Starship Second Stage

A starship, starcraft, or interstellar spacecraft is a theoretical spacecraft designed for traveling between planetary systems. The term is mostly found in science fiction. Reference to a "star-ship" appears as early as 1882 in '' Oahspe: A New Bible''.

While NASA's '' Voyager'' and '' Pioneer'' probes have traveled into local interstellar space, the purpose of these uncrewed craft was specifically interplanetary, and they are not predicted to reach another star system; ''Voyager 1'' probe and Gliese 445 will pass one another within 1.6 light years in about 40,000 years. Several preliminary designs for starships have been undertaken through exploratory engineering, using feasibility studies with modern technology or technology thought likely to be available in the near future.

In April 2016, scientists announced Breakthrough Starshot, a Breakthrough Initiatives program, to develop a proof-of-concept fleet of small centimeter-sized light sail spacecraft named '' StarChip'', capable of making the journey to Alpha Centauri, the nearest star system, at speeds of 20% and 15% of the speed of light, taking between 20 and 30 years to reach the star system, respectively, and about 4 years to notify Earth of a successful arrival.

Research

To travel between stars in a reasonable time using rocket-like technology requires very high effective exhaust velocity jet and enormous energy to power this, such as might be provided by fusion power or antimatter.

There are very few scientific studies that investigate the issues in building a starship. Some examples of this include:

* Project Orion (1958–1965), mostly crewed interplanetary spacecraft
*Project Daedalus (1973–1978), uncrewed interstellar probe
* Project Longshot (1987–1988), uncrewed interstellar probe
* Project Icarus (2009–2014), uncrewed interstellar probe
* Hundred-Year Starship (2011), crewed interstellar craft

The Bussard ramjet is an idea to use nuclear fusion of interstellar gas to provide propulsion.

Examined in an October 1973 issue of '' Analog'', the Enzmann Starship proposed using a 12,000-ton ball of frozen deuterium to power pulse propulsion units. Twice as long as the Empire State Building is tall and assembled in-orbit, the proposed spacecraft would be part of a larger project preceded by interstellar probes and telescopic observation of target star systems.

The NASA Breakthrough Propulsion Physics Program (1996–2002) was a professional scientific study examining advanced spacecraft propulsion systems.

Types

* Sleeper: Starships that place their occupants into Cryostasis or Temporal Stasis during a long trip. This includes cryonics-based systems that freeze passengers for the duration of the journey. This is a common trope in science fiction, with some notable examples including "'' To Sleep in a Sea of Stars''" by Christopher Paolini and Edward Bellamy's "''Looking Backward''"
* Generation: Ships in which the destination would be reached by descendants of the original passengers. These ships would necessarily be self-sustaining and self-maintaining for possibly thousands of years. Notable examples of this in fiction are the ''Godspeed'' in Beth Revis' "''Across the Universe"'' (and subsequent sequels), as well as the ''Vanguard'' from Robert A. Heinlein's " Orphans of the Sky"

* Relativistic: Ships that function by taking advantage of time dilation at close-to-light-speeds, so long trips will seem much shorter (but still take the same amount of time for outside observers).
* Frame shift: Ships that take advantage of the fact that certain dimensions are less "folded" than others, to allow shorter travel by shifting one's frame of reference into a higher, more flat dimension to cut down on travel time, such as in science fiction with inter-dimensional hyperspace. Generally this results in speeds close to (but importantly, not greater than) light speed.
* Faster-than-light (FTL): A ship that functions by reaching a destination faster than the speed of light. While according to the special theory of relativity, faster-than-light travel is impossible, drives like a warp drive or using a wormhole, that is in principle similar have been hypothesized.

Theoretical possibilities

The Alcubierre drive is a speculative warp drive conjectured by Mexican physicist Miguel Alcubierre in a 1994 paper which has not been peer-reviewed. The paper suggests that space itself could be topographically warped to create a local region of spacetime wherein the region ahead of the "warp bubble" is compressed, allowed to resume normalcy within the bubble, and then rapidly expanded behind the bubble creating an effect that results in apparent FTL travel, all in a manner consistent with the Einstein field equations of general relativity and without the introduction of wormholes. However, the actual construction of such a drive would face other serious theoretical difficulties.

Fictional examples

There are widely known vessels in various science fiction franchises. The most prominent cultural use and one of the earliest common uses of the term ''starship'' was in '' Star Trek: The Original Series''.

Individual ships

(This list is not exhaustive.)
* Axiom (''WALL-E'')
* Battlestar ''Galactica'' (''Battlestar Galactica'')
* '' High Charity'' ('' Halo Series'')
* '' Hyperion'' ('' StarCraft'')
* '' Jupiter 2'' ('' Lost In Space'')
* ''Long Shot'' (''Ringworld'')
* '' Moya'' (''Farscape'')
* '' NSEA Protector'' (''Galaxy Quest'')
* ''SDF-1 Macross'' ('' The Super Dimension Fortress Macross'')
* SSV ''Normandy'' (''Mass Effect'')
* UNSC ''Infinity'' ('' Halo Series'')
* '' USG Ishimura'' (''Dead Space'')
* ''Yamato'' (''Space Battleship Yamato/Star Blazers'')

Groups of ships

* Spacecraft in ''Star Trek''
** USS ''Defiant'' ('' Star Trek: Deep Space Nine'')
** USS ''Discovery''
** USS ''Enterprise'' (various)
** USS ''Voyager'' ('' Star Trek: Voyager'')
** Klingon starships
* ''Star Wars'' starships
** '' Millennium Falcon''
** Star Destroyers
* M/V Seamus ('' Archer: 1999'')
* The Reapers (''Mass Effect'')
* USS Callister ('' USS Callister'')

See also

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References

External links

* {{Cite web , url=https://www.indymedia.org.au/files/starship_0.pdf , title=How to facilitate construction of a fleet of starships , date=June 20, 2014 , website=Indymedia Australia , publisher=Independent Media Center , access-date=November 14, 2020 , url-status=live , archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200810062809/https://www.indymedia.org.au/files/starship_0.pdf , archive-date=August 10, 2020

Starship Dimensions
(to-scale size comparisons)
*
Starship Size Comparison Chart 1
(Dan Carlson, 13 July 2003)
*
Starship Size Comparison Chart 2
(Dan Carlson, 30 October 2003)

Starship Names
(a Sci-Fi wiki article, outside Wikipedia)

Fictional spacecraft by type
Science fiction themes
Spaceflight
Fiction about transport
Interstellar travel

es:Astronave