Stanisław Orzechowski
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Stanisław Orzechowski, also known among others as Stanisław Orżechowski Roxolan, Stanislaus Orichovius Polonus, Stanislaus Orichovius Ruthenus,Orzechowski, Stanisław Okszyc (1513-1566). (Nazwa osobowa)
// Biblioteka Uniwersytet Kardynała Stefana Wyszyńskiego, 2019
Stanislaus Okszyc Orzechowski Roxolanus, Stanislas Orzechowski and Stanislaus Orzechowski (1513–1566) was a Polish- Ruthenian political writer. The son of a
Catholic The Catholic Church (), also known as the Roman Catholic Church, is the List of Christian denominations by number of members, largest Christian church, with 1.27 to 1.41 billion baptized Catholics Catholic Church by country, worldwid ...
father and a Ruthenian Orthodox mother, he was a strict
Roman Catholic The Catholic Church (), also known as the Roman Catholic Church, is the largest Christian church, with 1.27 to 1.41 billion baptized Catholics worldwide as of 2025. It is among the world's oldest and largest international institut ...
for much of his life but at one stage, probably the 1540s, he appeared to have turned to Protestantism, which he later detracted from. He was highly critical of Protestant reformer
Francesco Stancaro Francesco Stancaro (also Latin: Franciscus Stancarus) (1501 in Mantua – 1574 in Stopnica) was an Italian Catholic priest, theologian, Protestant convert, and Protestant reformer who became professor of Hebrew at the University of Königsberg. ...
and authored a critique of him in around 1550, by which time he had turned his back on the Protestants. He is considered to be an early champion of
Polish nationalism Polish nationalism () is a nationalism which asserts that the Polish people are a nation and which affirms the cultural unity of Poles. British historian of Poland Norman Davies defines nationalism as "a doctrine ... to create a nation by arous ...
and in his writings often defended the
Golden Liberty Golden Liberty (; , ), sometimes referred to as Golden Freedoms, Nobles' Democracy or Nobles' Commonwealth ( or ''Złota wolność szlachecka'') was a political system in the Kingdom of Poland (1385–1569), Kingdom of Poland and, after the Unio ...
and privileges of the Polish nobility.


Biography

Orzechowski was born in 1513, in or near
Przemyśl Przemyśl () is a city in southeastern Poland with 56,466 inhabitants, as of December 2023. Data for territorial unit 1862000. In 1999, it became part of the Podkarpackie Voivodeship, Subcarpathian Voivodeship. It was previously the capital of Prz ...
, then part of the
Ruthenian Voivodeship The Ruthenian Voivodeship (; ; ) was a voivodeship of the Crown of the Kingdom of Poland from 1434 until the First Partition of Poland in 1772, with its center in the city of Lwów (lat. Leopolis) (modern day Lviv). Together with a number of ot ...
. His father, Stanisław Orzechowski, was a Catholic nobleman and courtier at the court of King
John I Albert John I Albert (; 27 December 1459 – 17 June 1501) was King of Poland Poland was ruled at various times either by dukes and princes (10th to 14th centuries) or by kings (11th to 18th centuries). During the latter period, a tradition of Roy ...
. Later Stanisław Orzechowski became a clerk of the Przemyśl Land. His mother was a Ruthenian noblewoman, Yadviga Baranetska, a daughter of an Orthodox priest. According to some researchers, he could have had up to 12 siblings.Redakcja. ''Orzechowski Stanisław h. Oksza (1513—1566)''… — S. 287. He received his primary education at the cathedral school in Przemysl, where he received "the beginnings of writing and all sorts of sciences appropriate to the boyish years", and demonstrated "quick wit and good memory". In 1526 he continued his education at the University of Kraków (a document shows the date of 5 August 1526). Dissatisfied with the scholasticism that prevailed there, he devoted much time to private study. He then studied in Vienna (1527), where his mentor was a renowned humanist and poet, Professor at the University of Vienna Alexander Brasikan. In 1529 he moved to study at the
University of Wittenberg Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg (), also referred to as MLU, is a public research university in the cities of Halle and Wittenberg. It is the largest and oldest university in the German state of Saxony-Anhalt. MLU offers German and i ...
. There he came under the influence of the Church reformer
Martin Luther Martin Luther ( ; ; 10 November 1483 – 18 February 1546) was a German priest, Theology, theologian, author, hymnwriter, professor, and former Order of Saint Augustine, Augustinian friar. Luther was the seminal figure of the Reformation, Pr ...
and fellow humanist
Philip Melanchthon Philip Melanchthon (born Philipp Schwartzerdt; 16 February 1497 – 19 April 1560) was a German Lutheran reformer, collaborator with Martin Luther, the first systematic theologian of the Protestant Reformation, an intellectual leader of the L ...
. His father, not wanting him to convert to the Protestant rite, soon enough ordered him to leave Wittenberg. Subsequently, Stanisław went to Italy. There he attended lectures at
University of Padua The University of Padua (, UNIPD) is an Italian public research university in Padua, Italy. It was founded in 1222 by a group of students and teachers from the University of Bologna, who previously settled in Vicenza; thus, it is the second-oldest ...
(1532) and the
University of Bologna The University of Bologna (, abbreviated Unibo) is a Public university, public research university in Bologna, Italy. Teaching began around 1088, with the university becoming organised as guilds of students () by the late 12th century. It is the ...
(1540), furthering his education in
Rome Rome (Italian language, Italian and , ) is the capital city and most populated (municipality) of Italy. It is also the administrative centre of the Lazio Regions of Italy, region and of the Metropolitan City of Rome. A special named with 2, ...
and
Venice Venice ( ; ; , formerly ) is a city in northeastern Italy and the capital of the Veneto Regions of Italy, region. It is built on a group of 118 islands that are separated by expanses of open water and by canals; portions of the city are li ...
.


References


Further reading

* *Попель, Р. І. Феномен двайной палітычнай свядомасці на прыкладзе гістарычнай спадчыны Станіслава Арыхоўскага-Раксалана / Р. І. Попель // Роль личности в истории: реальность и проблемы изучения: науч. сб. (по материалам 1-й Международной научно-практической Интернет-конференции) / редкол. В. Н. Сидорцов (отв. ред.) др. — Минск : БГУ, 2011. — С. 15–18. У Электроннай бібліятэцы БДУ http://elib.bsu.by/handle/123456789/3561


External links


Works by Stanisław Orzechowski
in digital library
Polona Polona is a Polish digital library, which provides digitized books, magazines, graphics, maps, music, fliers and manuscripts from collections of the National Library of Poland and co-operating institutions. It began its operation in 2006. Colle ...
{{DEFAULTSORT:Orzechowski, Stanislas Polish political writers 1513 births 1566 deaths 16th-century Polish writers Polish Roman Catholics Polish conservatives Ruthenian nobility 16th-century Polish philosophers 16th-century Polish male writers