence, with other regions being added to it in the succeeding years. Bombay Presidency (roughly equating to the present-day Indian state of Maharashtra, excluding S ...
(later divided into states of Maharashtra and
Gujarat Gujarat (, ) is a state along the western coast of India. Its coastline of about is the longest in the country, most of which lies on the Kathiawar peninsula. Gujarat is the fifth-largest Indian state by area, covering some ; and the nin ...
in 1960 with the original portions of Hyderabad becoming part of the state of Maharashtra) and
Karnataka Karnataka (; ISO: , , also known as Karunāḍu) is a state in the southwestern region of India. It was formed on 1 November 1956, with the passage of the States Reorganisation Act. Originally known as Mysore State , it was renamed ''Kar ...
.


Eight year bloom cycle and mass flowering

The ''Strobilanthes callosa'' bush typically takes seven years to grow. It is only in its eighth year that it bursts into bloom. At that time the pink and white buds bear bright purple (purplish blue) flowers in a mass flowering which covers many forest areas with a colorful
lavender ''Lavandula'' (common name lavender) is a genus of 47 known species of flowering plants in the mint family, Lamiaceae. It is native to the Old World and is found in Cape Verde and the Canary Islands, and from Europe across to northern and east ...
blush of buds with a tinge of pink with its profusion of violet blooms, after this once in a lifetime mass flowering the bush finally dies out. The flowers are rich in pollen and nectar and attract a wide range of species of butterflies, birds and insects including honey bees and carpenter bees that come to feed on their nectar. Typically the lifespan of a single ''Strobilanthes callosa'' bloom lasts between 15 and 20 days and its mass blooming usually extends from mid-August to September-end. After the mass flowering, the shrub is covered with fruits which are dry by the next year. With the coming of the
monsoon A monsoon () is traditionally a seasonal reversing wind accompanied by corresponding changes in precipitation but is now used to describe seasonal changes in atmospheric circulation and precipitation associated with annual latitudinal osci ...
and the first rains in the next year, the dried fruits absorb moisture and burst open with a pop, the hillsides where ''Strobilanthes callosa'' grows are filled with these loud popping sounds of dried
seed pod This page provides a glossary of plant morphology. Botanists and other biologists who study plant morphology use a number of different terms to classify and identify plant organs and parts that can be observed using no more than a handheld magnify ...
s bursting open somewhat explosively dehiscing their seeds for dispersal and soon new plants
germinate Germination is the process by which an organism grows from a seed or spore. The term is applied to the sprouting of a seedling from a seed of an angiosperm or gymnosperm, the growth of a sporeling from a spore, such as the spores of fungi, fer ...
taking root in the wet forest floor.


Masting

Some species of ''Strobilanthes'' including this one are examples of a mass seeding phenomenon termed as
masting Mast is the fruit of forest trees and shrubs, such as acorns and other nuts. The term derives from the Old English ''mæst'', meaning the nuts of forest trees that have accumulated on the ground, especially those used historically for fattening do ...
which can be defined as "synchronous production of seed at long intervals by a population of plants", strict masting only occurs in species that are
monocarpic Monocarpic plants are those that flower and set seeds only once, and then die. The term is derived from Greek (''mono'', "single" + ''karpos'', "fruit" or "grain"), and was first used by Alphonse de Candolle. Other terms with the same meaning ar ...
(or
semelparous Semelparity and iteroparity are two contrasting reproductive strategies available to living organisms. A species is considered semelparous if it is characterized by a single reproductive episode before death, and iteroparous if it is characteri ...
) -- individuals of the species only reproduce once during their lifetime, then die.


Distribution

''Strobilanthes callosa'' which is mostly peculiar to the hills of the Western Ghats (Sahyadris) in India can be seen growing wild around
Mumbai Mumbai (, ; also known as Bombay — the official name until 1995) is the capital city of the Indian state of Maharashtra and the ''de facto'' financial centre of India. According to the United Nations, as of 2018, Mumbai is the secon ...
, Tansa,
Khandala Khandala is a hill station in the Western Ghats in the state of Maharashtra, India, about from Lonavala, 12 kilometres from Khopoli and from Karjat. Khandala is located at the top end of the Bhor Ghat, a major ''ghat'' (meaning valley ...
, Bhimashankar,
Malshej Ghat Malshej Ghat (माळशेज घाट) is a mountain pass located on Maharashtra's Kalyan–Ahmednagar Road in the Western Ghats range. The site is home to hundreds of various species of flora and fauna, particularly avian species such as ...
, Basgadh, Anjaneri,
Dhodap Dhodap ( mr, धोडप), is one of the hill forts in Maharashtra state in India. Situated in Chandwad taluka in the Nashik district. the fort is 4829 ft (1472 mt) above sea level. It is the site of the second-highest fort in the Sahyad ...
, Salher-Mulher (
Nashik Nashik (, Marathi: aːʃik, also called as Nasik ) is a city in the northern region of the Indian state of Maharashtra. Situated on the banks of river Godavari, Nashik is the third largest city in Maharashtra, after Mumbai and Pune. Nash ...
region),
Mulshi Mulshi is a village and an administrative block in Pune district. There is also an informal bus stop with access to Pune Pune (; ; also known as Poona, ( the official name from 1818 until 1978) is one of the most important industrial a ...
,
Aurangabad Aurangabad ( is a city in the Indian state of Maharashtra. It is the administrative headquarters of Aurangabad district and is the largest city in the Marathwada region. Located on a hilly upland terrain in the Deccan Traps, Aurangabad is the ...
(common on the
Kannad Kannad is a Taluka and a Municipal Council City in Aurangabad District in the Indian state of Maharashtra. Kannad has located 58 km from Aurangabad. It is located 24 km away from the Ellora Caves and Grishneshwar Temple. It is 45 Km from ...
and Ajanta ghats),
Konkan The Konkan ( kok, कोंकण) or Kokan () is a stretch of land by the western coast of India, running from Damaon in the north to Karwar in the south; with the Arabian Sea to the west and the Deccan plateau in the east. The hinterla ...
etc. in the state of Maharashtra, parts of the state of
Madhya Pradesh Madhya Pradesh (, ; meaning 'central province') is a state in central India. Its capital city, capital is Bhopal, and the largest city is Indore, with Jabalpur, Ujjain, Gwalior, Sagar, Madhya Pradesh, Sagar, and Rewa, India, Rewa being the othe ...
, parts of the state of
Gujarat Gujarat (, ) is a state along the western coast of India. Its coastline of about is the longest in the country, most of which lies on the Kathiawar peninsula. Gujarat is the fifth-largest Indian state by area, covering some ; and the nin ...
and in large areas of Belagavi and
Uttara Kannada Uttara Kannada is a district in the Indian state of Karnataka. Uttara Kannada District is a major coastal district of Karnataka, and currently holding the title of the largest district in Karnataka. It is bordered by the state of Goa and Bel ...
Ghats in the state of
Karnataka Karnataka (; ISO: , , also known as Karunāḍu) is a state in the southwestern region of India. It was formed on 1 November 1956, with the passage of the States Reorganisation Act. Originally known as Mysore State , it was renamed ''Kar ...
among other places all along the Western Ghat hills on the west coast of India.


Medicinal uses

While the leaves of ''Strobilanthes callosa'' are poisonous, and unfit for human consumption, the plant is used as a traditional medicinal
herb In general use, herbs are a widely distributed and widespread group of plants, excluding vegetables and other plants consumed for macronutrients, with savory or aromatic properties that are used for flavoring and garnishing food, for medicina ...
by the local
adivasi The Adivasi refers to inhabitants of Indian subcontinent, generally tribal people. The term is a Sanskrit word coined in the 1930s by political activists to give the tribal people an indigenous identity by claiming an indigenous origin. The te ...
tribals and villagers for the treatment of inflammatory disorders. Its leaves are crushed and the juice obtained is believed to be a sure cure for stomach ailments. The plant has been the subject of scientific research which confirms its use in
folk medicine Traditional medicine (also known as indigenous medicine or folk medicine) comprises medical aspects of traditional knowledge that developed over generations within the folk beliefs of various societies, including indigenous peoples, before the ...
as a valid
anti-inflammatory Anti-inflammatory is the property of a substance or treatment that reduces inflammation or swelling. Anti-inflammatory drugs, also called anti-inflammatories, make up about half of analgesics. These drugs remedy pain by reducing inflammation as ...
and
antimicrobial An antimicrobial is an agent that kills microorganisms or stops their growth. Antimicrobial medicines can be grouped according to the microorganisms they act primarily against. For example, antibiotics are used against bacteria, and antifungals ...
herbal drug Herbal medicine (also herbalism) is the study of pharmacognosy and the use of medicinal plants, which are a basis of traditional medicine. With worldwide research into pharmacology, some herbal medicines have been translated into modern remedie ...
Singh, B.; Sahu, P.M.; Sharma, M.K. (2002, May 1)
Anti-inflammatory and antimicrobial activities of triterpenoids from Strobilanthes callosus Nees. (Short Communication)
The Free Library. (2002). Retrieved January 21, 2010 with anti-rheumatic activity.Agarwal R., Rangari V
Anti-inflammatory and anti-arthritic activities of lupeol and 19α-H lupeol isolated from Strobilanthus callosus and Strobilanthus ixiocephala roots.
Ind. J. Pharm. 2003;35:384–387. Pdf

/ref> Related species include '' Strobilanthes cusia'' BREMEK (
大 Radical 37 or radical big () meaning "big" or "very" is one of the 31 Kangxi radicals (214 radicals total) composed of three strokes. In the ''Kangxi Dictionary'', there are 132 characters (out of 49,030) to be found under this radical. is als ...
青 葉, Da Ching Yeh, タイセイヨウ), used in Chinese and Japanese herbal medicine, and ''Strobilanthes forrestii'' Diels (Wei Niu Xi), used in Chinese herbal medicine.


Other uses

''Strobilanthes callosa'' has sturdy stems which along with its leaves is generally used by the local
adivasi The Adivasi refers to inhabitants of Indian subcontinent, generally tribal people. The term is a Sanskrit word coined in the 1930s by political activists to give the tribal people an indigenous identity by claiming an indigenous origin. The te ...
tribals and villagers as
thatching Thatching is the craft of building a roof with dry vegetation such as straw, water reed, sedge (''Cladium mariscus''), rushes, heather, or palm branches, layering the vegetation so as to shed water away from the inner roof. Since the bulk of ...
material to build their huts. Immediately after its mass flowering the Karvi
honey Honey is a sweet and viscous substance made by several bees, the best-known of which are honey bees. Honey is made and stored to nourish bee colonies. Bees produce honey by gathering and then refining the sugary secretions of plants (primar ...
collected by wild bee honey hunters is a popular local delicacy, it is much thicker and darker than other varieties.''


Control methods

The following Western Ghats
forestry Forestry is the science and craft of creating, managing, planting, using, conserving and repairing forests, woodlands, and associated resources for human and environmental benefits. Forestry is practiced in plantations and natural stands. ...
report from the year 1908 of
Ankola Ankola is a Town Municipal Council and a taluka in Uttara Kannada district of the Indian state of Karnataka. The name of the place is derived from a forest shrub Ankola grown on the coastal hill side and worshiped by the Halakki Vokkalig ...
high forests in coastal
Karnataka Karnataka (; ISO: , , also known as Karunāḍu) is a state in the southwestern region of India. It was formed on 1 November 1956, with the passage of the States Reorganisation Act. Originally known as Mysore State , it was renamed ''Kar ...
(then under
Bombay Presidency The Bombay Presidency or Bombay Province, also called Bombay and Sind (1843–1936), was an administrative subdivision (province) of British India, with its capital in the city that came up over the seven islands of Bombay. The first mainl ...
), provides methods to clear and control this shrub, when required, from spreading uncontrollably into unwanted areas:


Common in the hills near Mumbai

The Karvi bush as it is locally known grows in abundance in the western ghat hills near the
metropolis A metropolis () is a large city or conurbation which is a significant economic, political, and cultural center for a country or region, and an important hub for regional or international connections, commerce, and communications. A big c ...
of
Mumbai Mumbai (, ; also known as Bombay — the official name until 1995) is the capital city of the Indian state of Maharashtra and the ''de facto'' financial centre of India. According to the United Nations, as of 2018, Mumbai is the secon ...
including throughout the
Sanjay Gandhi National Park Sanjay Gandhi National Park, also known as SGNP, is an protected area in Mumbai, Maharashtra. It was established in 1969 with its headquarters situated at Borivali. The 2400-year-old Kanheri caves, sculpted by monks out of the rocky basalt ...
as in other parts of its natural range. In Sanjay Gandhi National Park its latest bloomings took place in 2000, then in 2008, and it is scheduled to bloom there again in 2016. Termed by nature enthusiasts as 'nature's miracle', its maximum bloom can be seen on some of the inner paths and trails that lie undisturbed in the park. It survives best on vast slopey expanses on the hillsides with
Kanheri caves The Kanheri Caves (''Kānherī-guhā'' aːnʱeɾiː ɡuɦaː are a group of caves and rock-cut monuments cut into a massive basalt outcrop in the forests of the Sanjay Gandhi National Park, on the former island of Salsette in the western o ...
area of the national park being one of the best places to observe large blooming expanses. In the state of Maharashtra in the neighborhood of Mumbai the mass flowering of Karvi has been observed to occur in the same year as Mumbai in Khandala and one year earlier in Bhimashankar and Malshej, beyond
Kalyan Kalyan (Pronunciation: əljaːɳ is a city on the banks of Ulhas River in Thane district of Maharashtra state in Konkan division. It is governed by Kalyan-Dombivli Municipal Corporation. Kalyan is a subdivision (Taluka) of Thane district. K ...
. Local
conservation Conservation is the preservation or efficient use of resources, or the conservation of various quantities under physical laws. Conservation may also refer to: Environment and natural resources * Nature conservation, the protection and managem ...
NGO A non-governmental organization (NGO) or non-governmental organisation (see spelling differences) is an organization that generally is formed independent from government. They are typically nonprofit entities, and many of them are active in ...
s like the
Bombay Natural History Society The Bombay Natural History Society (BNHS), founded on 15 September 1883, is one of the largest non-governmental organisations in India engaged in conservation and biodiversity research. It supports many research efforts through grants and pub ...
(BNHS) and World Wide Fund for Nature - India (WWF-India) bring groups of city-dwelling people from Mumbai and elsewhere, sometimes in collaboration with other organizations, for regular nature walks in the nature trails of Sanjay Gandhi National ParkWet and Wild
by Nitya Kaushik; Jun 15, 2009;
The Indian Express ''The Indian Express'' is an English-language Indian daily newspaper founded in 1932. It is published in Mumbai by the Indian Express Limited, Indian Express Group. In 1999, eight years after the group's founder Ramnath Goenka's death in 1991, ...
 and organize special trips every eight years when the rare Karvi flowers are in full bloom. Near Mumbai, the Karvi is also found in Karnala, the
Yeoor Yeoor is a hilly area in Thane city of Maharashtra state in India. Situated in the Sanjay Gandhi National Park, it is known for its panthers and wildlife and is popularly known as "Mumbai's National Park". Yeoor has 6 villages, and houses a po ...
hills, Tungareshwar and some parts of
Goregaon Goregaon (Help:IPA/Marathi, �oːɾeɡaːʋ is a suburb of Mumbai city, in the Mumbai Suburban district of India. It has a Goregaon railway station, railway station on the Mumbai suburban railway on the Western Line (Mumbai Suburban Railwa ...
including Film City.


References


External links


Picture Search for: "Strobilanthes callosus" on "flickr".

Picture Search for: "Karvi" (local name for "Strobilanthes callosus") on "flickr". CAUTION! It includes lot of other photos and some or many of other flowers

Picture Search for: "Karvy" (local name for "Strobilanthes callosus") on "flickr". CAUTION! It includes lot of other photos and some or many of other flowers

Photo of hikers standing in Karvy or ''Strobilanthes callosus'' forest with shrubs higher than themselves when the bushes are budding pink (Lavender) just before flowering in the eight year

The karvy truth
By Vikas Hotwani; September 14, 2008;
Mumbai Mirror The ''Mumbai Mirror'' is an Indian English-language newspaper published in Mumbai, Maharashtra. Launched in 2005 as a compact daily newspaper, its coverage focuses on city specific local news and civic issues concerning education, healthcare a ...
; mumbaimirror.com {{Taxonbar, from=Q7624200 callosa Shrubs Medicinal plants of Asia Flora of India (region) Building materials