''Drosophila suzukii'', commonly called the spotted wing drosophila or SWD, is a fruit fly. ''D. suzukii'', originally from southeast Asia, is becoming a major pest species in America and Europe, because it infests fruit early during the ripening stage, in contrast with other ''Drosophila'' species that infest only rotting fruit. Native to east Asia, ''D. suzukii'' was first described in 1931 by

Shōnen Matsumura was a Japanese entomologist. Born in Akashi, Hyōgo, Dr. Shōnen Matsumura established Japan's first course on entomology at Hokkaido University. The courses were both applied (on insects of importance in forestry and agriculture) and theoreti ...

, it was observed in Japan as early as 1916 by T. Kanzawa.Kanzawa, T. 1939 Report. Translated from Japanese by Shinji Kawaii ''D. suzukii'' is a fruit crop pest and is a serious economic threat to soft summer fruit; i.e., cherries, blueberries, raspberries, blackberries, peaches, nectarines, apricots, grapes, and others. Research investigating the specific threat ''D. suzukii'' poses to these fruit is ongoing.Herring, P. ''Grant funds help regional effort to combat spotted wing drosophila''. 29 April 2010. http://extension.oregonstate.edu/news/story.php?S_No=729&storyType=news.

Description

Like other members of the Drosophilidae, ''D. suzukii'' is small, approximately in length and in wingspan and looks like its fruit and vinegar fly relatives. Its body is yellow to brown with darker bands on the abdomen and it has red eyes. The male has a distinct dark spot near the tip of each wing; females do not have the spotted wing. The foreleg of the male sports dark bands on the first and second tarsi. The female has a long, sharp, serrated

ovipositor The ovipositor is a tube-like organ used by some animals, especially insects, for the laying of eggs. In insects, an ovipositor consists of a maximum of three pairs of appendages. The details and morphology of the ovipositor vary, but typica ...

. The larvae are small, white, and cylindrical reaching in length. When first observed in a new region, ''D. suzukii'' has often been confused with the western cherry fruit fly ('' Rhagoletis indifferens'') and was given the short-lasting name cherry vinegar fly.''Spotted Wing Drosophila, ''Drosophila suzukii'': A New Pest in California''. UC IPM Online, 10 Apr 2010. http://www.ipm.ucdavis.edu/EXOTIC/drosophila.html The cherry fruit fly is significantly larger than ''D. suzukii'' (up to ) and has a pattern of dark bands on its wings instead of the telltale spot of ''D. suzukii''. The telltale spots on the wings of male ''D. suzukii'' have earned it the common name "spotted wing drosophila" (SWD). Unlike its vinegar fly relatives which are primarily attracted to rotting or fermented fruit, female ''D. suzukii'' attack fresh, ripe fruit by using their saw-like ovipositor to lay eggs under the fruit's soft skin. The larvae hatch and grow in the fruit, destroying the fruit's commercial value. Economic impacts are significant; losses from large scale infestation (20% loss) across the US alone could equate to farm gate impacts > $500M. ''D. suzukii'' has a slow rate of evolution due to its lower number of generations per year, because it enters winter

diapause In animal dormancy, diapause is the delay in development in response to regular and recurring periods of adverse environmental conditions.Tauber, M.J., Tauber, C.A., Masaki, S. (1986) ''Seasonal Adaptations of Insects''. Oxford University Press It ...

Distribution

Native to

southeast Asia Southeast Asia is the geographical United Nations geoscheme for Asia#South-eastern Asia, southeastern region of Asia, consisting of the regions that are situated south of China, east of the Indian subcontinent, and northwest of the Mainland Au ...

, ''D. suzukii'' was first described in 1931 by Matsumura. Observed in Japan as early as 1916 by T. Kanzawa, it was widely observed throughout parts of

Japan Japan is an island country in East Asia. Located in the Pacific Ocean off the northeast coast of the Asia, Asian mainland, it is bordered on the west by the Sea of Japan and extends from the Sea of Okhotsk in the north to the East China Sea ...

Korea Korea is a peninsular region in East Asia consisting of the Korean Peninsula, Jeju Island, and smaller islands. Since the end of World War II in 1945, it has been politically Division of Korea, divided at or near the 38th parallel north, 3 ...

, and

China China, officially the People's Republic of China (PRC), is a country in East Asia. With population of China, a population exceeding 1.4 billion, it is the list of countries by population (United Nations), second-most populous country after ...

by the early 1930s. By the 1980s, the "fruit fly" with the spotted wings was seen in

Hawaii Hawaii ( ; ) is an island U.S. state, state of the United States, in the Pacific Ocean about southwest of the U.S. mainland. One of the two Non-contiguous United States, non-contiguous U.S. states (along with Alaska), it is the only sta ...

. It first appeared in

North America North America is a continent in the Northern Hemisphere, Northern and Western Hemisphere, Western hemispheres. North America is bordered to the north by the Arctic Ocean, to the east by the Atlantic Ocean, to the southeast by South Ameri ...

central California Central California is generally thought of as the middle third of the U.S. state of California, north of Southern California (which includes Los Angeles and San Diego) and south of Northern California (which includes San Francisco and San Jose, ...

in August 2008,Walsh, D. Press Release, Washington State University. 2009
then was found in

Oregon Oregon ( , ) is a U.S. state, state in the Pacific Northwest region of the United States. It is a part of the Western U.S., with the Columbia River delineating much of Oregon's northern boundary with Washington (state), Washington, while t ...

and

Washington State Washington, officially the State of Washington, is a state in the Pacific Northwest region of the United States. It is often referred to as Washington State to distinguish it from the national capital, both named after George Washington ...

by Lee ''et al.'', 2011 in the

Pacific Northwest The Pacific Northwest (PNW; ) is a geographic region in Western North America bounded by its coastal waters of the Pacific Ocean to the west and, loosely, by the Rocky Mountains to the east. Though no official boundary exists, the most common ...

in 2009, and is now widespread throughout California's coastal counties, western Oregon,

western Washington Western Washington is a region of the United States defined as the area of Washington State west of the Cascade Mountains. This region is home to the state's largest city, Seattle, the state capital, Olympia, and most of the state's residents. ...

, and parts of

British Columbia British Columbia is the westernmost Provinces and territories of Canada, province of Canada. Situated in the Pacific Northwest between the Pacific Ocean and the Rocky Mountains, the province has a diverse geography, with rugged landscapes that ...

''Spotted Wing Drosophila (Fruit Fly) Pest Alert''. British Columbia Ministry of Agriculture and Lands. December 2009. http://www.agf.gov.bc.ca/cropprot/swd.htm and

Florida Florida ( ; ) is a U.S. state, state in the Southeastern United States, Southeastern region of the United States. It borders the Gulf of Mexico to the west, Alabama to the northwest, Georgia (U.S. state), Georgia to the north, the Atlantic ...

.Steck, G, Dixon, W, Dean, D. Pest Alert, ''Spotted Wing Drosophila, a fruit pest new to North America''. 2009 During the summer of 2010 the fly was discovered for the first time in

South Carolina South Carolina ( ) is a U.S. state, state in the Southeastern United States, Southeastern region of the United States. It borders North Carolina to the north and northeast, the Atlantic Ocean to the southeast, and Georgia (U.S. state), Georg ...

North Carolina North Carolina ( ) is a U.S. state, state in the Southeastern United States, Southeastern region of the United States. It is bordered by Virginia to the north, the Atlantic Ocean to the east, South Carolina to the south, Georgia (U.S. stat ...

,''Spotted Wing Drosophila.'' NC Small Fruit, Specialty Crop, and Tobacco IPM. 2010. http://ncsmallfruitsipm.blogspot.com/p/spotted-wing-drosophila.html

Louisiana Louisiana ( ; ; ) is a state in the Deep South and South Central regions of the United States. It borders Texas to the west, Arkansas to the north, and Mississippi to the east. Of the 50 U.S. states, it ranks 31st in area and 25 ...

, and

Utah Utah is a landlocked state in the Mountain states, Mountain West subregion of the Western United States. It is one of the Four Corners states, sharing a border with Arizona, Colorado, and New Mexico. It also borders Wyoming to the northea ...

.Davis, R., Alston, D., Vorel, C. ''Spotted Wing Drosophila'' September 2010. http://extension.usu.edu/files/publications/publication/ENT-140-10.pdf In Fall 2010 the fly was also discovered in

Michigan Michigan ( ) is a peninsular U.S. state, state in the Great Lakes region, Great Lakes region of the Upper Midwest, Upper Midwestern United States. It shares water and land boundaries with Minnesota to the northwest, Wisconsin to the west, ...

and

Wisconsin Wisconsin ( ) is a U.S. state, state in the Great Lakes region, Great Lakes region of the Upper Midwest of the United States. It borders Minnesota to the west, Iowa to the southwest, Illinois to the south, Lake Michigan to the east, Michig ...

.Hamilton, K. ''Wisconsin Pest Bulletin''. 19 November 2010
/ref> The fly was first discovered in the northeastern states in 2011 and in

Minnesota Minnesota ( ) is a U.S. state, state in the Upper Midwestern region of the United States. It is bordered by the Canadian provinces of Manitoba and Ontario to the north and east and by the U.S. states of Wisconsin to the east, Iowa to the so ...

and

Idaho Idaho ( ) is a landlocked U.S. state, state in the Pacific Northwest and Mountain states, Mountain West subregions of the Western United States. It borders Montana and Wyoming to the east, Nevada and Utah to the south, and Washington (state), ...

in 2012. As ''D. suzukii'' continues to spread, most of the states will most likely observe it. The pest has also been found in

Europe Europe is a continent located entirely in the Northern Hemisphere and mostly in the Eastern Hemisphere. It is bordered by the Arctic Ocean to the north, the Atlantic Ocean to the west, the Mediterranean Sea to the south, and Asia to the east ...

, including the countries of

Belgium Belgium, officially the Kingdom of Belgium, is a country in Northwestern Europe. Situated in a coastal lowland region known as the Low Countries, it is bordered by the Netherlands to the north, Germany to the east, Luxembourg to the southeas ...

Italy Italy, officially the Italian Republic, is a country in Southern Europe, Southern and Western Europe, Western Europe. It consists of Italian Peninsula, a peninsula that extends into the Mediterranean Sea, with the Alps on its northern land b ...

France France, officially the French Republic, is a country located primarily in Western Europe. Overseas France, Its overseas regions and territories include French Guiana in South America, Saint Pierre and Miquelon in the Atlantic Ocean#North Atlan ...

, and

Spain Spain, or the Kingdom of Spain, is a country in Southern Europe, Southern and Western Europe with territories in North Africa. Featuring the Punta de Tarifa, southernmost point of continental Europe, it is the largest country in Southern Eur ...

.Drosophila suzukii'' (Diptera: Drosophilidae): Spotted wing drosophila''. European and Mediterranean Plant Protection Organization. January 2010. http://www.eppo.org/QUARANTINE/Alert_List/insects/drosophila_suzukii.htm

Lifecycle

The lifespan of ''D. suzukii'' varies greatly between generations; from a few weeks to ten months. Generations hatched early in the year have shorter lifespans than generations hatched after September. Research shows that many of the males and most of the females of the late-hatching generations overwinter in captivity—some living as long as 300 days. Only adults overwinter successfully in the research conducted thus far. In Washington state, ''D. suzukii'' has been observed in association with two exotic and well-established species of blackberry, '' Rubus armeniacus'' (= ''Rubus discolor'') and '' Rubus laciniatus'' (the Himalayan and Evergreen Blackberries, respectively.). The fly has been observed reproducing on many other species of soft-skinned wild fruit, however, research is still ongoing to determine the quality of individual species as reproductive hosts. Adults emerge from overwintering when temperatures reach approximately (and 268

degree day A degree day is a measure of heating or cooling. Total degree days from an appropriate starting date are used to plan the planting of crops and management of pests and pest control timing. Weekly or monthly degree-day figures may also be used wi ...

s). The fertilized female searches for ripe fruit, lands on the fruit, inserts its serrated ovipositor to pierce the skin and deposits a clutch of 1 to 3 eggs per insertion. Females will oviposit on many fruits and in regions of scarce fruit, many females will oviposit on the same fruit. In captivity in Japan, research shows up to 13 generations of ''D. suzukii'' may hatch per season. A female may lay as many as 300 eggs during its lifespan. With as many as 13 generations per season, and the ability for the female to lay up to 300 eggs each, the potential population size of ''D. suzukii'' is huge. It is also important to note that males of ''D. suzukii'' become sterile at and population size may be limited in regions that reach that temperature. The larvae grow inside the fruit. The oviposition site is visible in many fruit by a small pore scar in the skin of the fruit often called a "sting". After 1 or 2 days, the area around the "sting" softens and depresses creating an increasingly visible blemish. The depressions may also exude fluid which may attract infection by secondary bacterial and fungal pathogens. Larvae may leave the fruit, or remain inside it, to pupate.

Economic impact

The economic impact of ''D. suzukii'' on fruit crops is negative and significantly affects a wide variety of summer fruit in the United States including cherries, blueberries, grapes, nectarines, pears, plums, pluots, peaches, raspberries, and strawberries, and

blackberries BlackBerry is a discontinued brand of handheld devices and related mobile services, originally developed and maintained by the Canadian company Research In Motion (RIM, later known as BlackBerry Limited) until 2016. The first BlackBerry device ...

. ''D. suzukii'' was also found in apples in Europe. Damage was first noticed in North America in the western states of California, Oregon, and Washington in 2008; yield loss estimates from that year vary widely, with negligible loss in some areas to 80% loss in others depending on location and crop. The $500 million actual loss due to pest damage in 2008—the first year ''D. suzukii'' was observed in California—is an indication of the potential damage the pest can cause upon introduction to a new location. Economic losses have now been reported across North America and in Europe as the fly has spread to new areas. In 2015 it is estimated that national economic loss for producers in the United States was $700 million. Future losses may decrease as growers learn how to better control the pest, or may keep increasing as the fly continues to spread.

Agricultural management

Due to the impact of ''D. suzukii'' on soft fruits, farmers have started to monitor and control it. There are different types of traps, both commercial and home-made, that are effective in monitoring it. Traps that use apple cider vinegar with a bait made of

whole wheat A whole grain is a grain of any cereal and pseudocereal that contains the endosperm, germ, and bran, in contrast to refined grains, which retain only the endosperm. As part of a general healthy diet, consumption of whole grains is associated wit ...

dough have been successful for farmers for both capture and monitoring. Farmers are advised to place these traps in a shaded area as soon as the first fruit is set and to not remove them until the end of harvest. The traps should be checked once a week and farmers should look for the spot on the wing of the males to determine if ''D. suzukii'' is present. In areas where ''D. suzukii'' has already been established or where its activity has been monitored, there are different ways to control it. One way to manage ''D. suzukii'' is to remove the infested fruit and place it in a plastic bag in the garbage. This method is effective from removing ''D. suzukii'' from gardens and small areas but is difficult for farmers with larger operations to do this. Farmers can also harvest their soft fruit early which reduces the exposure of fruit to ''D. suzukii'' and the likelihood of damage. Farmers have the option of both conventional and organic sprays to control ''D. suzukii''. Timing of the sprays is important to effectively controlling it. Since ''D. suzukii'' is more active in the morning and evening those are the best times to control it. Sprays should be in place prior to egg laying and the coverage needs to be thorough because adults often hide in dense portion of the canopy. Depending on the variety of soft fruit and laws in different states and countries, there are many types of organic and conventional sprays that are effective. Different laws and pre-harvest date intervals need to be kept in mind when choosing a type of spray. Most types of sprays need to be applied each week, at a minimum. To prevent resistance to certain sprays, farmers must rotate among different insecticides.

Parasitoids

* '' Ganaspis'' - The

United States Department of Agriculture The United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) is an executive department of the United States federal government that aims to meet the needs of commercial farming and livestock food production, promotes agricultural trade and producti ...

Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service The Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service (APHIS) is an agency of the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) based in Riverdale Park, Maryland, Riverdale, Maryland responsible for protecting animal health, animal welfare, and plant h ...

has approved and the biocontrol committee of the

North American Plant Protection Organization The North American Plant Protection Organization (NAPPO), is the phytosanitary standard setting organization recognized by the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA). It was created in 1976 as a regional organization of the International P ...

has recommended the use of '' Ganaspis brasiliensis'' as a

biocontrol Biological control or biocontrol is a method of pest control, controlling pests, whether pest animals such as insects and mites, weeds, or pathogens affecting animals or phytopathology, plants by bioeffector, using other organisms. It relies o ...

for ''D. suzukii''. ''G. brasiliensis'' has been widely studied by others as a potential biocontrol for ''D. suzukii''. (However, there is some dispute as to whether it is ''G. brasiliensis'' that attacks ''D. suzukii'' or whether this is the ''D. suzukii''-specialized host race of '' Ganaspis xanthopoda''.) * '' Asobara'' ** '' A. brevicauda'' ** '' A. elongata'' ** '' A. japonica'', the most common in

South Korea South Korea, officially the Republic of Korea (ROK), is a country in East Asia. It constitutes the southern half of the Korea, Korean Peninsula and borders North Korea along the Korean Demilitarized Zone, with the Yellow Sea to the west and t ...

** '' A. leveri'' ** '' A. mesocauda'' ** '' A. triangulata'' ** '' A. unicolorata'' * ''

Leptopilina ''Leptopilina'' is a genus of parasitoid wasp in the family Figitidae. The genus is best known for the three Drosophila parasitoids '' Leptopilina boulardi'', '' Leptopilina heterotoma'' and '' Leptopilina clavipes,'' used to study host-parasit ...

'' ** '' L. decemflagella'' ** '' L. j. formosana'' ** '' L. japonica'' - First captured in November 2020 as

bycatch Bycatch (or by-catch), in the fishing industry, is a fish or other marine species that is caught unintentionally while fishing for specific species or sizes of wildlife. Bycatch is either the wrong species, the wrong sex, or is undersized or juve ...

from a ''

Vespa mandarinia The Asian giant hornet (''Vespa mandarinia''), also known as the northern giant hornet, and the Japanese giant hornet, is the world's largest hornet. It is native to temperate and tropical East Asia, South Asia, mainland Southeast Asia, and par ...

'' trap in Washington State - the first find of this species in the United States. This may help to control ''D. suzukii'' in North America. ** '' L. j. japonica'' ** Unspecified ''Leptopilina'' likely a sp. nov. by Buffington. * '' Leptolamina'' spp. * Unspecified new Figitidae

genus Genus (; : genera ) is a taxonomic rank above species and below family (taxonomy), family as used in the biological classification of extant taxon, living and fossil organisms as well as Virus classification#ICTV classification, viruses. In bino ...

related to ''Leptolamina'' * '' Pachycrepoideus vindemiae'' * '' Trichopria drosophilae'' * '' Areotetes striatiferus'',

Yunnan Yunnan; is an inland Provinces of China, province in Southwestern China. The province spans approximately and has a population of 47.2 million (as of 2020). The capital of the province is Kunming. The province borders the Chinese provinces ...

Province,

* '' Tanycarpa chors'',

, two locations in

Genetic engineering

There is ongoing research into population control methods using gene editing. Since 2017, biotechnology startup Agragene has been developing an approach that uses

CRISPR CRISPR (; acronym of clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats) is a family of DNA sequences found in the genomes of prokaryotic organisms such as bacteria and archaea. Each sequence within an individual prokaryotic CRISPR is d ...

on fly embryos to knock out two genes—one that sterilizes male flies, the other which prevents the females from hatching. Once hatched, the male flies would be released to mate with wild females, who would then lay sterile eggs. The company estimates releasing four to five sterile males to every one wild male per generation would be necessary to control a population. Because of the species' short lifespan, multiple weekly releases per season could be required for an effective deterrent. In May 2023, USDA and company researchers began greenhouse testing of the technique with the aim of deploying field tests in 2024. Researchers at

North Carolina State University North Carolina State University (NC State, North Carolina State, NC State University, or NCSU) is a public university, public Land-grant university, land-grant research university in Raleigh, North Carolina, United States. Founded in 1887 and p ...

have been developing a technique that also uses CRISPR to modify a gene essential to female sexual development that renders them unable to lay eggs. The male flies, however, remain fertile and pass the mutated gene to future generations when they mate with unmodified females. This has the potential benefit of not requiring multiple releases like the Agragene method does. The researchers estimate that a release of one modified fly to every four wild flies would control populations within 10 generations, or about 20 weeks.

Predators

Predators of this species include

earwig Earwigs make up the insect order (biology), order Dermaptera. With about 2,000 species in 12 families, they are one of the smaller insect orders. Earwigs have characteristic cercus, cerci, a pair of forceps-like pincer (biology), pincers on ...

s, damsel bugs,

spider Spiders (order (biology), order Araneae) are air-breathing arthropods that have eight limbs, chelicerae with fangs generally able to inject venom, and spinnerets that extrude spider silk, silk. They are the largest order of arachnids and ran ...

ant Ants are Eusociality, eusocial insects of the Family (biology), family Formicidae and, along with the related wasps and bees, belong to the Taxonomy (biology), order Hymenoptera. Ants evolved from Vespoidea, vespoid wasp ancestors in the Cre ...

s, and ''

Orius The genus ''Orius'' (commonly called minute pirate bug) consists of omnivorous bugs in the family Anthocoridae (pirate bugs). Adults are 2–5 mm long and feed mostly on smaller insects, larva and eggs, such as spider mites, thrips, ju ...

'' ("minute pirate bugs") especially '' O. insidiosus''. Other likely predators are

ground beetle Ground beetles are a large, cosmopolitan distribution, cosmopolitan family (biology), family of beetles, the Carabidae, with more than 40,000 species worldwide, around 2,000 of which are found in North America and 2,700 in Europe. As of 2015, it ...

s (Carabidae),

crickets Crickets are orthopteran insects which are related to bush crickets and more distantly, to grasshoppers. In older literature, such as Imms,Imms AD, rev. Richards OW & Davies RG (1970) ''A General Textbook of Entomology'' 9th Ed. Methuen 886 ...

green lacewing Green lacewings are insects in the large family Chrysopidae of the order Neuroptera. There are about 85 genera and (differing between sources) 1,300–2,000 species in this widespread group. Members of the genera '' Chrysopa'' and '' Chrysoperla' ...

larva A larva (; : larvae ) is a distinct juvenile form many animals undergo before metamorphosis into their next life stage. Animals with indirect development such as insects, some arachnids, amphibians, or cnidarians typically have a larval phase ...

rove beetle The rove beetles are a family (biology), family (Staphylinidae) of beetles, primarily distinguished by their short elytra (wing covers) that typically leave more than half of their abdominal segments exposed. With over 66,000 species in thousand ...

s (Staphylinidae) especially '' Dalotia coriaria'',

bird Birds are a group of warm-blooded vertebrates constituting the class (biology), class Aves (), characterised by feathers, toothless beaked jaws, the Oviparity, laying of Eggshell, hard-shelled eggs, a high Metabolism, metabolic rate, a fou ...

s, and

mammal A mammal () is a vertebrate animal of the Class (biology), class Mammalia (). Mammals are characterised by the presence of milk-producing mammary glands for feeding their young, a broad neocortex region of the brain, fur or hair, and three ...

Microbiome

''Drosophila suzukii,'' like all insects'','' is host to a variety of microorganisms. The intestinal bacterial communities of adult and larval ''D. suzukii'' collected in its invasive range (USA), were found to be simple and mostly dominated by '' Tatumella spp.'' (''

Enterobacteriaceae Enterobacteriaceae is a large family (biology), family of Gram-negative bacteria. It includes over 30 genera and more than 100 species. Its classification above the level of Family (taxonomy), family is still a subject of debate, but one class ...

''). This fly is also infected with a variety of viruses in the wild. Whilst sharing some natural viruses with its close relative '' D. melanogaster'', ''D. suzukii'' also harbours a number of unique viruses specific to it alone. Yeasts also form an important part of the ''Drosophila'' microbiome, with a mutualistic relationships to yeast being described in other ''Drosophila'' species. The yeast species found to be most frequently associated with ''D. suzukii'' were ''

Hanseniaspora uvarum ''Hanseniaspora'' is a genus of yeasts. The name ''Kloeckera'' is applied to its anamorph form. They are typically apiculate (lemon-shaped) in shape and often found in grape musts pre-fermentation. The genus name ''Hanseniaspora'' honours Emil ...

'', ''

Metschnikowia pulcherrima ''Metschnikowia pulcherrima'' is a ubiquitous species of yeast, with numerous strains, belonging to the family Metschnikowiaceae, and found on grapes, cherries, flowers, spoiled fruit and consequently carried by fruit flies. It is a non-''Sacch ...

'', ''

Pichia ''Pichia'' (''Hansenula'' and '' Hyphopichia'' are obsolete synonyms) is a genus of yeasts in the family Pichiaceae with spherical, elliptical, or oblong acuminate cells. ''Pichia'' is a teleomorph, and forms hat-shaped, hemispherical, or roun ...

terricola'', and '' P. kluyveri''. Although certain fungal pathogens have been shown to experimentally infect ''D. suzukii'', the wild fungal infections of ''D. suzukii'' remain to be explored comprehensively.

Gallery

File:Spotted-winged Drosophila, Drosophila suzukii, Woodbridge, Virginia.jpg, Male, note the dark spots near his wing tips File:D suzukii female1.jpg, Female, her wings are without spots File:Dsuzukiimalefrancisco.jpg, Male File:Drosophila suzukii lateral suzukii.jpg, Electron microscope image of the

of a female File:Cherry suzukii.jpg,

Cherry A cherry is the fruit of many plants of the genus ''Prunus'', and is a fleshy drupe (stone fruit). Commercial cherries are obtained from cultivars of several species, such as the sweet '' Prunus avium'' and the sour '' Prunus cerasus''. The na ...

with

oviposition The ovipositor is a tube-like organ used by some animals, especially insects, for the laying of eggs. In insects, an ovipositor consists of a maximum of three pairs of appendages. The details and morphology of the ovipositor vary, but typica ...

scars File:Drosophila Suzukii Larva.jpg, Larva under

compound microscope Compound may refer to: Architecture and built environments * Compound (enclosure), a cluster of buildings having a shared purpose, usually inside a fence or wall ** Compound (fortification), a version of the above fortified with defensive stru ...

References

External links

Pest Alert: Spotted Wing Drosophila
Oregon Department of Agriculture
Oregon State University horticulture site

Washington State University

Michigan State University Spotted Wing Drosophila site

on the UF / IFAS Featured Creatures Web site
Species Profile - Spotted Wing Drosophila (''Drosophila suzukii'')
National Invasive Species Information Center,

United States National Agricultural Library The United States National Agricultural Library (NAL) is one of the world's largest agricultural research libraries, and serves as a national library of the United States and as the library of the United States Department of Agriculture. Locate ...

. * *

Description

Distribution

Lifecycle

Economic impact

Agricultural management

Parasitoids

Genetic engineering

Predators

Microbiome

Gallery

References

External links

Further reading