Stobs Military Camp
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Stobs Camp is a military and internment camp located just outside
Hawick Hawick ( ; ; ) is a town in the Scottish Borders council areas of Scotland, council area and counties of Scotland, historic county of Roxburghshire in the east Southern Uplands of Scotland. It is south-west of Jedburgh and south-south-east o ...
in the
Scottish Borders The Scottish Borders is one of 32 council areas of Scotland. It is bordered by West Lothian, Edinburgh, Midlothian, and East Lothian to the north, the North Sea to the east, Dumfries and Galloway to the south-west, South Lanarkshire to the we ...
. It is an internationally important site due to its level of preservation, being the best preserved
World War 1 World War I or the First World War (28 July 1914 – 11 November 1918), also known as the Great War, was a World war, global conflict between two coalitions: the Allies of World War I, Allies (or Entente) and the Central Powers. Fighting to ...
camp in Britain.


Geography

Stobs estate, surrounded by hills, was an ideal location for an internment camp as "there were few easy ways out of it for any potential escapees." There were several escapes recorded in the local papers but most escapees were recaptured within a few days. Several postcards from an earlier date when it was a training camp mention it as "very hilly country" and "all Hills for miles". The farms comprising the estate were listed as Barns, Newton, Dodburn & Whitewellbrae, Acreknowe & Turn, Winningtonrig, Newmill & Horsley, North and South Berryfell, the Home Farm of Stobs, and the castle and policies ardens, etc.ref name=":1">


History


Prewar

The Stobs estate was sold by Robert Purdon, a
solicitor A solicitor is a lawyer who traditionally deals with most of the legal matters in some jurisdictions. A person must have legally defined qualifications, which vary from one jurisdiction to another, to be described as a solicitor and enabled to p ...
in Hawick, on 21 November 1902. The sale of the 3615 acres of Stobs Estate is recorded in several newspapers and the ''Southern Reporter'' of 11 October 1902 announces “The British Government has purchased the ancient Border home of the Elliotts at Stobs Castle.” It goes on to add in the edition of 27 November 1902 that “The
War Office The War Office has referred to several British government organisations throughout history, all relating to the army. It was a department of the British Government responsible for the administration of the British Army between 1857 and 1964, at ...
is understood have decided to erect barracks on part of Stobs estate, and to maintain a permanent garrison there.” In its early years men stationed at Stobs Camp were under canvas, with the Officers' quarters being near Stobs Castle. There are many postcards which portray the camp with lines of
bell tent A bell tent is a human shelter for inhabiting, traveling or leisure that has been used since 600AD. The design is a simple structure, supported by a single central pole, covered with cotton canvas. The stability of the tent is reinforced with ...
s. Other than the railway structure and a
YMCA YMCA, sometimes regionally called the Y, is a worldwide youth organisation based in Geneva, Switzerland, with more than 64 million beneficiaries in 120 countries. It has nearly 90,000 staff, some 920,000 volunteers and 12,000 branches w ...
hut, there were few permanent structures.   The influx of so many troops raised concern amongst locals over how the infrastructure would cope with this addition of so many men and the impact it might have on the town's traditions. In the
Hawick Hawick ( ; ; ) is a town in the Scottish Borders council areas of Scotland, council area and counties of Scotland, historic county of Roxburghshire in the east Southern Uplands of Scotland. It is south-west of Jedburgh and south-south-east o ...
Burgh Minutes of 27 October 1902, a special council was held to discuss the protection of the town's water supply "from pollution through any operation connected with the proposed military Camp at Stobs". Locals thought it would lower the tone of the community. In a Hawick Callant's Club meeting it is noted that "the abiding sense of generation linked to generation – these things might be seriously impaired and old established customs in which they were embodied and by which they were symbolised might be neglected, overlaid, and finally lost". There was discussion over calling the camp Hawick Military Camp but the conclusion was reached that this would cause confusion, so Stobs Camp was born.   The first regular troops at Stobs Camp are recorded as being there in June 1903; they were the First Battalion
Queen's Own Cameron Highlanders The Queen's Own Cameron Highlanders or 79th (The Queen's Own Cameron Highlanders) Regiment of Foot was a line infantry regiment of the British Army, raised in 1793. It amalgamated with the Seaforth Highlanders (the Duke of Albany's) to form ...
. Postcards from July 1903 refer to the size of the camp: "a very small part of the camp's 30,000 men" and "a very small bit of the camps 20,000 men here." Many of the men arrived by train, and correspondence from the
North British Railway Company The North British Railway was one of the two biggest of the five major Scottish railway companies prior to the 1923 Grouping. It was established in 1844, with the intention of linking with English railways at Berwick. The line opened in 1846 ...
refers to the development of sidings, signals and platforms at Stobs.  Though many battalions came and trained at Stobs Camp there were times when it was little used, for example in 1908: Army returns that year show that there was only one full-size regular infantry battalion stationed there. In 1909 complaints were received in regard to the disuse of Stobs. ''
The Scotsman ''The Scotsman'' is a Scottish compact (newspaper), compact newspaper and daily news website headquartered in Edinburgh. First established as a radical political paper in 1817, it began daily publication in 1855 and remained a broadsheet until ...
'' of 22 September 1913 noted "for the first time there have been no Territorials there". In 1912 the
Highland Light Infantry The Highland Light Infantry (HLI) was a light infantry regiment of the British Army formed in 1881. It took part in the First World War, First and World War II, Second World Wars, until it was amalgamated with the Royal Scots Fusiliers in 1959 t ...
and
Royal Scots The Royal Scots (The Royal Regiment), once known as the Royal Regiment of Foot, was the oldest and most senior infantry regiment line infantry, of the line of the British Army, having been raised in 1633 during the reign of Charles I of England ...
trained there, and in 1914 it was used for Officers Training Camps. Despite the fluctuating use of Stobs Camp there was a permanent staff base there from June 1903 until October 1912. At the outbreak of war all troops were ordered back to their headquarters.


Prewar life at Camp

We get a glimpse into the soldiers' lives from the many postcards that survive. These have images of dancing, YMCAs, Guild tents, church services, the camp, and soldiers doing various tasks. They write home mentioning sports days and the occasional concert. One writes "in Hawick last night on Pass". A majority talk of having a very good time. This feeling was not shared by all, as other postcards talk of being homesick and having a rough time. Camp life was also hard work. Postcards depict engineers building
fortification A fortification (also called a fort, fortress, fastness, or stronghold) is a military construction designed for the defense of territories in warfare, and is used to establish rule in a region during peacetime. The term is derived from Lati ...
s, troop marches, and soldiers washing dishes. One soldier writes home describing a 10-mile march and how they "are feeling our feet very much". Exercises included sham fights,
bayonet A bayonet (from Old French , now spelt ) is a -4; we might wonder whether there's a point at which it's appropriate to talk of the beginnings of French, that is, when it wa ... , now spelt ) is a knife, dagger">knife">-4; we might wonder whethe ...
training, and much more. Another writes home "We were out all night last week we walked about 22 miles then had a sham fight". These were all in attempt to get the soldiers ready for battle but as Jessie Crawford expressed in her diary "little did they think that the next war would be fought in trenches".


World War 1

During the beginning of 1914 Stobs became important once again as a training camp. After hosting a series of Officers' Training Corps it became an
internment Internment is the imprisonment of people, commonly in large groups, without Criminal charge, charges or Indictment, intent to file charges. The term is especially used for the confinement "of enemy citizens in wartime or of terrorism suspects ...
camp for "aliens" and then a
prisoner of war A prisoner of war (POW) is a person held captive by a belligerent power during or immediately after an armed conflict. The earliest recorded usage of the phrase "prisoner of war" dates back to 1610. Belligerents hold prisoners of war for a ...
camp, developing into "the HQ camp for all POW camps in Scotland". ''The Scotsman'' reported on 2 November 1914 that "Arrangements are being completed for interning a large number of German prisoners". Finally, civilian prisoners were transferred to Knockaloe on the Isle of Man and from July 1916 until the end of the war Stobs was purely a military prisoner of war camp. Internees were transferred from all over the UK; some volunteered for internment, and others were interned for their own safety. Many Germans and Austrians were interned for their own safety though "the official line was that the measures had been undertaken to safeguard the nation against internal spies". A civilian camp until Spring 1915, it then became a mixed with the addition of military until July 1916.  


WW1 life at Camp

It was announced in ''The Scotsman'' of 2 November 1914 that the intention was to build 100 huts for prisoners of war. Each of these huts was to be a double hut providing accommodation for “a total of 6000.” The camp was built with four compounds comprising 80 huts which could accommodate 4,500 men. Buildings included a hospital, operating block, mortuary, bakery, post offices, cook houses, bath houses, workshops, and a canteen. There was only one small hiccup in the construction of the camp when a joiners strike was held in April 1915; the government responded quickly and the next day a detachment of Royal Engineers arrived at the camp to continue construction as reported by the Southern Reporter. A prisoner wrote in the ''Stobsiade'', the camp newspaper, “anyone who has gazed longingly through the barbed wire fence into the distant blue sky in summer, knows how important a lecture, a concert, a play, a competition is for our mental and physical well-being.” They set up a school which had 3,500 pupils pass through it, held lectures on various subjects, had a gymnastics team, and held various other activities. These activities helped them to no longer feel like prisoners as Ketchum remarks “one cannot be consciously a prisoner while playing centre forward on a football team or translating Goethe in class.“   The ''Stobsiade'' amongst other things had a puzzle corner and advertisements for services within the camp. This was a censored paper but the proceeds went to buy tools for the workshops, books for the camp library and other projects around the camp. The prisoners manufactured their own artwork which they were allowed to sell in Hawick. Some of the soldiers at the camp kept gardens Private Valentine writes to the Scotsman of 29 January 1916 saying “I have a primrose plant in my garden here….27th of December last, and is still blossoming merrily.” Overall it seems that the prisoners were fairly cheerful despite being interned.   Inevitably some of the prisoners died, from wounds, disease or by their own hand, and the authorities allowed them to construct their own cemetery on land outside the camp.  In total 46 prisoners and civilians were buried at Stobs, and the first
prisoner of war A prisoner of war (POW) is a person held captive by a belligerent power during or immediately after an armed conflict. The earliest recorded usage of the phrase "prisoner of war" dates back to 1610. Belligerents hold prisoners of war for a ...
who died at Stobs is buried in Wilton Cemetery.   Though prisoner enjoyed many freedoms their letters were all censored. It was the responsibility of the Interpreters to check all mail coming in and going out including parcels. A majority of the letters were to or from home but on one occasion there is a postcard sent from brother to brother within the camp. A prisoner remarked “sometimes a letter comes flying over the barbed wire. From Germany or from the English home. It does not say what we actually want to know. Of course not.” The poet
Marion Angus Marion Emily Angus (1865–1946) was a Scottish poet who wrote in the Scots vernacular or Braid Scots, defined by some as a dialect of English and others as a closely related language. Her prose writings are mainly in standard English. She is s ...
worked at Stobs during the war. Her poem "Penchrise", first published in her collection ''The Tinker's Road and Other Verses'' (1924), was inspired by the moorland landscape around the camp. After the prisoners left in late 1919 after the First World War it was locals who tended to the graveyard. Mrs Borthwick, a local, remembers a man coming to visit his son's grave every year until his own death. In the 1960s the German War Grave Commission had the bodies removed to the German Cemetery at Cannock Chase, Staffordshire.  


Interwar

After
World War One World War I or the First World War (28 July 1914 – 11 November 1918), also known as the Great War, was a global conflict between two coalitions: the Allies (or Entente) and the Central Powers. Fighting took place mainly in Europe and th ...
, except for occasional busy years like 1924, Stobs camp started to diminish as a training camp. In 1921 a list of summer training camps was published and none were to be held at Stobs. Later in 1921 and in 1922 buildings were sold off or removed. In 1926 and 1928 the railway began to reduce the size of the siding that was there. A fire in one of the
Royal Engineer The Corps of Royal Engineers, usually called the Royal Engineers (RE), and commonly known as the ''Sappers'', is the engineering arm of the British Army. It provides military engineering and other technical support to the British Armed Forces ...
stores in May 1936 practically destroyed the building. In 1937 it was decided to use the camp in a different way as a camp for boys from poorer families, this must have been unsuccessful because it was never used in this way again. The year 1934 saw the
Black Watch The Black Watch, 3rd Battalion, Royal Regiment of Scotland (3 SCOTS) is an infantry battalion of the Royal Regiment of Scotland. The regiment was created as part of the Childers Reforms in 1881, when the 42nd (Royal Highland) Regiment ...
regiment training there. In March 1938 it hosted the
Ayrshire Yeomanry The Ayrshire (Earl of Carrick's Own) Yeomanry was a Regiment of the British Yeomanry and is now an armoured Squadron of the Scottish and North Irish Yeomanry (SNIY), part of the British Army Reserve. It is the Lowlands of Scotland's only Royal ...
, and in July 1939 it was used as a temporary training centre for Militiamen. After these brief spurts of activity, it continued to decline.  


Second World War

Unlike World War One, World War Two seems to be “cloaked in a veil of secrecy.” There are few images depicting the camp and information is sparse. It became a training camp at the outbreak of the War and regiments included the Cameronians, Royal Scots Fusiliers, King's Own Yorkshire Light Infantry, Royal Artillery, Pioneer Corps, Royal Norfolk Regiment, Suffolk Regiment, Yorks & Lancs, and others. Searchlight training and D-day training both took place at the camp and it is possible that tank training also took place near Shankend a little to the east of the camp. A few new buildings were also constructed on site including many Nissen huts.


Postwar 945–1962

After the
Second World War World War II or the Second World War (1 September 1939 – 2 September 1945) was a World war, global conflict between two coalitions: the Allies of World War II, Allies and the Axis powers. World War II by country, Nearly all of the wo ...
, usage of the camp changed again in response to the Polish Resettlement Act of 27 March 1947. It became a resettlement camp for Polish troops. The Polish groups that were there were 2nd Corps, Heavy Artillery (9th and 10th), and it was also host to the Corps Artillery Headquarters. There is evidence of Polish troops being there until 1950.   After the 1950s, Stobs was expanded. Further land was bought in 15162 acres. There was a lot of Territorial activity there during the 1950s especially during the Korean War. The last military activity that is recorded was in 1955, although it was not until 1957 that it was announced Stobs was to close. The ''Hawick News'' stated on 19 June 1959 "the War Department have informed the County Council that dismantling at Stobs is nearly complete".


Scheduled monument

In April 2023,
Historic Environment Scotland Historic Environment Scotland (HES) () is an executive non-departmental public body responsible for investigating, caring for and promoting Scotland's historic environment. HES was formed in 2015 from the merger of government agency Historic Sc ...
announced that the camp had been designated a
scheduled monument In the United Kingdom, a scheduled monument is a nationally important archaeological site or historic building, given protection against unauthorised change. The various pieces of legislation that legally protect heritage assets from damage, visu ...
. This followed a public consultation which received 90 responses "overwhelmingly in support" of the designation.


References


External links


Official website
{{coord, 55.377, -2.793, type:landmark_region:GB, display=title Prisoner-of-war camps in Scotland World War I prisoner-of-war camps in the United Kingdom