Streptaxid

Streptaxidae is a family of carnivorous air-breathing land snails, terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusks in the clade
Stylommatophora.

Streptaxidae are monophyletic while all subfamilies and several genera are polyphyletic.

Six Streptaxidae subfamilies are accepted in the 2005 taxonomy of the Gastropoda by Bouchet & Rocroi.

Streptaxidae are carnivorous except for one species '' Edentulina moreleti'', which is herbivorous. All streptaxids have well-developed radula, except '' Careoradula perelegans'', which is the only known terrestrial gastropod without radula.

Altogether 66 species from the family Streptaxidae are listed in the 2010 ''IUCN Red List''.

Distribution

The historical area of origin of the Streptaxidae is probably Gondwanaland.Gerlach J. & Bruggen A. C. van (1999). "Streptaxidae Mollusca: Gastropoda: Pulmonata of the Seychelles Islands, western Indian Ocean". ''Zoologische Verhandelingen'' 328: 1-60
abstractPDF

The family is widely distributed across the tropical and subtropical areas of South America, Africa and Asia. The Recent native distribution of Streptaxidae includes South America, Africa, Arabia, Madagascar, Seychelles, Mayotte, Comores, Mauritius, Réunion, Rodrigues, India, Sri Lanka, Andamans, South-East Asia and the Philippines. The genus ''Gibbulinella'' is found in the Canary Islands.

The species diversity of Streptaxidae reaches its maximum in sub-Saharan Africa.

With 13 genera and about 130 nominal species, the second most diverse streptaxid fauna can be found in Southeast Asia. Streptaxidae are the most diverse among tropical Asian carnivorous snails. In Indochina, streptaxid diversity was thought to comprise only 10 genera and about 40 species in 1967. However, in 2006–2016, 21 new species (more than half the previous total) and one new genus had been described from Indochina. Thirty-seven species are recorded from Thailand, 10 from Myanmar, 45 from Vietnam, and 12 from Laos.

Description

Streptaxids can generally be recognized by their eccentric or cylindrical shells, while the animals have a bright yellow to red or orange body with external hook-like structures on the everted penis.

Early classifications of the family such as Wilhelm Kobelt (1905–6), used mainly shell shape and the arrangement of apertural dentition. However, many shell characters are highly conserved or occur recurrently, making some species and genera difficult to separate. The reproductive organs of streptaxids can also be taxonomically significant.

Taxonomy

Prior to Schileyko's revision in 2000 only two subfamilies, the Streptaxinae and the Enneinae had been recognized, which were primarily based on their shell morphology.

2005 taxonomy

Only the one family, Streptaxidae, was recognized within the Streptaxoidea in the taxonomy of Bouchet & Rocroi (2005).

There are 7 subfamilies in the family Streptaxidae according to the taxonomy of the Gastropoda by Bouchet & Rocroi, 2005, that follows Schileyko (2000):

* Enneinae Bourguignat, 1883 - synonym: Streptostelidae Bourguignat, 1889
* Gulellinae Rowson, 2024
* Marconiinae Schileyko, 2000
* Odontartemoninae Schileyko, 2000
* Orthogibbinae Germain, 1921 - synonyms: Gibbinae Steenberg, 1936; Gonidominae Steenberg, 1936
* Primigulellinae Rowson, 2024
* Streptaxinae Gray, 1860 - synonym: Artemonidae Bourguignat, 1889
;Synonyms:
* Ptychotrematinae Pilsbry, 1919: synonym of Enneinae Bourguignat, 1883

2010 taxonomy

Sutcharit et al. (2010) have established a new family Diapheridae within Streptaxoidea and they have added two genera '' Diaphera'' and ''Sinoennea'' into Diapheridae.

The later review "A review of the Diapheridae" in 2020 by Páll-Gergely, B., Hunyadi, A., Grego, J., Sajan, S., Tripathy, B. & Chen, Z.-Y. showed the family Diapheridae to stand separate from Streptaxidae.

In the recent decades, most of the taxonomic and systematic research on streptaxids has been performed on sub-Saharan African taxa. Only a few publications focus on South American or Asian groups.

Genera

Genera in the family Streptaxidae include:

Enneinae

* '' Avakubia'' Pilsbry, 1919
* '' Costigulella'' Pilsbry, 1919
* '' Digulella'' F. Haas, 1934
* '' Mirigulella'' Pilsbry & Cockerell, 1933
* '' Paucidentella'' Thiele, 1933
* '' Pseudavakubia'' de Winter & Vastenhout, 2013
* '' Ptychotrema'' L. Pfeiffer, 1853
* '' Pupigulella'' Pilsbry, 1919
* '' Rhabdogulella'' F. Haas, 1934
* '' Silvigulella'' Pilsbry, 1919
* '' Sphincterocochlion'' Verdcourt, 1985
* '' Sphinctostrema'' Girard, 1894
* '' Streptostele'' Dohrn, 1866
* '' Tomostele'' Ancey, 1885

Gulellinae

* '' Austromarconia'' van Bruggen & de Winter, 2003
* '' Dadagulella'' Rowson & Tattersfield, 2013''Dadagulella'' is placed here, because ''Dadagulella'' and ''Gulella'' are supposed to be sister groups.
* '' Gulella'' Pfeiffer, 1856 * '' Pseudelma'' Kobelt, 1904

Marconiinae

* '' Gonaxis'' J. W. Taylor, 1877

Odontartemoninae

* '' Artemonopsis'' Germain, 1908
* '' Lamelliger'' Ancey, 1884
* '' Pseudogonaxis'' Thiele, 1932
* '' Tanzartemon'' Tattersfield & Rowson, 2011
* '' Tayloria'' Bourguignat, 1889

Orthogibbinae

* ''Acanthennea'' Martens, 1898 - with the only species '' Acanthennea erinacea'' (Martens, 1898)
* ''Augustula'' Thiele, 1931 - with the only species '' Augustula braueri'' (Martens, 1898)
* ''Careoradula'' Gerlach & van Bruggen, 1999 - with the only species '' Careoradula perelegans'' (Martens, 1898)
* '' Conturbatia'' Gerlach, 2001 - with the only species '' Conturbatia crenata'' Gerlach, 2001
* '' Gerlachina'' Rowson, 2024
* '' Gibbulinella'' Wenz, 1920
* † '' Gibbus'' Montfort, 1810 - this genus was endemic to Mauritius and it is now extinct
* '' Glabrennea''
* † '' Gonidomus'' Swainson, 1840 - this genus was endemic to Mauritius and it is now extinct
* '' Gonospira'' Swainson, 1840
* '' Imperturbatia'' Martens, 1898
* '' Orthogibbus'' Germain, 1919 - type genus of the subfamily
* '' Parvedentulina'' Emberton & Pearce, 2000 - endemic to Madagascar
* '' Plicadomus'' Swainson, 1840
* '' Priodiscus'' Martens, 1898
* '' Seychellaxis''
* '' Silhouettia'' Gerlach & van Bruggen, 1999 - with the only species '' Silhouettia silhouettae'' (Martens, 1898)
* '' Stereostele'' Pilsbry, 1919 - with the only species ''Stereostele nevilli'' (Adams, 1868)

Primigulellinae

* '' Aenigmigulella'' Pilsbry & Cockerell, 1933
* ''Juventigulella'' Tattersfield, 1998
* '' Microstrophia'' Möllendorff, 1887
* '' Mirellia'' Thiele, 1933
* '' Primigulella'' Pilsbry, 1919

Streptaxinae

* ''Afristreptaxis'' Thiele, 1932
* '' Carinartemis'' Siriboon & Panha, 2014
* '' Discartemon'' Pfeiffer, 1856
* '' Edentulina'' L. Pfeiffer, 1856
* '' Elma'' Adams, 1866
* '' Embertonina'' Rowson, 2024
* '' Fischerpietteus'' Emberton, 2003
* '' Glyptoconus'' Möllendorff, 1894
* '' Haploptychius'' Kobelt, 1905
* '' Hypselartemon'' Wenz, 1947
* '' Indoartemon'' Forcart, 1946
* '' Makrokonche'' Emberton, 1994
* '' Martinella'' Jousseaume, 1887
* '' Micrartemon'' Möllendorff, 1890
* '' Nagyelma'' Páll-Gergely & Hunyadi, 2021
* '' Odontartemon'' L. Pfeiffer, 1856
* '' Oophana'' Ancey, 1884
* '' Pallgergelyia'' Thach, 2017
* ''Perrottetia'' Kobelt, 1905
* † '' Protostreptaxis'' W. Yü & X.-Q. Zhang, 1982
* '' Rectartemon'' Baker, 1925
* '' Sairostoma'' Haas, 1938
* '' Stemmatopsis'' J. Mabille, 1887
* '' Streptartemon'' Kobelt, 1905
* '' Streptaxis'' Gray, 1837 - type genus of the family Streptaxidae
* '' Thachia'' F. Huber, 2018

Unsorted to subfamily

* '' Campolaemus'' Pilsbry, 1892
* † '' Goniodomulus'' Harzhauser & Neubauer in Harzhauser et al., 2016
* '' Pallgergelyia'' Thach, 2017
* '' Panhartemis'' Siriboon, 2023
* † '' Pfefferiola'' Harzhauser & Neubauer, 2021

;Notes:
* '' Scolodonta'' Doering, 1875 used to be classified within Streptaxinae, but ''Scolodonta'' is the type genus of the family Scolodontidae.

Synonyms

* Subfamily Gibbinae Steenberg, 1936: synonym of Orthogibbinae Germain, 1921
* Subfamily Gonidominae Steenberg, 1936: synonym of Orthogibbinae Germain, 1921
* Subfamily Ptychotrematinae Pilsbry, 1919: synonym of Enneinae Bourguignat, 1883
* ''Aberdaria'' Blume, 1965: synonym of '' Primigulella'' Pilsbry, 1919 (junior synonym)
* ''Acanthenna'': synonym of '' Acanthennea'' E. von Martens, 1898 (misspelling)
* ''Adjua'' Chaper, 1885: synonym of ''Ptychotrema (Adjua)'' Chaper, 1885 represented as '' Ptychotrema'' L. Pfeiffer, 1853 (original rank)
* ''Alcidia'' Bourguignat, 1890: synonym of '' Streptaxis'' Gray, 1837
* ''Artemon'' H. Beck, 1837: synonym of '' Streptaxis'' Gray, 1837
* ''Campylaxis'' Ancey, 1888: synonym of '' Streptostele'' Dohrn, 1866
* ''Carychiopsis'' E. von Martens, 1895: synonym of ''Ennea'' H. Adams & A. Adams, 1855: synonym of ''Ptychotrema (Ennea)'' H. Adams & A. Adams, 1855 represented as '' Ptychotrema'' L. Pfeiffer, 1853
* ''Colpanostoma'' Bourguignat, 1890: synonym of ''Tayloria (Tayloria)'' Bourguignat, 1890 represented as '' Tayloria'' Bourguignat, 1890 (junior synonym)
* ''Conogulella'' Pilsbry, 1919: synonym of ''Gulella (Conogulella)'' Pilsbry, 1919 represented as '' Gulella'' L. Pfeiffer, 1856
* ''Ennea'' H. Adams & A. Adams, 1855 - type genus of the subfamily : synonym of ''Ptychotrema (Ennea)'' H. Adams & A. Adams, 1855 represented as '' Ptychotrema'' L. Pfeiffer, 1853
* ''Enneastrum'' L. Pfeiffer, 1856: synonym of ''Ennea'' H. Adams & A. Adams, 1855: synonym of ''Ptychotrema (Ennea)'' H. Adams & A. Adams, 1855 represented as '' Ptychotrema'' L. Pfeiffer, 1853
* ''Eustreptaxis'' L. Pfeiffer, 1878: synonym of '' Streptaxis'' Gray, 1837 (objective junior synonym)
* ''Eustreptostele'' Germain, 1915: synonym of ''Streptostele (Tomostele)'' Ancey, 1885: synonym of '' Tomostele'' Ancey, 1885
* ''Gibbonsia'' Bourguignat, 1890: synonym of ''Gigantaxis'' Tomlin, 1930: synonym of T''ayloria (Tayloria)'' Bourguignat, 1890 represented as '' Tayloria'' Bourguignat, 1890 (junior primary homonym of ''Gibbonsia'' Cooper, 1864)
* ''Gibbulina'' Beck, 1837: synonym of '' Gibbus'' Montfort, 1810 (invalid; unnecessary replacement name for Gibbus Monfort, 1810)
* ''Gigantaxis'' Tomlin, 1930: synonym of ''Tayloria (Tayloria)'' Bourguignat, 1890 represented as '' Tayloria'' Bourguignat, 1890
* ''Haplonepion'' Pilsbry, 1919: synonym of ''Ptychotrema (Haplonepion)'' Pilsbry, 1919 represented as '' Ptychotrema'' L. Pfeiffer, 1853
* ''Huttonella'' Pfeiffer, 1855: synonym of ''Gulella (Huttonella)'' L. Pfeiffer, 1856 represented as '' Gulella'' L. Pfeiffer, 1856
* ''Idolum'' L. Pfeiffer, 1856: synonym of '' Gonidomus'' Swainson, 1840 (junior synonym)
* ''Indoennea'' Kobelt, 1904: synonym of ''Sinoennea'' Kobelt, 1904 (junior synonym)
* ''Ischnostele'' C. R. Boettger, 1915: synonym of ''Streptostele (Raffraya)'' Bourguignat, 1883 represented as '' Streptostele'' Dohrn, 1866
* ''Luntia'' E.A. Smith, 1898: synonym of ''Streptostele (Tomostele)'' Ancey, 1885: synonym of '' Tomostele'' Ancey, 1885 (junior synonym)
* ''Marconia'' Bourguignat, 1889 - type genus of the subfamily: synonym of '' Gonaxis'' J. W. Taylor, 1877 (junior synonym)
* ''Macrogonaxis'' Bequaert & Clench, 1936: synonym of ''Tayloria (Macrogonaxis)'' Thiele, 1932 represented as '' Tayloria'' Bourguignat, 1890
* ''Marconia'' Bourguignat, 1890: synonym of '' Gonaxis'' J. W. Taylor, 1877 (junior synonym)
* ''Maurennea'': synonym of ''Gulella (Maurennea)'' Schileyko, 2000 represented as '' Gulella'' L. Pfeiffer, 1856
* ''Nevillia'' E. von Martens, 1880: synonym of '' Microstrophia'' Möllendorff, 1887 (junior homonym of ''Nevillia'' H. Adams, 1868)
* † ''Oppenheimiella'' Pfeffer, 1930 : synonym of † '' Pfefferiola'' Harzhauser & Neubauer, 2021 (Invalid: junior homonym of ''Oppenheimiella'' Meunier, 1893 iptera ''Pfefferiola'' is a replacement name)
* ''Orthogibbus'' Germain, 1919: synonym of ''Gonospira'' Swainson, 1840
* ''Parennea'' Pilsbry, 1919: synonym of ''Ptychotrema (Parennea)'' Pilsbry, 1919 represented as '' Ptychotrema'' L. Pfeiffer, 1853
* ''Pseudartemon'' J. Mabille, 1887: synonym of '' Haploptychius'' Kobelt, 1905
* ''Raffraya'' Bourguignat, 1883: synonym of ''Streptostele (Raffraya)'' Bourguignat, 1883 represented as '' Streptostele'' Dohrn, 1866
* ''Sinistrexcisa'' de Winter, Gómez & Prieto, 1999: synonym of '' Ptychotrema'' L. Pfeiffer, 1853
* ''Somalitayloria'' Verdcourt, 1962: synonym of ''Tayloria (Somalitayloria)'' Verdcourt, 1962 represented as '' Tayloria'' Bourguignat, 1890
* ''Stenomarconia'' Germain, 1934: synonym of ''Gonaxis (Stenomarconia)'' Germain, 1934 represented as '' Gonaxis'' J. W. Taylor, 1877
* ''Thaumatogulella'' F. Haas, 1951: synonym of '' Mirellia'' Thiele, 1933
* ''Varicostele'' Pilsbry, 1919: synonym of ''Streptostele (Varicostele)'' Pilsbry, 1919 represented as '' Streptostele'' Dohrn, 1866
* ''Webbia'' Odhner, 1932: synonym of '' Gibbulinella'' Wenz, 1920

See also

* taxa of Streptaxidae described by Adolph Cornelis van Bruggen

References

This article includes CC-BY-3.0 text from the reference and CC-BY-4.0 from the reference

Further reading

*

External links

Rowson, B. (2010). Systematics and diversity of the Streptaxidae (Gastropoda: Stylommatophora). Ph.D. thesis, University of Wales, Cardiff. Pp. i–vii + 1–307

{{Authority control

Taxa named by John Edward Gray