Staszica and Paderewskiego streets are located in downtown district, in

Bydgoszcz Bydgoszcz is a city in northern Poland and the largest city in the historical region of Kuyavia. Straddling the confluence of the Vistula River and its bank (geography), left-bank tributary, the Brda (river), Brda, the strategic location of Byd ...

, Poland. Many of the buildings along this axis are either registered on the

Kuyavian–Pomeranian Voivodeship Kuyavian–Pomeranian Voivodeship ( ) is one of Poland's 16 Voivodeships of Poland, voivodeships (provinces). It was created on 1 January 1999 and is situated in mid-northern Poland, on the boundary between the two historic regions, from which ...

heritage list, or part of a historical ensemble of

Eclectic Eclectic may refer to: Music * ''Eclectic'' (Eric Johnson and Mike Stern album), 2014 * ''Eclectic'' (Big Country album), 1996 * Eclectic Method, name of an audio-visual remix act * Eclecticism in music, the conscious use of styles alien to th ...

and

Art Nouveau Art Nouveau ( ; ; ), Jugendstil and Sezessionstil in German, is an international style of art, architecture, and applied art, especially the decorative arts. It was often inspired by natural forms such as the sinuous curves of plants and ...

architecture in Bydgoszcz.

Location

Streets stretch on a continuous axis, roughly south–north oriented, running parallel to Gdańska and 20 Stycznia 1920 streets on the west. Staszica street, is long, from the crossing with Krasiński Street to the southern tip of Paderewskiego street. Paderewskiego street, long, extends to the north Staszica till reaching the intersection with Chodkiewicza street.

History

On an 1876 map by Paul Berthold Jaekel, the pathway is indicated, without any mention of the name. The first map to reference both streets dates back to 1908, under the following calling: ''Braesicke Straße'' and ''Schiller Straße''. In Bromberg address books, both axis are listed from 1905 onwards. During several decades, Staszica street has been part of a longer path, incorporated to now 3 Maja street: * till 1860s, this longer track was known as ''Grostwo'' (estate), then ''Hempel estate''; * identically, from 1914 to 1926, 3 Maja (then ''Hempel straße'') and Staszica (then ''Braesicke straße'') streets were merged under the calling ''Hempel straße'' and ''Ulica Grodztwo''. Paderewskiego street inception was part of a district developed in two plans, one at the end of the 19th century, another in 1903. The concept of this new area was based on a rectangular grid of streets ( Gdańska,

Adam Mickiewicz Alley Adam Mickiewicz Alley is one of the main streets of downtown district in Bydgoszcz, where several buildings are registered on the Kuyavian-Pomeranian Voivodeship Heritage List. Location The street links Gdańska Street, Bydgoszcz, Gdańska St ...

, Józef Weyssenhoff Square, Niemcewicza and Chodkiewicza), all located within city boundaries. This district was also convenient by the proximity of the newly built facilities (administrative and educational center), main railway station. By 2023, Paderewskiego street will be extended to the north by to join the future ''Music Academy Campus'' which is planned stand on a three-hectare plot, between streets Kamienna, Chodkiewicza and Gdańska

Naming

Staszica street was known as ''Braesicke Straße'', from its construction to 1920 and during

German occupation German-occupied Europe, or Nazi-occupied Europe, refers to the sovereign countries of Europe which were wholly or partly militarily occupied and civil-occupied, including puppet states, by the (armed forces) and the government of Nazi Germany at ...

(1939–1945). Mr Braesicke was a mayor of

Bromberg Bydgoszcz is a city in northern Poland and the largest city in the historical region of Kuyavia. Straddling the confluence of the Vistula River and its left-bank tributary, the Brda, the strategic location of Bydgoszcz has made it an inland ...

from 1890 to 1898. Current name comes from

Stanisław Staszic Stanisław Wawrzyniec Staszic (baptised 6 November 1755 – 20 January 1826) was a leading figure in the Polish Enlightenment: a Catholic priest, philosopher, geologist, writer, poet, translator and statesman. A physiocrat, monist, pan-Sla ...

(1755–1826), a leading figure of the Polish Enlightenment: a Catholic priest, philosopher, geologist, writer, poet, translator and statesman. Paderewskiego street was called ''Schiller Straße'', from its inception till 1920, and also during German occupation, with reference to German poet

Friedrich Schiller Johann Christoph Friedrich von Schiller (, short: ; 10 November 17599 May 1805) was a German playwright, poet, philosopher and historian. Schiller is considered by most Germans to be Germany's most important classical playwright. He was born i ...

. Patron name refers to

Ignacy Jan Paderewski Ignacy Jan Paderewski (;

r 1859 R, or r, is the eighteenth letter of the Latin alphabet, used in the modern English alphabet, the alphabets of other western European languages and others worldwide. Its name in English is ''ar'' (pronounced ), plural ''ars''. The lette ...

– 29 June 1941) was a Polish pianist, composer and statesman who was a spokesman for Polish independence. In 1919, he was the nation's Prime Minister of Poland, prime minister and foreign minister durin ...

(1860–1941), a Polish pianist and composer, politician, statesman and spokesman for Polish independence.

Main edifices

Staszica Street

The street, on its first numbers, faces on the east a large green area, ''Lieutenant Leszek Biały'' square. Tenement at Zygmunt Krasiński Street 23, corner with Staszica street 2010, by Budlex

Modern architecture Modern architecture, also called modernist architecture, or the modern movement, is an architectural movement and style that was prominent in the 20th century, between the earlier Art Deco and later postmodern movements. Modern architectur ...

The plot at then ''Fröhnerstraße 3'' was first owned by Robert Böhme, also landlord of tenement at Nr.21. At the end of

World War I World War I or the First World War (28 July 1914 – 11 November 1918), also known as the Great War, was a World war, global conflict between two coalitions: the Allies of World War I, Allies (or Entente) and the Central Powers. Fighting to ...

, the area has been left abandoned until a first theatre, ''Paw'', was built. It opened on Sunday 8 November 1929 with an 800-seat capacity. It became cinema ''Appolo'' in 1931. During

World War II World War II or the Second World War (1 September 1939 – 2 September 1945) was a World war, global conflict between two coalitions: the Allies of World War II, Allies and the Axis powers. World War II by country, Nearly all of the wo ...

, Nazi authorities changed its name to ''Bidegast''. The theatre was renamed ''Polonia'' in 1945: it welcomed movies till 31 March 2003. Once demolished, the place has been housing a new habitation complex, ''Rubinowy Dom'' (Ruby House), since 2010. File:Rubinowydom corner.jpg, Corner view File:Rubinowy dom 1.jpg, View from the square File:Rubinowy-Dom 2.jpg, Facade on Krasińskiego street Tenement at 1 1902–1903

Eclecticism Eclecticism is a conceptual approach that does not hold rigidly to a single paradigm or set of assumptions, but instead draws upon multiple theories, styles, or ideas to gain complementary insights into a subject, or applies different theories i ...

At its construction, the address was ''Braesicke Straße 2'': house landlord was Albert Sawallich, first

evangelical Evangelicalism (), also called evangelical Christianity or evangelical Protestantism, is a worldwide, interdenominational movement within Protestantism, Protestant Christianity that emphasizes evangelism, or the preaching and spreading of th ...

sexton. Stripped from many original details but a facade

cartouche upalt=A stone face carved with coloured hieroglyphics. Two cartouches - ovoid shapes with hieroglyphics inside - are visible at the bottom., Birth and throne cartouches of Pharaoh KV17.html" ;"title="Seti I, from KV17">Seti I, from KV17 at the ...

, the elevation still display two

bay window A bay window is a window space projecting outward from the main walls of a building and forming a bay in a room. A bow window is a form of bay with a curve rather than angular facets; an oriel window is a bay window that does not touch the g ...

s, and a series of

dormer A dormer is a roofed structure, often containing a window, that projects vertically beyond the plane of a Roof pitch, pitched roof. A dormer window (also called ''dormer'') is a form of roof window. Dormers are commonly used to increase the ...

s topped by

finial A finial () or hip-knob is an element marking the top or end of some object, often formed to be a decorative feature. In architecture, it is a small decorative device, employed to emphasize the Apex (geometry), apex of a dome, spire, tower, roo ...

s. Access to the building is allowed through two large decorated wooden doors with transom lights. File:Staszica 1 global.jpg, Main elevation on the street File:Staszica 1 (2).jpg, Detail of the cartouche File:Staszica 1 restaurant.jpg, Gate of the restaurant ''Lieutenant Leszek Biały'' square This green area is what is left from the urban plan developed in the 1910s by German architect Josef Stübben and called the Sielanka estate (''Idyll''). At the time this part of the city had not been touched by urban growth, as Gdańska or Dworcowa streets could have been at the end of the 19th century. ''Sielanka'' district never included this square as it was a property of

Province of Posen The Province of Posen (; ) was a Provinces of Prussia, province of the Kingdom of Prussia from 1848 to 1920, occupying most of the historical Greater Poland. The province was established following the Greater Poland Uprising (1848), Poznań Uprisi ...

() and not owned by the municipality. After the rebirth of Poland in 1918, the area was declared to be constructed, but no project was ever completed. In the 1960s, a memorial has been built up to celebrate the ''Millennium of the Polish State'' (). Designed by Polish artist Stanislaw Lejkowski, it was unveiled on 22 July 1967. However, the entire scheme was never achieved: the nest in the tripod was supposed to be crowned with the Piast eagle, which was considered by the communist authorities to be too similar to the symbols used during

WWII World War II or the Second World War (1 September 1939 – 2 September 1945) was a World war, global conflict between two coalitions: the Allies of World War II, Allies and the Axis powers. World War II by country, Nearly all of the wo ...

by the

Polish Armed Forces in the West The Polish Armed Forces in the West () refers to the Polish Armed Forces, Polish military formations formed to fight alongside the Allies of World War II, Western Allies against Nazi Germany and its Axis powers, allies during World War II. Poli ...

. In 2011, the city had even projects to demolish it, but it turned out to be very expensive. The site has been given the name ''Lt. Leszek Biały'' in November 2013. Leszek Biały was a hero of the

Home Army The Home Army (, ; abbreviated AK) was the dominant resistance movement in German-occupied Poland during World War II. The Home Army was formed in February 1942 from the earlier Związek Walki Zbrojnej (Armed Resistance) established in the ...

during the

Second World War World War II or the Second World War (1 September 1939 – 2 September 1945) was a World war, global conflict between two coalitions: the Allies of World War II, Allies and the Axis powers. World War II by country, Nearly all of the wo ...

. His father Ludwik lived at 1 Sielanka Street. Under the code name ''Jakub'', he was arrested in February 1945 by members of soviet controlled

Ministry of Public Security Ministry of Public Security can refer to: * Ministry of Justice and Public Security (Brazil) * Ministry of Public Security of Burundi * Ministry of Public Security (Chile) * Ministry of Public Security (China) * Ministry of Public Security of Co ...

and was murdered during interrogations on 3 March 1945. File:Liceum Ogolnoksztalcace nr VI im Jana i Jedrzeja Sniadeckich 1975.jpg, The square and its monument c. 1975 File:Skwer Leszka Białego w Bydgoszczy (3).jpg, The square from the street File:Skwer Leszka Białego w Bydgoszczy (4).jpg, The unachieved monument to the ''Millennium of the Polish State'' File:Staszica square Początkowo projekt zakładał umieszczenie między trzema filarami ,wielkiego orła piastowskiego w gnieździe.jpg, Detail of the crown File:25 listopada 2013 odsłonięto tablica upamiętniająca bydgoskiego bohatera Armii Krajowej ppor. Leszka Białego.jpg, Memorial stone and plaque to Leszek Biały Tenement at 3 1903–1904, by Fritz Weidner

, elements of

Historicism Historicism is an approach to explaining the existence of phenomena, especially social and cultural practices (including ideas and beliefs), by studying the process or history by which they came about. The term is widely used in philosophy, ant ...

and

The construction of this tenement, at then ''Braesicke Straße 3'', was funded by Prussian city authorities and dedicated for renting (). It housed up to 8 families. After 1918, the building kept its role as city rental flats, under Polish direction. Today, it is part of the network of lodgings offered to Music school students in Bydgoszcz, together with neighbouring building at Nr.7 (at the corner with Kołłątaja street). In the backyard is located an auditorium with 100 seats (). The building displays a symmetric array of

loggia In architecture, a loggia ( , usually , ) is a covered exterior Long gallery, gallery or corridor, often on an upper level, sometimes on the ground level of a building. The corridor is open to the elements because its outer wall is only parti ...

s, on both sides of a slight round

topped with a

wattle and daub Wattle and daub is a composite material, composite building method in which a woven lattice of wooden strips called "wattle (construction), wattle" is "daubed" with a sticky material usually made of some combination of wet soil, clay, sand, and ...

gable A gable is the generally triangular portion of a wall between the edges of intersecting roof pitches. The shape of the gable and how it is detailed depends on the structural system used, which reflects climate, material availability, and aesth ...

. There is a wood-and glass gate to the concert hall with a transom light. File:Staszica 3 elevation.jpg, View from the street File:Staszica 3 detail.jpg, Bay window File:Gates at No.3.jpg, Detail of the entry gates (students rooms and concert hall) High School Nr.6, at 4 Registered on the Kuyavian-Pomeranian Heritage list Nr.601432, reg. A/989, 28 May 1991Załącznik do uchwały Nr XXXIV/601/13 Sejmiku Województwa Kujawsko-Pomorskiego z dnia 20 maja 2013 r. 1910

style The building houses a Polish high school. The institution is in the vicinity of ''

Ignacy Jan Paderewski Ignacy Jan Paderewski (;

Pomeranian Philharmonic The Ignacy Jan Paderewski Pomeranian Philharmonic () is an orchestra in Bydgoszcz, Poland. It has been at its present site since 16 November 1953. It bears the name of Polish pianist and composer Ignacy Jan Paderewski. The Pomeranian Philhar ...

building, Bydgoszcz Music Academy - "Feliks Nowowiejski" and the Bydgoszcz Music Schools. No far from High School Nr.6 stand St. Vincent de Paul Basilica and ''

Cyprian Norwid Cyprian Kamil Norwid (; – 23 May 1883) was a Polish poet, dramatist, painter, sculptor, and philosopher. He is now considered one of the four most important Polish Romanticism, Polish Romantic poets, though scholars still debate whether he is ...

'' High School Nr.1. The building is registered on the

Kuyavian-Pomeranian Voivodeship * Kuyavian-Pomeranian Voivodeship is one of the 16 voivodeships (provinces) in Poland. * Kuyavian-Pomeranian is one of 13 Polish constituency of the European Parliament. * Kuyavian-Pomeranian Regional Assembly is the regional legislature of t ...

Heritage List. File:Bdg VI LO 5 5-2015.jpg, Entry gate File:VI LO panorama 3.jpg, View of eastern facades File:VI LO panorama 2.jpg, View from Staszica Street Tenement at 5 1903–1904, by Fritz Weidner

, elements of

and

Similar to abutting tenements at Nr.3 and 7, Nr.5, at then ''Braesicke Straße 4'', was funded by Prussian city authorities and dedicated for renting (), housing up to 6 families. After 1918, the building has been managed under Polish direction, under the calling ''Bydgoszcz Housing Cooperative'' (). In this building lived one of the first sponsor of the ''BSM'' project, Teofil Gackowski The elevation is distinctive from others in the street by the presence of a triangular

topped by a

tented roof A tented roof (also known as a pavilion roof) is a type of polygonal hip roof, hipped roof with steeply pitched slopes rising to a peak.W. Dean EastmanHometown Handbook: Architecture./ref> Tented roofs, a hallmark of medieval religious archite ...

. In addition,

s show a more original adornment, including arched tops. File:Elevations on the street.jpg, Nr.5 elevation from the street File:Facade at No.5.jpg, Detail of the

File:Avant-corps detail.jpg,

Loggia In architecture, a loggia ( , usually , ) is a covered exterior Long gallery, gallery or corridor, often on an upper level, sometimes on the ground level of a building. The corridor is open to the elements because its outer wall is only parti ...

s details Tenement at 7 1903–1904

Initial address was ''Braesicke straße 5'': the tenement was owned by the municipality, under the name ''"City apartment association"'' () After the restoration of

Poland Poland, officially the Republic of Poland, is a country in Central Europe. It extends from the Baltic Sea in the north to the Sudetes and Carpathian Mountains in the south, bordered by Lithuania and Russia to the northeast, Belarus and Ukrai ...

in 1920, it changed to its Polish equivalent structure, . In 1983, it was purchased to the benefit of Bydgoszcz Music Academy - "Feliks Nowowiejski" to house music school departments and lodgings for students. Today, it is part of the network of Bydgoszcz Academy of Music teaching buildings, all located downtown; the tenement includes as well a

dormitory A dormitory (originated from the Latin word ''dormitorium'', often abbreviated to dorm), also known as a hall of residence, a residence hall (often abbreviated to halls), or a hostel, is a building primarily providing sleeping and residential qu ...

. Together with the building at 4 Szwalbego, they offer 90 beds. The huge building offers sleek facades on both streets. On Kołłątaja street there is a sharp triangular

topped by a high oitched

with a

, and on Staszica street a slight

avant-corps An ''avant-corps'' ( or , plural , , ), a French term literally meaning "fore-body", is a part of a building, such as a porch or pavilion, that juts out from the ''corps de logis'', often taller than other parts of the building.Curl, James Stev ...

topped with curves and simili

pilaster In architecture, a pilaster is both a load-bearing section of thickened wall or column integrated into a wall, and a purely decorative element in classical architecture which gives the appearance of a supporting column and articulates an ext ...

s. Both sides display a series of shed

s, as well as entry gates adorned with a large

lintel A lintel or lintol is a type of beam (a horizontal structural element) that spans openings such as portals, doors, windows and fireplaces. It can be a decorative architectural element, or a combined ornamented/structural item. In the case ...

(Staszica street), and lighter one with flower motifs and a woman head (Kołłątaja side). File:Bdg ul Staszica 2 4-2015.jpg, View of the building at 7 Staszica street File:Akademia facade.jpg, Facade on Kołłątaja street File:Akademia kollataj gate.jpg, Gate on Kołłątaja street File:Akademia main Gate.jpg, Gate and facade on Staszica street Ancient shelter for blinds, at 9 Registered on

heritage list, Nr.A/1569, 26 August 2010 1899–1901, by Karl Bergner

& Dutch

Mannerism Mannerism is a style in European art that emerged in the later years of the Italian High Renaissance around 1520, spreading by about 1530 and lasting until about the end of the 16th century in Italy, when the Baroque style largely replaced it ...

Built at the beginning of the 20th century, the edifice at ''Roonstraße 13/14'' was initially conceived as a refuge for blind children (). The initiator of the construction was the director of nearby Educational Centre for Blind Children, Anton Wittig. He organized the ''"Society for blind people"'', which, till 1901, collected funds to build a shelter in home

. The hostel was operational up to 1962, as part of the specialized school. Today the building houses two clinics, ''Śródmieście'' (''Downtown'', 445m²) and ''Akademicka'' (''Academic'', 312m²), and two specialist medical offices for individuals. In 2015, city authorities have put the building on sale, with an estimated price of 3.5 million PLN. The building displays

eclectic Eclectic may refer to: Music * ''Eclectic'' (Eric Johnson and Mike Stern album), 2014 * ''Eclectic'' (Big Country album), 1996 * Eclectic Method, name of an audio-visual remix act * Eclecticism in music, the conscious use of styles alien to th ...

style, with forms referring to Dutch

. Two other edifices in

feature such Dutch-mannerist frontages: the former Prussian Eastern Railway Headquarters and the

Lloyd palace The Lloyd Palace () is a historic building in the Victory Square of Timișoara, Romania. Named after the historical Lloyd restaurant on its ground floor, it is now the seat of the Rectorate of the Politehnica University of Timișoara. History Th ...

. Its brick facades are plaster decorated with architectural details. Slight

, ornamented with

bossage Bossage is uncut stone that is laid in place in a building, projecting outward from the building, to later be carved into decorative moldings, capitals, arms, etc. Bossages are also rustic work, consisting of stones which seem to advance beyond ...

, are crowned with

volute A volute is a spiral, scroll-like ornament that forms the basis of the Ionic order, found in the capital of the Ionic column. It was later incorporated into Corinthian order and Composite column capitals. Four are normally to be found on an ...

adorned

s and

pinnacle A pinnacle is an architectural element originally forming the cap or crown of a buttress or small turret, but afterwards used on parapets at the corners of towers and in many other situations. The pinnacle looks like a small spire. It was main ...

s. Windows are topped with

cornice In architecture, a cornice (from the Italian ''cornice'' meaning "ledge") is generally any horizontal decorative Moulding (decorative), moulding that crowns a building or furniture element—for example, the cornice over a door or window, ar ...

s. Main entrance on Kołłątaja street bears the inscription ''"Blindenheim "'' (''"Home for Blind"''). It is positioned at the centre of the

and includes an ornated

portal Portal may refer to: Arts and entertainment Gaming * ''Portal'' (series), a series of video games developed by Valve ** ''Portal'' (video game), a 2007 video game, the first in the series ** '' Portal 2'', the 2011 sequel ** '' Portal Stori ...

with doric

column A column or pillar in architecture and structural engineering is a structural element that transmits, through compression, the weight of the structure above to other structural elements below. In other words, a column is a compression member ...

s. File:N9 1902.jpg, "Blindenheim" ca 1902 File:Bdg Kollataja przych 1 10-2013.jpg, Current view File:Bdg Blindenheim 2 6-2015.jpg, Main elevation on Kołłątaja street File:Bdg Kollatajaprzych 1 07-2013.jpg, Entrance on Staszica street File:Bdg Blindenheim 3 07-2014.jpg, Detail of the

on Kołłątaja street File:Bdg Blindenheim 1 07-2014.jpg, Detail of a

Paderewskiego Street

Copernicanum building, at 1 Kopernika Street Registered on the Kuyavian-Pomeranian Heritage list Nr.601363, reg.A/784 (5 May 1992) 1903–1906, by Carl Zaar and Rudolf Vahl

Secession Secession is the formal withdrawal of a group from a Polity, political entity. The process begins once a group proclaims an act of secession (such as a declaration of independence). A secession attempt might be violent or peaceful, but the goal i ...

Style The building had many owners: initially a Prussian

realschule Real school (, ) is a type of secondary school in Germany, Switzerland and Liechtenstein. It has also existed in Croatia (''realna gimnazija''), the Austrian Empire, the German Empire, Denmark and Norway (''realskole''), Sweden (''realskola''), F ...

, then a city high school for mathematics and natural sciences, it housed a military hospital during

. In 1923, to celebrate the 450th anniversary of the birth of

Nicolaus Copernicus Nicolaus Copernicus (19 February 1473 – 24 May 1543) was a Renaissance polymath who formulated a mathematical model, model of Celestial spheres#Renaissance, the universe that placed heliocentrism, the Sun rather than Earth at its cen ...

, the then junior high school adopted his name. The University of Casimir the Great has been the current owner of the edifice since 2005. File:Copernicanum panorama.jpg, View of backyard File:Bdg Copernicanum szcz 5 07-2013.jpg, Main

File:Bdg Copernicanum noc 5 07-2013.jpg, By night Jan Kochanowski Park in Bydgoszcz 1901,by Konrad Neumann The park is located in an area urbanized at the beginning of the 20th century; it covers 3,15 ha. It hosts an outdoor gallery of monuments of composers and virtuoso, as well as the iconic local statue "The Archer". File:Bdg parkKochanowskiego pnr2 10-2013.jpg, Panoramic view File:Park Kochanowskiego - łuczniczka.jpg, The park with the famous "Archer" File:Bdg parkK pomniki 6 10-2015.jpg, View with one composer monument on the foreground Tenement at 1, corner with

1905–1908,Gminna Ewidencja Zabytków Miasta Bydgoszczy. Program Opieki nad Zabytkami miasta Bydgoszczy na lata 2013–2016 by Paul Sellner

Built in the first years of the 20th century on a commission by Wilhelm Knelke, a manufacturer, its first landlord was a rentier, Ferdinand Krauße. In 1908, Mr Friedländer, a banker, purchased the building: his widow lived there till the end of

WWI World War I or the First World War (28 July 1914 – 11 November 1918), also known as the Great War, was a global conflict between two coalitions: the Allies (or Entente) and the Central Powers. Fighting took place mainly in Europe and th ...

. This corner building displays typical tin roof above each of its

s. The main door features

motifs and patterns. File:Bdg Mickiewicza 8 07-2013.jpg, General view of both frontages File:Paderewskiego 1.jpg, Elevation on Paderewskiego street File:Paderewskiego 1 rog mickiewicza.jpg, Facade on Mickiewicz Alley File:Paderewskiego 1 door.jpg,

style gate Woythaler house, at 2 1910–1912

, elements of

David Woythaler commissioned this villa at the beginning of the 20th century: he was the director of one of the largest manufacturers of snuff tobacco in

Prussia Prussia (; ; Old Prussian: ''Prūsija'') was a Germans, German state centred on the North European Plain that originated from the 1525 secularization of the Prussia (region), Prussian part of the State of the Teutonic Order. For centuries, ...

, located at today's Focha street 18. After the First World War and the re-establishment of

, the villa changed ownership. In 1948, a public kindergarten had been set up here (), but moved to Fordon in the 2010s. Today, the building houses a private kindergarten. This large villa keeps its original features: a massive

on the left side, with a

terrace Terrace may refer to: Landforms and construction * Fluvial terrace, a natural, flat surface that borders and lies above the floodplain of a stream or river * Terrace, a street suffix * Terrace, the portion of a lot between the public sidewalk a ...

on the top, and a lean tower bordering the right side, crowned by a characteristic

onion dome An onion dome is a dome whose shape resembles an onion. Such domes are often larger in diameter than the tholobate (drum) upon which they sit, and their height usually exceeds their width. They taper smoothly upwards to a point. It is a typical ...

and a

. File:Paderewkiego 2 1913.jpg, House Woythaler ca 1913 File:House at N2.jpg, View of the villa from the Park Tenement at 3 1906, by Wilhelm Knelke

Wilhelm Knelke, director of a limestone factory, was the first landlord of the building, though he never lived there. One of the oldest buildings in the street, the frontage features interesting

ornaments An ornament is something used for decoration. Ornament may also refer to: Decoration *Ornament (art), any purely decorative element in architecture and the decorative arts *Ornamental turning *Biological ornament, a characteristic of animals tha ...

: rosettes in a

frieze In classical architecture, the frieze is the wide central section of an entablature and may be plain in the Ionic order, Ionic or Corinthian order, Corinthian orders, or decorated with bas-reliefs. Patera (architecture), Paterae are also ...

crowning the transom light gate, two adorned

s with

cartouches file:Birth and Throne cartouches of pharaoh Seti I, from KV17 at the Valley of the Kings, Egypt. Neues Museum.jpg, upalt=A stone face carved with coloured hieroglyphics. Two cartouches - ovoid shapes with hieroglyphics inside - are visible at the ...

and a large

embellished with vegetal Art Nouveau

stucco Stucco or render is a construction material made of aggregates, a binder, and water. Stucco is applied wet and hardens to a very dense solid. It is used as a decorative coating for walls and ceilings, exterior walls, and as a sculptural and ...

s. The tenement has been renovated in 2017. File:Paderewskiego 3.jpg, Main elevation on the street File:Paderewskiego 3 top.jpg, Adorned

balcony A balcony (from , "scaffold") is a platform projecting from the wall of a building, supported by columns or console brackets, and enclosed with a balustrade, usually above the ground floor. They are commonly found on multi-level houses, apartme ...

and

File:Paderewskiego 3 door.jpg, Entry gate File:Paderewskiego 3 BW.jpg, Triangular

Max Eichenberg's Villa, at 4 1904, by Rudolf Kern

Rudolf Kern designed this villa for Max Eichenberg, a rentier; at the time, the address was ''Schillerstraße 18''. Soon, in 1910, Alfred Hübschmann, a merchant in clothing business, bought the house and lived there until the First World War. The villa, one of the oldest in the street, is iconic of the Art Nouveau architecture in Bydgoszcz. Noticeable are fanciful metal elements, ornaments with the faces of women and fish as well as insects and plants. Also part of the villa are characteristic

s featuring floral ornamentation in the

s, in

, on

s and at the gate.

Wrought iron Wrought iron is an iron alloy with a very low carbon content (less than 0.05%) in contrast to that of cast iron (2.1% to 4.5%), or 0.25 for low carbon "mild" steel. Wrought iron is manufactured by heating and melting high carbon cast iron in an ...

motifs are chiseled above the entry. The

is topped by a delicate

turret crowned by a finial. File:Bdg ulPaderewskiego 4 2 07-2013.jpg, View of the villa from the street File:Bdg ulPaderewskiego 4 1 07-2013.jpg, Detail of the side

turret Turret may refer to: * Turret (architecture), a small tower that projects above the wall of a building * Gun turret, a mechanism of a projectile-firing weapon * Optical microscope#Objective turret (revolver or revolving nose piece), Objective turre ...

File:Bdg Staszica villa 3 6-2015.jpg,

Ogee An ogee ( ) is an object, element, or curve—often seen in architecture and building trades—that has a serpentine- or extended S-shape (Sigmoid curve, sigmoid). Ogees consist of a "double curve", the combination of two semicircle, semicircula ...

wall dormer File:Secesyjne reliefy willi na ul.Paderewskiego 4 w Bydgoszczy.JPG, Art Nouveau motifs Building at 4

, corner with Paderewskiego Street 1906–1908

This building displays highly decorated balconies and

s. The roof boasts eyelid dormers. File:Kamienica al Mickiewicza.jpg, View of the frontage from Mickiewicz Alley File:Fragment secesyjnej kamienicy na Al.Mickiewicza 4 w Bydgoszczy.JPG, Detail of portal and

File:Secesyjna kamienica na Al.Mickiewicza 4 w Bydgoszczy-wykusz,wieżyczka.JPG, Detail of the

with eyelid dormer Paul Sellner Tenement at 10 1905–1907

This tenement has been designed and owned by Paul Sellner, an architect who lived in

's Prussian times. Paul Sellner created representative, metropolitan houses in the style of early

modernism Modernism was an early 20th-century movement in literature, visual arts, and music that emphasized experimentation, abstraction, and Subjectivity and objectivity (philosophy), subjective experience. Philosophy, politics, architecture, and soc ...

located in today's Bydgoszcz downtown, such as the building at Gdanska street 95. This corner house, one of the oldest in Paderewskiego street, opens a series of frontages characteristic of the elevations on Józef Weyssenhoff Square, with corner

and singular wall

. One can notice the adorned

and its

-designed door. File:Kamienica al Mickiewicza przy Pl Weyssenhoffa.jpg, General view of both frontages File:Paderewskiego 10 door (2).jpg, Main gate Tenement at 11, corner with 10 Zamoyskiego street 1910, by O.M.W. Müller

First landlord was a merchant, Julius Lüdtke. This massive tenement is jammed with

details and motifs, on both facades:

pillar A column or pillar in architecture and structural engineering is a structural element that transmits, through compression, the weight of the structure above to other structural elements below. In other words, a column is a compression member. ...

s on

decorated with

festoon A festoon (from French ''feston'', Italian ''festone'', from a Late Latin ''festo'', originally a festal garland, Latin ''festum'', feast) is a wreath or garland hanging from two points, and in architecture typically a carved ornament depicti ...

s, an exquisite

adorned with floral motifs up to the

oeil-de-boeuf An oculus (; ) is a circular opening in the center of a dome or in a wall. Originating in classical architecture, it is a feature of Byzantine and Neoclassical architecture. A horizontal oculus in the center of a dome is also called opaion (; ...

, a round avant-corps topped with a

near the corner and as much decoration on the other elevation with

bay windows ''Bay Windows'' is an LGBT newspaper, published weekly on Thursdays and Fridays in Boston, Massachusetts, serving the entire New England region of the United States. The paper is a member of the New England Press Association and the Nationa ...

and a second ornamented gate. File:Bdg ulPaderewsk&Zamoysk 7 10-2013.jpg, View of both facades File:Bdg ulPaderewskiego 11 2 07-2013.jpg,

Avant-corps An ''avant-corps'' ( or , plural , , ), a French term literally meaning "fore-body", is a part of a building, such as a porch or pavilion, that juts out from the ''corps de logis'', often taller than other parts of the building.Curl, James Stev ...

and main entry on Paderewskiego street File:Bdg ulPaderewskiego 11 1 07-2013.jpg, Details of motifs File:Bdg ulPaderewskiego 11 3 07-2013.jpg, Details of the

on Paderewksiego street File:Paderewskiego 11 zamoyskiego 10 door.jpg, Gate on Zamoyskiego street Tenement at 12 1909–1910, by Emil Dogs

Initial owner of this building was Max Reschke, a carpenter master, who never lived in. During

, Antoni Weynerowski, the shoe factory owner, lived there with his family. A few architecture elements are still visible on the well-balanced facade, in particular classical

s below first floor windows. In addition, on the entry

, two stylized

s support the lintel topped with Art Nouveau motifs and decoration. File:Bdg ulPaderewskiego 12 2 07-2013.jpg, Main frontage on the street File:Bdg ulPaderewskiego 12 1 07-2013.jpg, Portal at Nr.12 Tenement at 13, corner with 15 Zamoyskiego street 1910–1915, by Rudolf Kern

, early

Investor for the project was Emil Heydemann. The first landlord, Ernst Richter, was working as a railway administration secretary. Both elevations of this large building feature architectural elements transitioning to early modernism style: straight vertical lines are predominant and very few details recall the gone

style (e.g. adorned portals of both elevations, an eyelid

on top of

). The tenement has been refurbished in 2017. File:Paderewskiego 13.jpg, Facade on Paderewskiego street File:Paderewskiego 13 Zamoyskiego.jpg, Frontage on Zamoyskiego street File:Paderewskiego 13 top.jpg, Gable and

File:Paderewskiego 13 door.jpg, Art Nouveau portal and transom light door File:Paderewskiego 13 Zamoyskiego door.jpg, Door on Zamoyskiego street Tenement at 14 1906, by Goltz brothers Late

, elements of

Modernism Modernism was an early 20th-century movement in literature, visual arts, and music that emphasized experimentation, abstraction, and Subjectivity and objectivity (philosophy), subjective experience. Philosophy, politics, architecture, and soc ...

The building dates from 1906 and is notable because of one of its past tenants, Józef Paderewski. In the 1930s, Józef, brother of the more famous

Ignacy Jan Paderewski Ignacy Jan Paderewski (;

, lived there. He was then working as a professor at both the ''Female High School of Humanities'' and Bydgoszcz ''Music Conservatoire''. The overall shape mirrors the abutting tenements (Nr.12 and 16). In the one hand, the architectural style leans to modernism, with vertical lines and fewer motifs. There are several adorned

s, pillars on both

s and floral and curved ornamentation. During the last renovation of the frontage in 2009, a new fence was specially handcrafted by a blacksmith. File:Bdg ulPaderewskiego 14 2 07-2013.jpg, Elevation on the street File:Bdg ulPaderewskiego 14 1 07-2013.jpg, Detail of a

File:Paderewskiego 14 detail.jpg, Facade ornamentation File:Paderewskiego 14 door (2).jpg, Entry fence and gate Tenement at 16 1909–1910, by Leo Ficht Early

Leo Ficht was also the funder of the construction. Though intensively decorated, the main elevation features early modern elements through various geometric shapes, very few curves and the global trend for displaying vertical stretched lines.

Portal Portal may refer to: Arts and entertainment Gaming * ''Portal'' (series), a series of video games developed by Valve ** ''Portal'' (video game), a 2007 video game, the first in the series ** '' Portal 2'', the 2011 sequel ** '' Portal Stori ...

motifs, gable details and some floral festoons betray the non-long-ago former eclectic style. File:Bdg ulPaderewskiego 16 2 07-2013.jpg, Main elevation from the street File:Paderewskiego 16 door.jpg, Entry portal and gate File:Paderewskiego 16 top.jpg,

Gable A gable is the generally triangular portion of a wall between the edges of intersecting roof pitches. The shape of the gable and how it is detailed depends on the structural system used, which reflects climate, material availability, and aesth ...

and

tops Tenement at 18 1911, by Paul Sellner Late

, elements of

Leo Ficht, investor of Nr.16, also funded this tenement. The building has been owned by Ludwig Sibilski, an army tailor. His family kept the ownership till the 1930s. Like many of the neighbouring tenements, the architectural style shifts to modernism, while keeping patches of eclectic details: the entry gate flanked by pillars and topped by a tympanum,

balconies A balcony (from , "scaffold") is a platform projecting from the wall of a building, supported by columns or console brackets, and enclosed with a balustrade, usually above the ground floor. They are commonly found on multi-level houses, apartme ...

and

s adorned by

, or symbolic group of motifs between windows. File:Bdg ulPaderewskiego 18 2 07-2013.jpg, Main frontage File:Bdg ulPaderewskiego 18 1 07-2013.jpg, Ornamented gate and its

pediment Pediments are a form of gable in classical architecture, usually of a triangular shape. Pediments are placed above the horizontal structure of the cornice (an elaborated lintel), or entablature if supported by columns.Summerson, 130 In an ...

File:Paderewskiego 18 balconies.jpg, Balconies details File:Paderewskiego 18 detail.jpg, Motifs Tenement at 21 1910, by Emil Heydemann Early

elements Located when erected at ''Schillerstraße 43'', the first landlord, Otto Tarnow, a post office secretary, has never inhabited there. The edifice was mainly used for renting purposes, housing up to 29 tenants in the 1930s Slimmer than the surrounding buildings, the edifice would deserve a refurbishment. However, one can still make out last remnants of

influence:

filled with floral or vegetal motifs, a

on top of the

, or the curved wall

pierced by an

. File:Paderewskiego 21.jpg, Frontage on the street File:Paderewskiego 21 detail.jpg, Vegetal motif in a cartouche File:Paderewskiego 21 detail 2.jpg, Window with Art Nouveau decoration Tenement at 22, corner with Zamoyskiego street 1912–1914, by Victor Petrikowski Early

Built at the eve of

, the tenement's first keeper was Otto Möller, an assistant in railway construction business, who dwelt there till the 1930s. The edifice is one of the first in the street without any

detail, however tiny it may be. The main facade follows without reservation early modernist style. The ensemble was renovated at the end of 2016. File:Bdg Paderewskiego 20 rog Zamoysk 4-2015.jpg, View from street intersection File:Paderewskiego 22 (2).jpg, Frontage on Paderewskiego File:Paderewskiego 22 zamoyskiego.jpg, Frontage on Zamoyskiego File:Paderewskiego 22 door.jpg, Right side entry gate Tenement at 23, corner with Chodkiewicza street 1913–1915, by Rudolf Kern

The commissioner of this tenement was an investor, Julius Berger, who also funded other buildings in the street. The first landlord was a merchant, Mr Lange, who never lived there. Both facades combine eclectic- neo-classical style (symmetry in the openings, corner

), and

features (vegetal motifs, rosettes, festoons, curved shape decoration inside

s). File:Bdg Paderewskiego23-Zamoyskiego22 1 07-2013.jpg, View of both frontages from the street File:Bdg Paderewskiego23-Zamoyskiego22 2 07-2013.jpg, Elevation on Chodkiewicza street File:Bdg Paderewskiego23-Zamoyskiego22 3 07-2013.jpg, Mask motif in cartouches File:Bdg Paderewskiego23-Zamoyskiego22 5 07-2013.jpg, Vegetal festoons and motifs of the facade Johann Petrikowski's house at 24 1913–1915, by Johann Petrikowski Early

The building's initial address was ''Schillerstraße 6'': the architect was its first landlord and also the project investor. The renovation performed at the end of 2016 emphasizes the balance of the main frontage, underlined by a massive

enhanced by lean ornamental

s and crowned by triangular wall

bearing a large glass opening. File:Bdg ulPaderewskiego 22 07-2013.jpg, Main frontage on the street File:Paderewskiego 24 door.jpg, Entry portal and

wrought iron Wrought iron is an iron alloy with a very low carbon content (less than 0.05%) in contrast to that of cast iron (2.1% to 4.5%), or 0.25 for low carbon "mild" steel. Wrought iron is manufactured by heating and melting high carbon cast iron in an ...

fence

References

External links

Restaurant at Staszica 1

Kindergarten at Paderewskiego 2

Bibliography

* Derkowska-Kostkowska, Bogna (1999). O zalozeniu Sielanki – bydgoskiego miasta ogrodu. Materially do dziejow kultury i sztuki bydgoszczy T4. Bydgoszcz: Pracownia Dokumentacji i Popularyzacji zabytków Wojewódzkiego osrodja kultury w Bydgoszczy * * Gliwinski, Eugeniusz: Bydgoskie pomniki naszych czasów cz. 1 (1997) & 2 (1998). Kalendarz Bydgoski. Bydgoszcz: Towarzystwo Milosników Miasta Bydgoszczy. {{Bydgoszcz streets and squares Cultural heritage monuments in Bydgoszcz Streets and squares in Bydgoszcz Villas in Bydgoszcz

Location

History

Naming

Main edifices

Staszica Street

Paderewskiego Street

See also

References

External links

Bibliography