Stella Leach (June 12, 1918 – January 29, 2010) was a
Colville-
Oglala Lakota
The Oglala (pronounced , meaning 'to scatter one's own' in Lakota language, Lakota) are one of the seven subtribes of the Lakota people who, along with the Dakota people, Dakota, make up the Sioux, Očhéthi Šakówiŋ (Seven Council Fires). A ...
nurse and activist who was known for her work in establishing the first American Indian children's wellness center in the
San Francisco Bay Area
The San Francisco Bay Area, commonly known as the Bay Area, is a List of regions of California, region of California surrounding and including San Francisco Bay, and anchored by the cities of Oakland, San Francisco, and San Jose, California, S ...
, setting up the health clinic during the
Occupation of Alcatraz, and her activism for native American
self-determination
Self-determination refers to a people's right to form its own political entity, and internal self-determination is the right to representative government with full suffrage.
Self-determination is a cardinal principle in modern international la ...
.
Early life and education
Stella Nellie Runnels was born on June 12, 1918, in
Ferry County, Washington to Maud/Maude Stella (née Sears) and Hiram Bagley Runnels. Her mother was enrolled as a
Pine Ridge Sioux, along with her half-sister Pearl Stirk and oldest brother Raymond Runnels. Maude had previously been married to James Stirk, but he and their son James, Jr. died before 1907. Runnels and her siblings — Mary E (1908), John A. (1909), George W. (1912), Louis (1914), Juanita Elsie (1915), William Riley (1920), Josephine Myrtle (1921), Clara (1923), Hiram Jr. (1924), and Thaddeus (1927) — were enrolled with their father in the
Confederated Tribes of the Colville Reservation. The children began their schooling in
Keller, Washington, but when Runnels was 10, they taken from their father's farm and sent by Indian Agency officials to
American Indian boarding schools.
On July 9, 1936, at
Davenport, Washington, Runnels married Johnnie Bray. The couple had two sons, Kenneth Patrick and Garry Thomas Bray, before they separated in 1940. She later had four other children and married Harry Leland Leach, Sr. During the 1950s, Leach was critical of the Colville tribes' involvement with the
National Congress of American Indians and the NCAI's backing of investigations on
Un-American activities and
McCarthyism
McCarthyism is a political practice defined by the political repression and persecution of left-wing individuals and a Fear mongering, campaign spreading fear of communist and Soviet influence on American institutions and of Soviet espionage i ...
. By 1959, the couple had divorced, and Leach moved to
Oakland, California
Oakland is a city in the East Bay region of the San Francisco Bay Area in the U.S. state of California. It is the county seat and most populous city in Alameda County, California, Alameda County, with a population of 440,646 in 2020. A major We ...
as part of the
Indian Relocation Program.
Career and activism
When Leach arrived in the
San Francisco Bay Area
The San Francisco Bay Area, commonly known as the Bay Area, is a List of regions of California, region of California surrounding and including San Francisco Bay, and anchored by the cities of Oakland, San Francisco, and San Jose, California, S ...
with her 6 children, she intended to go to school, but the Relocation Act required her to get a job. She joined the staff of the
Peralta Hospital as a nurse's aide. She eventually was able to transfer to the night shift and enrolled at
Laney College, earning her certificate as a
licensed practical nurse
A licensed practical nurse (LPN), in much of the United States and Canada, is a nurse who provides direct nursing care for people who are sick, injured, convalescent, or disabled. In the United States, LPNs work under the direction of physicia ...
(LPN). She began working as a nurse for Dr. David Tepper and actively worked to improve medical care for the urban Indian population in the Bay Area. Because health care for Native Americans had been removed from federal programs in 1955 and given to states to administer, lack of funding resulted in an inability for urban Indians to obtain treatment anywhere. Leach served as the chair of the Bay Area Indian Council's health and welfare section. In 1964, the Council formed a successful partnership with
Pacific Hospital to initiate the first children's and "well-baby" clinic directed to American Indians in the area, known as the All-Indian Well Baby Clinic.
In January 1968, as chair of the health and welfare division, Leach met with
Senators Paul Fannin (
Republican) and
Robert F. Kennedy (
Democrat) at the American Indian Center to discuss a series of issues including insufficient relocation allowances, insufficient medical funding, inadequate educational opportunities, and difficulties with
draft registration. She was concerned about veterans' issues, as five of her six children had served in the
Vietnam War
The Vietnam War (1 November 1955 – 30 April 1975) was an armed conflict in Vietnam, Laos, and Cambodia fought between North Vietnam (Democratic Republic of Vietnam) and South Vietnam (Republic of Vietnam) and their allies. North Vietnam w ...
. Shortly after the meeting, in May, Leach and her children began receiving racist and threatening calls at their residence near
Mills College. Their home was broken into and vandalized, and their rent was quadrupled, when their neighbors and landlord realized they were American Indians. Senator Kennedy sent aides to stay in the house overnight, as the property doors had been removed. Initially, the Leach family intended to remain in their home, but as tension continued, they moved to the
East Bay
The East Bay is the eastern region of the San Francisco Bay Area and includes cities along the eastern shores of San Francisco Bay and San Pablo Bay. The region has grown to include inland communities in Alameda and Contra Costa counties. Wi ...
area.
Leach joined her son David, who was in the November 20 landing party for the
Occupation of Alcatraz, on November 22, 1969. Her sons David and Gary Leach, both veterans, were participants in the standoff. She set up and directed the health clinic on
Alcatraz Island
Alcatraz Island () is a small island about 1.25 miles offshore from San Francisco in San Francisco Bay, California, near the Golden Gate, Golden Gate Strait. The island was developed in the mid-19th century with facilities for a Alcatraz Isla ...
and was assisted by
Jennie R. Joe (
Navajo) and
Dorothy Lonewolf Miller (
Blackfoot), as nurses, and Robert Brennan and Richard Fine, as doctors. Leach's employer, Dr. Tepper allowed her to stay on the island for three months and volunteered his services once a week. After
Richard Oakes (
Mohawk) left the island, Leach was one of the seven representatives selected as members of the board of directors for the Indians of All Tribes and was a spokesperson for the board. The goals of the council were to establish a Native American center on Alcatraz to promote cultural study, as well as training in spiritual and ecological matters from an indigenous perspective. Leach stressed the importance of American Indians being able to determine their own future.
In 1970, Leach also participated in the founding of the National Indian Women's Action Corps, an empowerment organization for Native American women. The organizing officers included Dorothy Lonewolf Miller, president;
Grace Thorpe (
Sac & Fox), vice president; Leach, 2nd vice president;
Woesha Cloud North (
Ho-Chunk), secretary;
Henrietta Whiteman (
Cheyenne), treasurer; and Jennie Joe, sergeant-at-arms. When the occupation ended, Leach and other activists from Alcatraz, like
John Trudell (
Santee Dakota) moved on to occupy the abandoned
Nike Missile site at
Richmond, California
Richmond is a city in western Contra Costa County, California, United States. The city was municipal corporation, incorporated on August 3, 1905, and has a Richmond, California, City Council, city council. , but were removed in June 1971.
In the 1980s, Leach returned to using her maiden name of Runnels. She worked to help her son Harry Leach, Jr., a recipient of the
Bronze Star Medal
The Bronze Star Medal (BSM) is a Awards and decorations of the United States Armed Forces, United States Armed Forces decoration awarded to members of the United States Armed Forces for either heroic achievement, heroic service, meritorious a ...
and a
Purple Heart, who had been diagnosed with
schizophrenia
Schizophrenia () is a mental disorder characterized variously by hallucinations (typically, Auditory hallucination#Schizophrenia, hearing voices), delusions, thought disorder, disorganized thinking and behavior, and Reduced affect display, f ...
, "triggered by his military service". Harry was accused of threatening to poison water supplies in
San Jose, as well as
Caesars Tahoe and
Sahara Tahoe, both in
Stateline, Nevada
Stateline is a census-designated place (CDP) on the southeastern shore of Lake Tahoe in Douglas County, Nevada, Douglas County, Nevada, United States. It lies next to the border with California and is conurbated with South Lake Tahoe, California ...
. His case brought the mental health of Vietnam veterans and the inadequate care they were receiving into the spotlight of the national media. After his acquittal, Runnels remarried and moved to
Sonoma, California where the couple operated a chicken ranch. She returned to Washington, locating in
Nespelem around 2000 and remained active in issues effecting the
Colville Indian Reservation
The Colville Indian Reservation is an Indian reservation located in Washington (state), Washington state, U.S. It is inhabited and managed by the Confederated Tribes of the Colville Reservation, which are List of federally recognized tribes in ...
.
Death and legacy
Runnels died on January 29, 2010, in
Mason County, Washington. She was buried near her family members in the Sacred Heart Cemetery in Nespelem. She was interviewed as part of the American Indian Historical Research Project in 1970 by Anna Boyd. Her interview is in the holdings of the Doris Duke Oral History Collection at the
University of New Mexico in
Albuquerque.
References
Citations
Bibliography
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{{DEFAULTSORT:Leach, Stella
1918 births
2010 deaths
People from Ferry County, Washington
Native American activists
American nurses
American women nurses
Oglala people
Laney College alumni
Activists from Washington (state)
21st-century American women
20th-century Native American women
20th-century Native American people