Sporus

Sporus (died 69 AD) was a young slave boy whom the Roman emperor Nero had castrated and married during his tour of Greece in 66–67 AD, allegedly in order for him to play the role of his wife, Poppaea Sabina, who had died under uncertain circumstances the previous year, possibly during childbirth or after being assaulted by Nero.Ancient History Sourcebook: Suetonius: De Vita Caesarum Nero, c. 110 C.E.
/ref>
/ref>Champlin, 2005, p. 145Smith, 1849, p. 897

Ancient historians generally portrayed the relationship between Nero and Sporus as an "abomination"; Suetonius places his account of the Nero–Sporus relationship in his "scandalous accounts of Nero's sexual aberrations," between his raping a Vestal Virgin and committing incest with his mother. Some think Nero used his marriage to Sporus to assuage the guilt he felt for allegedly kicking his pregnant wife Poppaea to death.Champlin, 2005, pp. 108–109 Dio Cassius, in a more detailed account, writes that Sporus bore an uncanny resemblance to Poppaea and that Nero called Sporus by her name.

Name

Scholars have deduced that Sporus was likely an epithet given to him when his abuse started, considering it to be derived from the Greek word (), meaning "seed" or "semen", which may refer to his inability to have children following his castration. Against this popular view, David Woods points out that the name resembles the Latin word of Sabine origin, meaning "illegitimate child"; hence Woods advances the thesis that Nero himself had called the boy Spurius, or that he believed the Greek name Sporus to be related to the Latin word.

Life

Little is known about Sporus' background except that he was a youth to whom Nero took a liking. He may have been a . These were sometimes castrated to preserve their youthful qualities. The generally was a child-slave chosen by his master for his beauty and sexual attractiveness. Cassius Dio identifies Sporus as the child of a freedman.

Marriage to Nero

Nero's wife, Poppaea Sabina, died in 65 AD. This was supposedly in childbirth, although it was later rumored Nero kicked her to death. At the beginning of 66 AD, Nero married Statilia Messalina. Later that year or in 67 AD, he married Sporus, who was said to bear a remarkable resemblance to Poppaea.

Nero had Sporus castrated, and during their marriage, Nero had Sporus appear in public as his wife wearing the regalia that was customary for Roman empresses. He then took Sporus to Greece and back to Rome, making Calvia Crispinilla serve as " mistress of the wardrobe" to Sporus, ().Champlin, 2005, p.146 Nero had earlier married another freedman, Pythagoras, who had played the role of Nero's husband; now Sporus played the role of Nero's wife. Among other forms of address, Sporus was termed "Lady", "Empress", and "Mistress". Suetonius quotes one Roman who lived around this time who remarked that the world would have been better off if Nero's father Gnaeus Domitius Ahenobarbus had married someone more like the castrated boy.

Shortly before Nero's death, during the Calends festival, Sporus presented Nero with a ring bearing a gemstone depicting the Rape of Proserpina, in which the ruler of the underworld forces a young girl to become his bride. It was at the time considered one of the many bad omens of Nero's fall.Champlin, 2005, pp. 147–148

Sporus was one of the four companions on the emperor's last journey in June of 68 AD, along with Epaphroditus, Neophytus, and Phaon. It was Sporus, and not his wife Messalina, to whom Nero turned as he began the ritual lamentations before taking his own life.

After Nero's death

Soon afterward, Sporus was taken to the care of the Praetorian prefect Nymphidius Sabinus, who had persuaded the Praetorian Guard to desert Nero. Nymphidius treated Sporus as a wife and called him "Poppaea". Nymphidius tried to make himself emperor but was killed by his own guardsmen.

In 69 AD, Sporus became involved with Otho, the second of a rapid, violent succession of four emperors who vied for power during the chaos that followed Nero's death. Otho had once been married to Poppaea, until Nero had forced their divorce. Otho reigned for three months until his suicide after the Battle of Bedriacum. His victorious rival, Vitellius, intended to use Sporus as a victim in a public entertainment: a fatal "re-enactment" of the Rape of Proserpina at a gladiator show. Sporus avoided this public humiliation by committing suicide.

In fiction

In 1735, Alexander Pope wrote a satirical poem, '' Epistle to Dr Arbuthnot'', that mocked the courtier Lord Hervey, who had been accused of homosexuality a few years earlier. He scoffs at using so strong a weapon as satire upon a weak and effeminate target like Sporus, "that mere white curd of ass's milk", and in a famous line Pope poses the rhetorical question: " Who breaks a butterfly upon a wheel?" As first published the verse referred to Paris, but was changed to Sporus when republished a few months later.

See also

* History of same-sex unions
*Homosexuality in ancient Rome
* Pythagoras (freedman)
* Who breaks a butterfly upon a wheel?
* Elagabalus

Notes

References

Bibliography

* Dion Cassius. Ixii. 28, Ixiii. 12, 13, 27, Ixiv. 8, Ixv. 10;
* Suetonius. Nero. 28, 46, 48, 49;
* Sextus Aurelius Victor. De Caesaribus. 5, Epit. 5;
* Dion Chrysostom. Oratio. xxi;
* Suidas, s. v. "Sporus”
*
*
* {{cite news , last=Woods , first=David , title=Nero and Sporus , work=Latomus Revue d'etudes latines , publisher=Editions Latomus , year=2009 , volume=68 , edition=1st , pages=73–82 , issn=0023-8856 , url=http://cora.ucc.ie/handle/10468/33

1st-century births
1st-century Romans
69 deaths
Ancient Roman eunuchs
Emperor's slaves and freedmen
Spouses of Nero
Male lovers of royalty
Claudii
Poppaea Sabina
Suicides in Ancient Rome
Lovers of ancient Roman royalty