Staged reforming is a

thermochemical Thermochemistry is the study of the heat energy which is associated with chemical reactions and/or phase changes such as melting and boiling. A reaction may release or absorb energy, and a phase change may do the same. Thermochemistry focuses on ...

process to convert organic

material A material is a matter, substance or mixture of substances that constitutes an Physical object, object. Materials can be pure or impure, living or non-living matter. Materials can be classified on the basis of their physical property, physical ...

or bio waste such as wood, dung or

hay Hay is grass, legumes, or other herbaceous plants that have been cut and dried to be stored for use as animal fodder, either for large grazing animals raised as livestock, such as cattle, horses, goats, and sheep, or for smaller domesticate ...

into combustible gases containing

methane Methane ( , ) is a chemical compound with the chemical formula (one carbon atom bonded to four hydrogen atoms). It is a group-14 hydride, the simplest alkane, and the main constituent of natural gas. The abundance of methane on Earth makes ...

carbon monoxide Carbon monoxide (chemical formula CO) is a poisonous, flammable gas that is colorless, odorless, tasteless, and slightly less dense than air. Carbon monoxide consists of one carbon atom and one oxygen atom connected by a triple bond. It is the si ...

and

hydrogen Hydrogen is a chemical element; it has chemical symbol, symbol H and atomic number 1. It is the lightest and abundance of the chemical elements, most abundant chemical element in the universe, constituting about 75% of all baryon, normal matter ...

. Energy and hydrogen from biomass: Staged reforming: The blue tower
/ref> The single-stage reforming of bio materials results in high dust and tar yields in the produced gas restricting its use, hence the use of staged reforming. After reforming the output is approximately 80%

fuel gas Fuel gas is one of a number of fuels that under ordinary conditions are gaseous. Most fuel gases are composed of hydrocarbons (such as methane and propane), hydrogen, carbon monoxide, or mixtures thereof. Such gases are sources of energy that c ...

and 20% cokes. In staged reforming technology, gas conversion is a separate stage after

pyrolysis Pyrolysis is a process involving the Bond cleavage, separation of covalent bonds in organic matter by thermal decomposition within an Chemically inert, inert environment without oxygen. Etymology The word ''pyrolysis'' is coined from the Gree ...

First stage

Organic material is decomposed into gas and coal at approximately 600°C.

Second stage

Gas produced by the first stage is reformed with water vapor and heat energy from the cokes into a dust and residue-free

. Second stage process steps: * Heating in the pre-heater at 1050°C. * Cooldown in the reformer by chemical reaction at 750°C * Further cooling to 550°C by heating the cold cokes by using cold mix * Re-heating to 1050°C

References

{{reflist

External links

Blauer Turm
Biogas technology Chemical processes Hydrogen production

First stage

Second stage

See also

References

External links