Spirogyra on:
[Wikipedia]
[Google]
[Amazon]
''Spirogyra'' (common names include water silk, mermaid's tresses, and blanket weed) is a genus of filamentous charophyte green algae of the order Zygnematales, named for the helical or spiral arrangement of the
''Spirogyra'' can reproduce both sexually and asexually. In vegetative reproduction, fragmentation takes place, and ''Spirogyra'' simply undergoes intercalary cell division to extend the length of the new filaments.
Sexual reproduction is of two types:
# Scalariform conjugation requires association of two or more different filaments lined side by side, either partially or throughout their length. One cell each from opposite lined filaments emits tubular protuberances known as conjugation tubes, which elongate and fuse to make a passage called the conjugation canal. The cytoplasm of the cell acting as the male travels through this tube and fuses with the female cytoplasm, and the gametes fuse to form a zygospore.
# In lateral conjugation, gametes are formed in a single filament. Two adjoining cells near the common transverse wall give out protuberances known as conjugation tubes, which further form the conjugation canal upon contact. The male cytoplasm migrates through the conjugation canal, fusing with the female. The rest of the process proceeds as in scalariform conjugation.
The essential difference is that scalariform conjugation occurs between two filaments and lateral conjugation occurs between two adjacent cells on the same filament.
AlgaeBase
o
WoRMS
* '' Spirogyra abbreviata'' Zheng * '' Spirogyra acanthophora'' (Skuja) Czurda * '' Spirogyra acumbentis'' Vodenicarov * '' Spirogyra adjerensis'' Gauthier-Lièvre * '' Spirogyra adnata'' (Vaucher) Kützing * '' Spirogyra adornata'' Ling * '' Spirogyra aequinoctialis'' G.S.West * '' Spirogyra affinis'' (Hassall) Petit * '' Spirogyra africana'' (F.E.Fritsch) Czurda * '' Spirogyra ahmedabadensis'' Kamat * '' Spirogyra alpina'' Kützing * '' Spirogyra alternata'' Kützing * '' Spirogyra amplectens'' Skuja * '' Spirogyra ampliata'' L.Liu * '' Spirogyra anchora'' Skuja * '' Spirogyra angolensis'' Welwitsch * '' Spirogyra angulata'' Nipkow * '' Spirogyra anomala'' Bhashyakarla Rao * '' Spirogyra anzygoapora'' Singh * '' Spirogyra aphanosculpta'' Skuja * '' Spirogyra aplanospora'' Randhawa * '' Spirogyra arcta'' (C.Agardh) Endlichter * '' Spirogyra arcuata'' Liu * '' Spirogyra areolata'' Lagerheim * '' Spirogyra arizonensis'' Rickert & Hoshaw * '' Spirogyra arthuri'' Woodhead & Tweed * '' Spirogyra articulata'' Transeau * '' Spirogyra asiatica'' Czurda * '' Spirogyra atasiana'' Czurda * '' Spirogyra atrobrunnea'' Gauthier-Lièvre * '' Spirogyra aubvillei'' Gauthier-Lièvre * '' Spirogyra australica'' Czurda * '' Spirogyra australiensis'' K.Möbius * '' Spirogyra austriaca'' Czurda * '' Spirogyra azygospora'' Singh * '' Spirogyra baileyi'' Schmidle * '' Spirogyra batekiana'' Gauthier-Lièvre * '' Spirogyra bellis'' (Hassall) P.Crouan & H.Crouan * '' Spirogyra bicalyptrata'' Czurda * '' Spirogyra bichromatophora'' (Randhawa) Transeau * '' Spirogyra biformis'' C.-C.Jao * '' Spirogyra biharensis'' A.M.Verma & B.Kumari * '' Spirogyra bii'' Kadlubowska * '' Spirogyra bireticulata'' Liu * '' Spirogyra borealis'' Zheng & Ling * '' Spirogyra borgeana'' Transeau * '' Spirogyra borgei'' Kadlubowska * '' Spirogyra borkuense'' Gauthier-Lièvre * '' Spirogyra borysthenica'' Kasanowsky & Smirnoff mirnov/small> * '' Spirogyra bourrellyana'' Gauthier-Lièvre * '' Spirogyra braziliensis'' (Nordstedt) Transeau * '' Spirogyra britannica'' Godward * '' Spirogyra brunnea'' Czurda * '' Spirogyra buchetii'' Petit * '' Spirogyra bullata'' C.-C.Jao * '' Spirogyra calcarea'' Transeau * '' Spirogyra calchaquiesiae'' B.Tracanna * '' Spirogyra californica'' Stancheva, J.D.Hall, McCourt & Sheath * '' Spirogyra calospora'' Cleve * '' Spirogyra canaliculata'' Segar * '' Spirogyra cardinia'' S.H.Lewis * '' Spirogyra caroliniana'' G.E.Dillard * '' Spirogyra castanacea'' G.C.Couch * '' Spirogyra cataeniformis'' (Hassall) Kützing * '' Spirogyra catenaeformis'' (Hassall) Kützing * '' Spirogyra cavata'' Vodenicarov * '' Spirogyra chakiaensis'' (Bhashyakarla Rao) Kreiger * '' Spirogyra chandigarhensis'' * '' Spirogyra chekiangensis'' C.-C.Jao * '' Spirogyra chenii'' C.-C.Jao * '' Spirogyra chungkingensis'' C.-C.Jao * '' Spirogyra chuniae'' C.-C.Jao * '' Spirogyra circumlineata'' Transeau * '' Spirogyra clavata'' Segar * '' Spirogyra cleveana'' Transeau * '' Spirogyra colligata'' Hodgetts * '' Spirogyra columbiana'' Czurda * '' Spirogyra communis'' (Hassall) Kützing * '' Spirogyra condensata'' (Vaucher) Dumortier * '' Spirogyra congolensis'' Gauthier-Lièvre * '' Spirogyra conspicua'' Gay * '' Spirogyra convoluta'' * '' Spirogyra corrugata'' Woodhead & Tweed * '' Spirogyra costata'' Kadlubowska * '' Spirogyra costulata'' Kadlubowska * '' Spirogyra coumbiana'' Czurda * '' Spirogyra crassa'' (Kützing) Kützing * '' Spirogyra crassispina'' C.-C.Jao * '' Spirogyra crassiuscula'' (Wittrock & Nordstedt) Transeau * '' Spirogyra crassivallicularis'' C.-C.Jao * '' Spirogyra crassoidea'' (Transeau) Transeau * '' Spirogyra crenulata'' Singh * '' Spirogyra croasdaleae'' Blum * '' Spirogyra cyanosporum'' * '' Spirogyra cylindrica'' Czurda * '' Spirogyra cylindrosperma'' (West & G.S.West) Krieger * '' Spirogyra cylindrospora'' West & G.S.West * '' Spirogyra czubinskii'' Kadlubowska * '' Spirogyra czurdae'' Misra * '' Spirogyra czurdiana'' Kadlubowska * '' Spirogyra dacimina'' (O.F.Müller) Kützing * '' Spirogyra daedalea'' Lagerheim * '' Spirogyra daedaleoides'' Czurda * '' Spirogyra danica'' Kadlubowska * '' Spirogyra decimina'' (O.F.Müller) Dumortier * '' Spirogyra densa'' Kützing * '' Spirogyra denticulata'' Transeau * '' Spirogyra dentireticulata'' C.-C.Jao * '' Spirogyra desikacharyensis'' Rattan * '' Spirogyra dialyderma'' Ling & Zheng * '' Spirogyra dicephala'' C.-C.Jao & H.Z.Zhu * '' Spirogyra dictyospora'' C.-C.Jao * '' Spirogyra diluta'' H.C.Wood * '' Spirogyra dimorpha'' Geitler * '' Spirogyra discoidea'' Transeau * '' Spirogyra distenta'' Transeau * '' Spirogyra diversizygotica'' (V.I.Polyanskij) L.A.Rundina * '' Spirogyra djalonensis'' Gauthier-Lièvre * '' Spirogyra djiliense'' Gauthier-Lièvre * '' Spirogyra dodgeana'' * '' Spirogyra drilonensis'' Petkoff * '' Spirogyra dubia'' Kützing * '' Spirogyra echinata'' Tiffany * '' Spirogyra echinospora'' Blum * '' Spirogyra eillipsospora'' Transeau * '' Spirogyra elegans'' Wollny * '' Spirogyra elegantissima'' Y.J.Ling & Y.M.Zheng * '' Spirogyra ellipsospora'' Transeau * '' Spirogyra elliptica'' C.-C.Jao * '' Spirogyra elongata'' (H.C.Wood) H.C.Wood * '' Spirogyra elongata'' (Vaucher) Dumortier * '' Spirogyra emilianensis'' Bonhomme * '' Spirogyra endogranulata'' O.Bock & W.Bock * '' Spirogyra exilis'' West & G.S.West * '' Spirogyra fallax'' (Hansgirg) Wille * '' Spirogyra fassula'' Zheng * '' Spirogyra favosa'' Y.-X.Wei & Y.-K.Yung * '' Spirogyra fennica'' Cedercreutz * '' Spirogyra ferruginea'' H.W.Liang * '' Spirogyra flavescens'' (Hassall) Kützing * '' Spirogyra flavicans'' Kützing * '' Spirogyra fluviatilis'' Hilse * '' Spirogyra formosa'' (Transeau) Czurda * '' Spirogyra fossa'' C.-C.Jao * '' Spirogyra fossulata'' C.-C.Jao & Hu * '' Spirogyra foveolata'' (Transeau) Czurda * '' Spirogyra franconica'' O.Bock & W.Bock * '' Spirogyra frankliniana'' Tiffany * '' Spirogyra frigida'' F.Gay * '' Spirogyra fritschiana'' Czurda * '' Spirogyra fukienica'' Wei * '' Spirogyra fuzhouensis'' H.-J.Hu * '' Spirogyra gallica'' Petit * '' Spirogyra gaterslebensis'' Reith * '' Spirogyra gauthier-lievrae'' Kadlubowska * '' Spirogyra gauthieri'' Gayral * '' Spirogyra gharbensis'' Gauthier-Lièvre * '' Spirogyra ghosei'' Singh * '' Spirogyra gibberosa'' C.-C.Jao * '' Spirogyra glabra'' Czurda * '' Spirogyra globulispora'' Gauthier-Lièvre * '' Spirogyra gobonensis'' Gauthier-Lièvre * '' Spirogyra goetzei'' Schmidle * '' Spirogyra gracilis'' Kützing * '' Spirogyra granulata'' C.-C.Jao * '' Spirogyra gratiana'' Transeau * '' Spirogyra groenlandica'' Rosenvinge * '' Spirogyra guangchowensis'' Zhu & Zhong * '' Spirogyra guineense'' Gauthier-Lièvre * '' Spirogyra gujaratensis'' Kamat * '' Spirogyra gurdaspurensis'' Rattan * '' Spirogyra haimenensis'' C.-C.Jao * '' Spirogyra hartigii'' (Kützing) De Toni * '' Spirogyra hassalii'' (Jenner) Petit * '' Spirogyra hassallii'' (Jenner ex Hassall) P.Crouan & H.Crouan * '' Spirogyra hatillensis'' Transeau * '' Spirogyra heeriana'' Nägeli ex Kützing * '' Spirogyra henanensis'' (L.J.Bi) L.J.Bi * '' Spirogyra herbipolensis'' O.Bock & W.Bock * '' Spirogyra heterospora'' Liu * '' Spirogyra hoehnei'' O.Borge * '' Spirogyra hoggarica'' (Gauthier-Lièvre) Gauthier-Lièvre * '' Spirogyra hollandiae'' Taft * '' Spirogyra hopeiensis'' C.-C.Jao * '' Spirogyra hunanensis'' C.-C.Jao * '' Spirogyra hungarica'' Langer * '' Spirogyra hyalina'' Cleve * '' Spirogyra hymerae'' Britton & B.H.Smith * '' Spirogyra inconstans'' Collins * '' Spirogyra incrassata'' Czurda * '' Spirogyra indica'' Krieger * '' Spirogyra inflata'' (Vaucher) Dumortier * '' Spirogyra insignis'' (Hassall) Kützing * '' Spirogyra insueta'' Zhu & Zhong * '' Spirogyra intermedia'' Rabenhorst * '' Spirogyra intorta'' C.-C.Jao * '' Spirogyra ionia'' Wade * '' Spirogyra irregularis'' Nägeli ex Kützing * '' Spirogyra ivorensis'' Gauthier-Lièvre * '' Spirogyra iyengarii'' Kadlubowska * '' Spirogyra jaoensis'' Randhawa * '' Spirogyra jaoi'' S.H.Ley * '' Spirogyra jassiensis'' (Teodoresco) Czurda * '' Spirogyra jatobae'' Transeau * '' Spirogyra jogensis'' Iyengar * '' Spirogyra jugalis'' (Dillwyn) Kützing * '' Spirogyra juliana'' Stancheva, J.D.Hall, McCourt & Sheath * '' Spirogyra kaffirita'' Transeau * '' Spirogyra kamatii'' Kamat * '' Spirogyra karnalae'' Randhawa * '' Spirogyra kolae'' Hajdu * '' Spirogyra koreana'' J.-H.Kim, Y.H.Kim, & I.K.Lee * '' Spirogyra krubergii'' V.J.Poljanski * '' Spirogyra kundaensis'' Singh * '' Spirogyra kuusamoensis'' Hirn * '' Spirogyra labbei'' Gauthier-Lièvre * '' Spirogyra labyrinthica'' Transeau * '' Spirogyra lacustris'' Czurda * '' Spirogyra lagerheimii'' Wittrock * '' Spirogyra laka'' Kützing * '' Spirogyra lallandiae'' Taft * '' Spirogyra lambertiana'' Transeau * '' Spirogyra lamellata'' (Bhashyakarla Rao) Krieger * '' Spirogyra lamellosa'' C.-C.Jao * '' Spirogyra lapponica'' Lagerheim * '' Spirogyra latireticulata'' Zheng & Ling * '' Spirogyra latviensis'' Czurda * '' Spirogyra laxa'' Kützing * '' Spirogyra laxistrata'' C.-C.Jao * '' Spirogyra lenticularis'' Transeau * '' Spirogyra lentiformis'' L.J.Bi * '' Spirogyra lians'' Transeau * '' Spirogyra libyca'' Gauthier-Lièvre * '' Spirogyra lismorensis'' Playfair * '' Spirogyra lodziensis'' Kadlubowska * '' Spirogyra longifissa'' Wei * '' Spirogyra lubrica'' Kützing * '' Spirogyra lucknowensis'' (Prasad & Dutta) Kadlubowska * '' Spirogyra lushanensis'' L.C.Li * '' Spirogyra luteospora'' Czurda * '' Spirogyra lutetiana'' Petit * '' Spirogyra lymerae'' Britton & Smith * '' Spirogyra macrospora'' (C.B.Rao) Krieger * '' Spirogyra maghrebiana'' Gauthier-Lièvre * '' Spirogyra major'' Kützing * '' Spirogyra majuscula'' Kützing * '' Spirogyra malmeana'' Hirn * '' Spirogyra manormae'' Randhawa * '' Spirogyra maravillosa'' Transeau * '' Spirogyra marchica'' H.Krieger * '' Spirogyra margalefii'' Aboal & Llimona * '' Spirogyra margaritata'' Wollny * '' Spirogyra marocana'' Gauthier-Lièvre * '' Spirogyra maxima'' (Hassall) Wittrock * '' Spirogyra megaspora'' Transeau * '' Spirogyra meinningensis'' * '' Spirogyra meridionalis'' W.J.Zhu & Zhong * '' Spirogyra miamiana'' Taft * '' Spirogyra microdictyon'' C.-C.Jao & Hu * '' Spirogyra microgranulata'' C.-C.Jao * '' Spirogyra micropunctata'' Transeau * '' Spirogyra microspora'' C.-C.Jao * '' Spirogyra mienningensis'' L.-C.Li * '' Spirogyra minor'' (Schmidle) Transeau * '' Spirogyra minuticrassoidea'' Yamagishi * '' Spirogyra minutifossa'' C.-C.Jao * '' Spirogyra mirabilis'' (Hassall) Kützing * '' Spirogyra miranda'' Kadlubowska * '' Spirogyra mirifica'' Zheng & Ling * '' Spirogyra mithalaensis'' A.M.Verma & B.Kumari * '' Spirogyra moebii'' Transeau * '' Spirogyra monodiana'' Gauthier-Lièvre * '' Spirogyra montserrati'' Margalef * '' Spirogyra multiconjugata'' N.C.Ferrer & E.J.Cáceres * '' Spirogyra multiformis'' Kadlubowska * '' Spirogyra multistrata'' Zheng & Ling * '' Spirogyra multitrata'' Zheng & Ling * '' Spirogyra mutabilis'' C.-C.Jao & H.J.Hu * '' Spirogyra narcissiana'' Transeau * '' Spirogyra natchita'' Transeau * '' Spirogyra nawaschinii'' Kasanowsky * '' Spirogyra neglecta'' (Hassall) Kützing * '' Spirogyra neorhizobranchialis'' C.-C.Jao & Zheng * '' Spirogyra nitida'' (O.F.Müller) Leiblein * '' Spirogyra nodifera'' O.Bock & W.Bock * '' Spirogyra notabilis'' Taft * '' Spirogyra nova-angliae'' Transeau * '' Spirogyra novae-angliae'' Transeau * '' Spirogyra nyctigama'' Taft * '' Spirogyra oblata'' C.-C.Jao * '' Spirogyra oblonga'' Liu * '' Spirogyra obovata'' C.-C.Jao * '' Spirogyra occidentalis'' (Transeau) Czurda * '' Spirogyra oligocarpa'' C.-C.Jao * '' Spirogyra olivascens'' Rabenhorst * '' Spirogyra ollicola'' C.-C.Jao & Zhong * '' Spirogyra oltmannsii'' Huber-Pestalozzi * '' Spirogyra orientalis'' West & G.S.West * '' Spirogyra orthospira'' Nägeli * '' Spirogyra ouarsenica'' Gauthier-Lièvre * '' Spirogyra oudhensis'' Randhawa * '' Spirogyra ovigera'' Montagne * '' Spirogyra pachyderma'' Gauthier-Lièvre * '' Spirogyra palghatensis'' Erady * '' Spirogyra paludosa'' Czurda * '' Spirogyra papulata'' C.-C.Jao * '' Spirogyra paradoxa'' Bhashyakarla Rao * '' Spirogyra paraguayensis'' O.Borge * '' Spirogyra parva'' (Hassall) Kützing * '' Spirogyra parvispora'' H.C.Wood * '' Spirogyra parvula'' (Transeau) Czurda * '' Spirogyra pascheriana'' Czurda * '' Spirogyra patliputri'' A.M.Verma & B.Kumari * '' Spirogyra peipeingensis'' C.-C.Jao * '' Spirogyra pellucida'' (Hassall) Kützing * '' Spirogyra perforans'' Transeau * '' Spirogyra plena'' (West & G.S.West) Czurda * '' Spirogyra poljanskii'' Kadlubowska * '' Spirogyra polymorpha'' Kirchner * '' Spirogyra polytaeniata'' Strasburger * '' Spirogyra porangabae'' Transeau * '' Spirogyra porticalis'' (O.F.Müller) Dumortier- type * '' Spirogyra pratensis'' Transeau * '' Spirogyra princeps'' (Vaucher) Link ex Meyen * '' Spirogyra proavita'' Langer * '' Spirogyra prolifica'' Kamat * '' Spirogyra propria'' Transeau * '' Spirogyra protecta'' H.C.Wood * '' Spirogyra pseudoaedaloides'' Kadlubowska * '' Spirogyra pseudobellis'' W.J.Zhu & Zhong * '' Spirogyra pseudocorrugata'' Gauthier-Lièvre * '' Spirogyra pseudocylindrica'' Prescott * '' Spirogyra pseudogibberosa'' Gauthier-Lièvre * '' Spirogyra pseudogranulata'' S.-H.Ley * '' Spirogyra pseudojuergensii'' H.Silva * '' Spirogyra pseudomaiuscula'' Gauthier-Lièvre * '' Spirogyra pseudomajuscula'' Gauthier-Lièvre * '' Spirogyra pseudomaxima'' Kadlubowska * '' Spirogyra pseudoneglecta'' Czurda * '' Spirogyra pseudonodifera'' O.Bock & W.Bock * '' Spirogyra pseudoplena'' Liu * '' Spirogyra pseudopulchrata'' C.-C.Jao * '' Spirogyra pseudoreticulata'' Kreiger * '' Spirogyra pseudorhizopus'' L.J.Bi * '' Spirogyra pseudosahnii'' Kadlubowska * '' Spirogyra pseudospreeiana'' C.-C.Jao * '' Spirogyra pseudosubreticulata'' Rickert & Hoshaw * '' Spirogyra pseudotenuissima'' O.Bock & W.Bock * '' Spirogyra pseudotetrapla'' Kadlubowska * '' Spirogyra pseudotexensis'' Bourrelly * '' Spirogyra pseudovarians'' Czurda * '' Spirogyra pseudovenusta'' Liu & Wei * '' Spirogyra pseudowoodii'' V.J.Poljanski * '' Spirogyra pulchella'' (H.C.Wood) H.C.Wood * '' Spirogyra pulchra'' Alexenko * '' Spirogyra pulchrifigurata'' C.-C.Jao * '' Spirogyra puncticulata'' C.-C.Jao * '' Spirogyra punctulata'' C.-C.Jao * '' Spirogyra quadrata'' (Hassall) P.Petit * '' Spirogyra quadrilaminata'' C.-C.Jao * '' Spirogyra quezelii'' Gauthier-Lièvre * '' Spirogyra quilonensis'' Kothari * '' Spirogyra quinina'' Kützing * '' Spirogyra quinquilaminata'' C.-C.Jao * '' Spirogyra randhawae'' Krieger * '' Spirogyra rattanii'' Kadlubowska * '' Spirogyra rectangularis'' Transeau * '' Spirogyra rectispira'' Merriman * '' Spirogyra regularis'' (Cedercreutz) Krieger * '' Spirogyra reinhardii'' V.Chmielevsky * '' Spirogyra reticulata'' Nordstedt * '' Spirogyra reticulatum'' Randhawa * '' Spirogyra reticuliana'' Randhawa * '' Spirogyra rhizobrachialis'' C.-C.Jao * '' Spirogyra rhizobranchialis'' C.-C.Jao * '' Spirogyra rhizoides'' Randhawa * '' Spirogyra rhizopus'' C.-C.Jao * '' Spirogyra rhodopea'' Petkoff * '' Spirogyra rivularis'' (Hassall) Rabenhorst * '' Spirogyra robusta'' (Nygaard) Czurda * '' Spirogyra rugosa'' (Transeau) Czurda * '' Spirogyra rugulosa'' Iwanoff * '' Spirogyra rupestris'' Schmidle * '' Spirogyra sahnii'' Randhawa * '' Spirogyra salina'' Aleem * '' Spirogyra sanjingensis'' Y.Wang & Z.Wang * '' Spirogyra sarmae'' M.Singh & M.Srivastava * '' Spirogyra schmidtii'' West & G.S.West * '' Spirogyra schweickerdtii'' Cholonky * '' Spirogyra scripta'' Nygaard * '' Spirogyra scrobiculata'' (Stockmayer) Czurda * '' Spirogyra sculpta'' Gauthier-Lièvre * '' Spirogyra semiornata'' C.-C.Jao * '' Spirogyra senegalensis'' Gauthier-Lièvre * '' Spirogyra setiformis'' (Roth) Martens ex Meneghini * '' Spirogyra shantungensis'' L.-C.Li * '' Spirogyra shanxiensis'' Zheng & Ling * '' Spirogyra shenzaensis'' Zheng * '' Spirogyra siamensis'' Transeau * '' Spirogyra siberica'' Skvortzov * '' Spirogyra silesiaca'' Kadlubowska * '' Spirogyra sinensis'' L.-C.Li * '' Spirogyra singularis'' Nordstedt * '' Spirogyra skujae'' Randhawa * '' Spirogyra skvortzowii'' Willi Kreiger * '' Spirogyra smithii'' Transeau * '' Spirogyra speciosa'' Liu * '' Spirogyra sphaerica'' (Misra) Willi Krieger * '' Spirogyra sphaerocarpa'' C.-C.Jao * '' Spirogyra sphaerospora'' Hirn * '' Spirogyra spinescens'' Kirjakov * '' Spirogyra splendida'' G.S West * '' Spirogyra spreeiana'' Rabenhorst * '' Spirogyra subaffinis'' F.E.Fritsch & M.F.Rich * '' Spirogyra subbullata'' Kadlubowska * '' Spirogyra subcolligata'' L.J.Bi * '' Spirogyra subcrassa'' Woronchin * '' Spirogyra subcrassiuscula'' L.J.Bi * '' Spirogyra subcylindrospora'' C.-C.Jao * '' Spirogyra subechinata'' Godward * '' Spirogyra subfossulata'' C.-C.Jao * '' Spirogyra subglabra'' Zheng & Ling * '' Spirogyra sublambertiana'' Zhao * '' Spirogyra subluteospora'' C.-C.Jao & Hu * '' Spirogyra submajuscula'' Ling & Zheng * '' Spirogyra submargaritata'' Godward * '' Spirogyra submarina'' (Collins) Transeau * '' Spirogyra submaxima'' Transeau * '' Spirogyra subobovata'' Chian * '' Spirogyra subpapulatata'' C.-C.Jao * '' Spirogyra subpellucida'' C.-C.Jao * '' Spirogyra subpolytaeniata'' C.-C.Jao * '' Spirogyra subpratensis'' Woronichin * '' Spirogyra subreflexa'' Liang & Wang * '' Spirogyra subreticulata'' F.E.Fritsch * '' Spirogyra subsalina'' Cedercreutz * '' Spirogyra subsalsa'' Kützing * '' Spirogyra subsalso-punctatulata'' Kadlubowska * '' Spirogyra subtropica'' Chian * '' Spirogyra suburbana'' C.-C.Jao * '' Spirogyra subvelata'' Kreiger * '' Spirogyra sulcata'' Blum * '' Spirogyra sundanensis'' Gauthier-Lièvre * '' Spirogyra superba'' L.Liu * '' Spirogyra supervarians'' Transeau * '' Spirogyra szechwanensis'' C.-C.Jao * '' Spirogyra taftiana'' Transeau * '' Spirogyra taiyuanensis'' Ling * '' Spirogyra tandae'' Randhawa * '' Spirogyra taylorii'' C.-C.Jao * '' Spirogyra tenuior'' (Transeau) Krieger * '' Spirogyra tenuispina'' Rundina * '' Spirogyra tenuissima'' (Hassall) Kützing * '' Spirogyra teodoresci'' Transeau * '' Spirogyra ternata'' Ripart * '' Spirogyra tetrapla'' Transeau * '' Spirogyra tibetensis'' C.-C.Jao * '' Spirogyra tjibodensis'' Faber * '' Spirogyra tolosana'' Comère * '' Spirogyra torta'' Blum * '' Spirogyra trachycarpa'' Skuja * '' Spirogyra transeauiana'' C.-C.Jao * '' Spirogyra triplicata'' (Collins) Transeau * '' Spirogyra trochainii'' Gauthier-Lièvre * '' Spirogyra tropica'' Kützing * '' Spirogyra tsingtaoensis'' L.-C.Li * '' Spirogyra tuberculata'' Lagerheim * '' Spirogyra tuberculosa'' Liang & Wang * '' Spirogyra tucumaniae'' B.Tracanna * '' Spirogyra tumida'' C.-C.Jao * '' Spirogyra turfosa'' F.Gay * '' Spirogyra tuwensis'' R.J.Patel & C.K.Asok Kumar * '' Spirogyra ugandense'' Gauthier-Lièvre * '' Spirogyra unduliseptum'' Randhawa * '' Spirogyra urbana'' C.-C.Jao & Zhong * '' Spirogyra van-zantenii'' Cholonky * '' Spirogyra variabilis'' C.-C.Jao & Hu * '' Spirogyra varians'' (Hassall) Kützing * '' Spirogyra variaspora'' Rickert & Hoshaw * '' Spirogyra variformis'' Transeau * '' Spirogyra varshaii'' Prasad & Dutta * '' Spirogyra vasishtii'' Rattan * '' Spirogyra velata'' Nordstedt * '' Spirogyra venkataramanii'' Rattan * '' Spirogyra venosa'' Kadlubowska * '' Spirogyra venusta'' C.-C.Jao * '' Spirogyra vermiculata'' C.-C.Jao & H.J.Hu * '' Spirogyra verrucogranulata'' I.C A.Dias & C.E.de M.Bicudo * '' Spirogyra verrucosa'' (C.B.Rao) Krieger * '' Spirogyra verruculosa'' C.-C.Jao * '' Spirogyra voltaica'' Gauthier-Lièvre * '' Spirogyra wangii'' L.C.Li * '' Spirogyra weberi'' Kützing * '' Spirogyra weishuiensis'' Ling & Zheng * '' Spirogyra weletischii'' West & G.S.West * '' Spirogyra welwitschii'' West & G.S.West * '' Spirogyra westii'' Transeau * '' Spirogyra willei'' Skuja * '' Spirogyra wittrockii'' Alexenko * '' Spirogyra wollnyi'' De Toni * '' Spirogyra wrightiana'' Transeau * '' Spirogyra wuchanensis'' C.-C.Jao & H.-J.Hu * '' Spirogyra wuhanensis'' C.-C.Jao & H.-J.Hu * '' Spirogyra xiaoganensis'' Liu * '' Spirogyra xinxiangensis'' L.J.Bi * '' Spirogyra yexianensis'' L.J.Bi * '' Spirogyra yuin'' S.Skinner & Entwisle * '' Spirogyra yunnanensis'' L.-C.Li C
File:20090523_213732_Spirogyra.jpg, ''Spirogyra''
File:3x2 millimeters of Spirogyra.jpg, ''Spirogyra''
File:Spirogyra cell.jpg, Single ''Spirogyra'' cell
File:20090328 2222 Spirogyra.jpg, ''Spirogyra'' (Each numbered tick = 122 μm)
File:20090328 2225 Spirogyra.jpg, ''Spirogyra'' (Each numbered tick = 20 μm)
File:Spirogyra algae under microscope.jpg, Patch of ''Spirogyra'' from algal blooming in Westfalian pond
File:Spirogyra-bgiu.jpg, ''Spirogyra'' algal bloom in Romanian pond
chloroplast
A chloroplast () is a type of membrane-bound organelle, organelle known as a plastid that conducts photosynthesis mostly in plant cell, plant and algae, algal cells. Chloroplasts have a high concentration of chlorophyll pigments which captur ...
s that is characteristic of the genus. ''Spirogyra'' species, of which there are more than 500, are commonly found in freshwater habitats. ''Spirogyra'' measures approximately 10 to 150 micrometres in width (though not usually more than 60) and may grow to several centimetres in length.
Distribution
''Spirogyra'' can be been found on every continent on Earth, including Antarctica. It is freshwater algae, found rivers, ponds, and other such bodies of water.Taxonomy
The genus Spirogyra was named by German naturalistJohann Heinrich Friedrich Link
Johann Heinrich Friedrich Link (2 February 1767 – 1 January 1851) was a German natural history, naturalist and botanist.
Biography
Link was born at Hildesheim as a son of the minister August Heinrich Link (1738–1783), who taught him love ...
in 1820. The lectotype, ''Spirogyra'' ''porticalis'' was designated in 1952 by Paul C. Silvia.
Reproduction
''Spirogyra'' can reproduce both sexually and asexually. In vegetative reproduction, fragmentation takes place, and ''Spirogyra'' simply undergoes intercalary cell division to extend the length of the new filaments.
Sexual reproduction is of two types:
# Scalariform conjugation requires association of two or more different filaments lined side by side, either partially or throughout their length. One cell each from opposite lined filaments emits tubular protuberances known as conjugation tubes, which elongate and fuse to make a passage called the conjugation canal. The cytoplasm of the cell acting as the male travels through this tube and fuses with the female cytoplasm, and the gametes fuse to form a zygospore.
# In lateral conjugation, gametes are formed in a single filament. Two adjoining cells near the common transverse wall give out protuberances known as conjugation tubes, which further form the conjugation canal upon contact. The male cytoplasm migrates through the conjugation canal, fusing with the female. The rest of the process proceeds as in scalariform conjugation.
The essential difference is that scalariform conjugation occurs between two filaments and lateral conjugation occurs between two adjacent cells on the same filament.
Usage
Spirogyra species are being researched for their potential in bioremediation. Specifically, in stemming toxic runoff from mines (where they are often found occurring naturally) and from municipal wastewater. Spirogyra has also been investigated as a potential biofuel. ''Spirogyra'' species, such as ''S. varians,'' are also being researched for potential pharmaceutical usage due to their high nutrient densities.Species
The following species are currently accepted. For a more comprehensive and up-to-date list of currently accepted species, view the pages oAlgaeBase
o
WoRMS
* '' Spirogyra abbreviata'' Zheng * '' Spirogyra acanthophora'' (Skuja) Czurda * '' Spirogyra acumbentis'' Vodenicarov * '' Spirogyra adjerensis'' Gauthier-Lièvre * '' Spirogyra adnata'' (Vaucher) Kützing * '' Spirogyra adornata'' Ling * '' Spirogyra aequinoctialis'' G.S.West * '' Spirogyra affinis'' (Hassall) Petit * '' Spirogyra africana'' (F.E.Fritsch) Czurda * '' Spirogyra ahmedabadensis'' Kamat * '' Spirogyra alpina'' Kützing * '' Spirogyra alternata'' Kützing * '' Spirogyra amplectens'' Skuja * '' Spirogyra ampliata'' L.Liu * '' Spirogyra anchora'' Skuja * '' Spirogyra angolensis'' Welwitsch * '' Spirogyra angulata'' Nipkow * '' Spirogyra anomala'' Bhashyakarla Rao * '' Spirogyra anzygoapora'' Singh * '' Spirogyra aphanosculpta'' Skuja * '' Spirogyra aplanospora'' Randhawa * '' Spirogyra arcta'' (C.Agardh) Endlichter * '' Spirogyra arcuata'' Liu * '' Spirogyra areolata'' Lagerheim * '' Spirogyra arizonensis'' Rickert & Hoshaw * '' Spirogyra arthuri'' Woodhead & Tweed * '' Spirogyra articulata'' Transeau * '' Spirogyra asiatica'' Czurda * '' Spirogyra atasiana'' Czurda * '' Spirogyra atrobrunnea'' Gauthier-Lièvre * '' Spirogyra aubvillei'' Gauthier-Lièvre * '' Spirogyra australica'' Czurda * '' Spirogyra australiensis'' K.Möbius * '' Spirogyra austriaca'' Czurda * '' Spirogyra azygospora'' Singh * '' Spirogyra baileyi'' Schmidle * '' Spirogyra batekiana'' Gauthier-Lièvre * '' Spirogyra bellis'' (Hassall) P.Crouan & H.Crouan * '' Spirogyra bicalyptrata'' Czurda * '' Spirogyra bichromatophora'' (Randhawa) Transeau * '' Spirogyra biformis'' C.-C.Jao * '' Spirogyra biharensis'' A.M.Verma & B.Kumari * '' Spirogyra bii'' Kadlubowska * '' Spirogyra bireticulata'' Liu * '' Spirogyra borealis'' Zheng & Ling * '' Spirogyra borgeana'' Transeau * '' Spirogyra borgei'' Kadlubowska * '' Spirogyra borkuense'' Gauthier-Lièvre * '' Spirogyra borysthenica'' Kasanowsky & Smirnoff mirnov/small> * '' Spirogyra bourrellyana'' Gauthier-Lièvre * '' Spirogyra braziliensis'' (Nordstedt) Transeau * '' Spirogyra britannica'' Godward * '' Spirogyra brunnea'' Czurda * '' Spirogyra buchetii'' Petit * '' Spirogyra bullata'' C.-C.Jao * '' Spirogyra calcarea'' Transeau * '' Spirogyra calchaquiesiae'' B.Tracanna * '' Spirogyra californica'' Stancheva, J.D.Hall, McCourt & Sheath * '' Spirogyra calospora'' Cleve * '' Spirogyra canaliculata'' Segar * '' Spirogyra cardinia'' S.H.Lewis * '' Spirogyra caroliniana'' G.E.Dillard * '' Spirogyra castanacea'' G.C.Couch * '' Spirogyra cataeniformis'' (Hassall) Kützing * '' Spirogyra catenaeformis'' (Hassall) Kützing * '' Spirogyra cavata'' Vodenicarov * '' Spirogyra chakiaensis'' (Bhashyakarla Rao) Kreiger * '' Spirogyra chandigarhensis'' * '' Spirogyra chekiangensis'' C.-C.Jao * '' Spirogyra chenii'' C.-C.Jao * '' Spirogyra chungkingensis'' C.-C.Jao * '' Spirogyra chuniae'' C.-C.Jao * '' Spirogyra circumlineata'' Transeau * '' Spirogyra clavata'' Segar * '' Spirogyra cleveana'' Transeau * '' Spirogyra colligata'' Hodgetts * '' Spirogyra columbiana'' Czurda * '' Spirogyra communis'' (Hassall) Kützing * '' Spirogyra condensata'' (Vaucher) Dumortier * '' Spirogyra congolensis'' Gauthier-Lièvre * '' Spirogyra conspicua'' Gay * '' Spirogyra convoluta'' * '' Spirogyra corrugata'' Woodhead & Tweed * '' Spirogyra costata'' Kadlubowska * '' Spirogyra costulata'' Kadlubowska * '' Spirogyra coumbiana'' Czurda * '' Spirogyra crassa'' (Kützing) Kützing * '' Spirogyra crassispina'' C.-C.Jao * '' Spirogyra crassiuscula'' (Wittrock & Nordstedt) Transeau * '' Spirogyra crassivallicularis'' C.-C.Jao * '' Spirogyra crassoidea'' (Transeau) Transeau * '' Spirogyra crenulata'' Singh * '' Spirogyra croasdaleae'' Blum * '' Spirogyra cyanosporum'' * '' Spirogyra cylindrica'' Czurda * '' Spirogyra cylindrosperma'' (West & G.S.West) Krieger * '' Spirogyra cylindrospora'' West & G.S.West * '' Spirogyra czubinskii'' Kadlubowska * '' Spirogyra czurdae'' Misra * '' Spirogyra czurdiana'' Kadlubowska * '' Spirogyra dacimina'' (O.F.Müller) Kützing * '' Spirogyra daedalea'' Lagerheim * '' Spirogyra daedaleoides'' Czurda * '' Spirogyra danica'' Kadlubowska * '' Spirogyra decimina'' (O.F.Müller) Dumortier * '' Spirogyra densa'' Kützing * '' Spirogyra denticulata'' Transeau * '' Spirogyra dentireticulata'' C.-C.Jao * '' Spirogyra desikacharyensis'' Rattan * '' Spirogyra dialyderma'' Ling & Zheng * '' Spirogyra dicephala'' C.-C.Jao & H.Z.Zhu * '' Spirogyra dictyospora'' C.-C.Jao * '' Spirogyra diluta'' H.C.Wood * '' Spirogyra dimorpha'' Geitler * '' Spirogyra discoidea'' Transeau * '' Spirogyra distenta'' Transeau * '' Spirogyra diversizygotica'' (V.I.Polyanskij) L.A.Rundina * '' Spirogyra djalonensis'' Gauthier-Lièvre * '' Spirogyra djiliense'' Gauthier-Lièvre * '' Spirogyra dodgeana'' * '' Spirogyra drilonensis'' Petkoff * '' Spirogyra dubia'' Kützing * '' Spirogyra echinata'' Tiffany * '' Spirogyra echinospora'' Blum * '' Spirogyra eillipsospora'' Transeau * '' Spirogyra elegans'' Wollny * '' Spirogyra elegantissima'' Y.J.Ling & Y.M.Zheng * '' Spirogyra ellipsospora'' Transeau * '' Spirogyra elliptica'' C.-C.Jao * '' Spirogyra elongata'' (H.C.Wood) H.C.Wood * '' Spirogyra elongata'' (Vaucher) Dumortier * '' Spirogyra emilianensis'' Bonhomme * '' Spirogyra endogranulata'' O.Bock & W.Bock * '' Spirogyra exilis'' West & G.S.West * '' Spirogyra fallax'' (Hansgirg) Wille * '' Spirogyra fassula'' Zheng * '' Spirogyra favosa'' Y.-X.Wei & Y.-K.Yung * '' Spirogyra fennica'' Cedercreutz * '' Spirogyra ferruginea'' H.W.Liang * '' Spirogyra flavescens'' (Hassall) Kützing * '' Spirogyra flavicans'' Kützing * '' Spirogyra fluviatilis'' Hilse * '' Spirogyra formosa'' (Transeau) Czurda * '' Spirogyra fossa'' C.-C.Jao * '' Spirogyra fossulata'' C.-C.Jao & Hu * '' Spirogyra foveolata'' (Transeau) Czurda * '' Spirogyra franconica'' O.Bock & W.Bock * '' Spirogyra frankliniana'' Tiffany * '' Spirogyra frigida'' F.Gay * '' Spirogyra fritschiana'' Czurda * '' Spirogyra fukienica'' Wei * '' Spirogyra fuzhouensis'' H.-J.Hu * '' Spirogyra gallica'' Petit * '' Spirogyra gaterslebensis'' Reith * '' Spirogyra gauthier-lievrae'' Kadlubowska * '' Spirogyra gauthieri'' Gayral * '' Spirogyra gharbensis'' Gauthier-Lièvre * '' Spirogyra ghosei'' Singh * '' Spirogyra gibberosa'' C.-C.Jao * '' Spirogyra glabra'' Czurda * '' Spirogyra globulispora'' Gauthier-Lièvre * '' Spirogyra gobonensis'' Gauthier-Lièvre * '' Spirogyra goetzei'' Schmidle * '' Spirogyra gracilis'' Kützing * '' Spirogyra granulata'' C.-C.Jao * '' Spirogyra gratiana'' Transeau * '' Spirogyra groenlandica'' Rosenvinge * '' Spirogyra guangchowensis'' Zhu & Zhong * '' Spirogyra guineense'' Gauthier-Lièvre * '' Spirogyra gujaratensis'' Kamat * '' Spirogyra gurdaspurensis'' Rattan * '' Spirogyra haimenensis'' C.-C.Jao * '' Spirogyra hartigii'' (Kützing) De Toni * '' Spirogyra hassalii'' (Jenner) Petit * '' Spirogyra hassallii'' (Jenner ex Hassall) P.Crouan & H.Crouan * '' Spirogyra hatillensis'' Transeau * '' Spirogyra heeriana'' Nägeli ex Kützing * '' Spirogyra henanensis'' (L.J.Bi) L.J.Bi * '' Spirogyra herbipolensis'' O.Bock & W.Bock * '' Spirogyra heterospora'' Liu * '' Spirogyra hoehnei'' O.Borge * '' Spirogyra hoggarica'' (Gauthier-Lièvre) Gauthier-Lièvre * '' Spirogyra hollandiae'' Taft * '' Spirogyra hopeiensis'' C.-C.Jao * '' Spirogyra hunanensis'' C.-C.Jao * '' Spirogyra hungarica'' Langer * '' Spirogyra hyalina'' Cleve * '' Spirogyra hymerae'' Britton & B.H.Smith * '' Spirogyra inconstans'' Collins * '' Spirogyra incrassata'' Czurda * '' Spirogyra indica'' Krieger * '' Spirogyra inflata'' (Vaucher) Dumortier * '' Spirogyra insignis'' (Hassall) Kützing * '' Spirogyra insueta'' Zhu & Zhong * '' Spirogyra intermedia'' Rabenhorst * '' Spirogyra intorta'' C.-C.Jao * '' Spirogyra ionia'' Wade * '' Spirogyra irregularis'' Nägeli ex Kützing * '' Spirogyra ivorensis'' Gauthier-Lièvre * '' Spirogyra iyengarii'' Kadlubowska * '' Spirogyra jaoensis'' Randhawa * '' Spirogyra jaoi'' S.H.Ley * '' Spirogyra jassiensis'' (Teodoresco) Czurda * '' Spirogyra jatobae'' Transeau * '' Spirogyra jogensis'' Iyengar * '' Spirogyra jugalis'' (Dillwyn) Kützing * '' Spirogyra juliana'' Stancheva, J.D.Hall, McCourt & Sheath * '' Spirogyra kaffirita'' Transeau * '' Spirogyra kamatii'' Kamat * '' Spirogyra karnalae'' Randhawa * '' Spirogyra kolae'' Hajdu * '' Spirogyra koreana'' J.-H.Kim, Y.H.Kim, & I.K.Lee * '' Spirogyra krubergii'' V.J.Poljanski * '' Spirogyra kundaensis'' Singh * '' Spirogyra kuusamoensis'' Hirn * '' Spirogyra labbei'' Gauthier-Lièvre * '' Spirogyra labyrinthica'' Transeau * '' Spirogyra lacustris'' Czurda * '' Spirogyra lagerheimii'' Wittrock * '' Spirogyra laka'' Kützing * '' Spirogyra lallandiae'' Taft * '' Spirogyra lambertiana'' Transeau * '' Spirogyra lamellata'' (Bhashyakarla Rao) Krieger * '' Spirogyra lamellosa'' C.-C.Jao * '' Spirogyra lapponica'' Lagerheim * '' Spirogyra latireticulata'' Zheng & Ling * '' Spirogyra latviensis'' Czurda * '' Spirogyra laxa'' Kützing * '' Spirogyra laxistrata'' C.-C.Jao * '' Spirogyra lenticularis'' Transeau * '' Spirogyra lentiformis'' L.J.Bi * '' Spirogyra lians'' Transeau * '' Spirogyra libyca'' Gauthier-Lièvre * '' Spirogyra lismorensis'' Playfair * '' Spirogyra lodziensis'' Kadlubowska * '' Spirogyra longifissa'' Wei * '' Spirogyra lubrica'' Kützing * '' Spirogyra lucknowensis'' (Prasad & Dutta) Kadlubowska * '' Spirogyra lushanensis'' L.C.Li * '' Spirogyra luteospora'' Czurda * '' Spirogyra lutetiana'' Petit * '' Spirogyra lymerae'' Britton & Smith * '' Spirogyra macrospora'' (C.B.Rao) Krieger * '' Spirogyra maghrebiana'' Gauthier-Lièvre * '' Spirogyra major'' Kützing * '' Spirogyra majuscula'' Kützing * '' Spirogyra malmeana'' Hirn * '' Spirogyra manormae'' Randhawa * '' Spirogyra maravillosa'' Transeau * '' Spirogyra marchica'' H.Krieger * '' Spirogyra margalefii'' Aboal & Llimona * '' Spirogyra margaritata'' Wollny * '' Spirogyra marocana'' Gauthier-Lièvre * '' Spirogyra maxima'' (Hassall) Wittrock * '' Spirogyra megaspora'' Transeau * '' Spirogyra meinningensis'' * '' Spirogyra meridionalis'' W.J.Zhu & Zhong * '' Spirogyra miamiana'' Taft * '' Spirogyra microdictyon'' C.-C.Jao & Hu * '' Spirogyra microgranulata'' C.-C.Jao * '' Spirogyra micropunctata'' Transeau * '' Spirogyra microspora'' C.-C.Jao * '' Spirogyra mienningensis'' L.-C.Li * '' Spirogyra minor'' (Schmidle) Transeau * '' Spirogyra minuticrassoidea'' Yamagishi * '' Spirogyra minutifossa'' C.-C.Jao * '' Spirogyra mirabilis'' (Hassall) Kützing * '' Spirogyra miranda'' Kadlubowska * '' Spirogyra mirifica'' Zheng & Ling * '' Spirogyra mithalaensis'' A.M.Verma & B.Kumari * '' Spirogyra moebii'' Transeau * '' Spirogyra monodiana'' Gauthier-Lièvre * '' Spirogyra montserrati'' Margalef * '' Spirogyra multiconjugata'' N.C.Ferrer & E.J.Cáceres * '' Spirogyra multiformis'' Kadlubowska * '' Spirogyra multistrata'' Zheng & Ling * '' Spirogyra multitrata'' Zheng & Ling * '' Spirogyra mutabilis'' C.-C.Jao & H.J.Hu * '' Spirogyra narcissiana'' Transeau * '' Spirogyra natchita'' Transeau * '' Spirogyra nawaschinii'' Kasanowsky * '' Spirogyra neglecta'' (Hassall) Kützing * '' Spirogyra neorhizobranchialis'' C.-C.Jao & Zheng * '' Spirogyra nitida'' (O.F.Müller) Leiblein * '' Spirogyra nodifera'' O.Bock & W.Bock * '' Spirogyra notabilis'' Taft * '' Spirogyra nova-angliae'' Transeau * '' Spirogyra novae-angliae'' Transeau * '' Spirogyra nyctigama'' Taft * '' Spirogyra oblata'' C.-C.Jao * '' Spirogyra oblonga'' Liu * '' Spirogyra obovata'' C.-C.Jao * '' Spirogyra occidentalis'' (Transeau) Czurda * '' Spirogyra oligocarpa'' C.-C.Jao * '' Spirogyra olivascens'' Rabenhorst * '' Spirogyra ollicola'' C.-C.Jao & Zhong * '' Spirogyra oltmannsii'' Huber-Pestalozzi * '' Spirogyra orientalis'' West & G.S.West * '' Spirogyra orthospira'' Nägeli * '' Spirogyra ouarsenica'' Gauthier-Lièvre * '' Spirogyra oudhensis'' Randhawa * '' Spirogyra ovigera'' Montagne * '' Spirogyra pachyderma'' Gauthier-Lièvre * '' Spirogyra palghatensis'' Erady * '' Spirogyra paludosa'' Czurda * '' Spirogyra papulata'' C.-C.Jao * '' Spirogyra paradoxa'' Bhashyakarla Rao * '' Spirogyra paraguayensis'' O.Borge * '' Spirogyra parva'' (Hassall) Kützing * '' Spirogyra parvispora'' H.C.Wood * '' Spirogyra parvula'' (Transeau) Czurda * '' Spirogyra pascheriana'' Czurda * '' Spirogyra patliputri'' A.M.Verma & B.Kumari * '' Spirogyra peipeingensis'' C.-C.Jao * '' Spirogyra pellucida'' (Hassall) Kützing * '' Spirogyra perforans'' Transeau * '' Spirogyra plena'' (West & G.S.West) Czurda * '' Spirogyra poljanskii'' Kadlubowska * '' Spirogyra polymorpha'' Kirchner * '' Spirogyra polytaeniata'' Strasburger * '' Spirogyra porangabae'' Transeau * '' Spirogyra porticalis'' (O.F.Müller) Dumortier- type * '' Spirogyra pratensis'' Transeau * '' Spirogyra princeps'' (Vaucher) Link ex Meyen * '' Spirogyra proavita'' Langer * '' Spirogyra prolifica'' Kamat * '' Spirogyra propria'' Transeau * '' Spirogyra protecta'' H.C.Wood * '' Spirogyra pseudoaedaloides'' Kadlubowska * '' Spirogyra pseudobellis'' W.J.Zhu & Zhong * '' Spirogyra pseudocorrugata'' Gauthier-Lièvre * '' Spirogyra pseudocylindrica'' Prescott * '' Spirogyra pseudogibberosa'' Gauthier-Lièvre * '' Spirogyra pseudogranulata'' S.-H.Ley * '' Spirogyra pseudojuergensii'' H.Silva * '' Spirogyra pseudomaiuscula'' Gauthier-Lièvre * '' Spirogyra pseudomajuscula'' Gauthier-Lièvre * '' Spirogyra pseudomaxima'' Kadlubowska * '' Spirogyra pseudoneglecta'' Czurda * '' Spirogyra pseudonodifera'' O.Bock & W.Bock * '' Spirogyra pseudoplena'' Liu * '' Spirogyra pseudopulchrata'' C.-C.Jao * '' Spirogyra pseudoreticulata'' Kreiger * '' Spirogyra pseudorhizopus'' L.J.Bi * '' Spirogyra pseudosahnii'' Kadlubowska * '' Spirogyra pseudospreeiana'' C.-C.Jao * '' Spirogyra pseudosubreticulata'' Rickert & Hoshaw * '' Spirogyra pseudotenuissima'' O.Bock & W.Bock * '' Spirogyra pseudotetrapla'' Kadlubowska * '' Spirogyra pseudotexensis'' Bourrelly * '' Spirogyra pseudovarians'' Czurda * '' Spirogyra pseudovenusta'' Liu & Wei * '' Spirogyra pseudowoodii'' V.J.Poljanski * '' Spirogyra pulchella'' (H.C.Wood) H.C.Wood * '' Spirogyra pulchra'' Alexenko * '' Spirogyra pulchrifigurata'' C.-C.Jao * '' Spirogyra puncticulata'' C.-C.Jao * '' Spirogyra punctulata'' C.-C.Jao * '' Spirogyra quadrata'' (Hassall) P.Petit * '' Spirogyra quadrilaminata'' C.-C.Jao * '' Spirogyra quezelii'' Gauthier-Lièvre * '' Spirogyra quilonensis'' Kothari * '' Spirogyra quinina'' Kützing * '' Spirogyra quinquilaminata'' C.-C.Jao * '' Spirogyra randhawae'' Krieger * '' Spirogyra rattanii'' Kadlubowska * '' Spirogyra rectangularis'' Transeau * '' Spirogyra rectispira'' Merriman * '' Spirogyra regularis'' (Cedercreutz) Krieger * '' Spirogyra reinhardii'' V.Chmielevsky * '' Spirogyra reticulata'' Nordstedt * '' Spirogyra reticulatum'' Randhawa * '' Spirogyra reticuliana'' Randhawa * '' Spirogyra rhizobrachialis'' C.-C.Jao * '' Spirogyra rhizobranchialis'' C.-C.Jao * '' Spirogyra rhizoides'' Randhawa * '' Spirogyra rhizopus'' C.-C.Jao * '' Spirogyra rhodopea'' Petkoff * '' Spirogyra rivularis'' (Hassall) Rabenhorst * '' Spirogyra robusta'' (Nygaard) Czurda * '' Spirogyra rugosa'' (Transeau) Czurda * '' Spirogyra rugulosa'' Iwanoff * '' Spirogyra rupestris'' Schmidle * '' Spirogyra sahnii'' Randhawa * '' Spirogyra salina'' Aleem * '' Spirogyra sanjingensis'' Y.Wang & Z.Wang * '' Spirogyra sarmae'' M.Singh & M.Srivastava * '' Spirogyra schmidtii'' West & G.S.West * '' Spirogyra schweickerdtii'' Cholonky * '' Spirogyra scripta'' Nygaard * '' Spirogyra scrobiculata'' (Stockmayer) Czurda * '' Spirogyra sculpta'' Gauthier-Lièvre * '' Spirogyra semiornata'' C.-C.Jao * '' Spirogyra senegalensis'' Gauthier-Lièvre * '' Spirogyra setiformis'' (Roth) Martens ex Meneghini * '' Spirogyra shantungensis'' L.-C.Li * '' Spirogyra shanxiensis'' Zheng & Ling * '' Spirogyra shenzaensis'' Zheng * '' Spirogyra siamensis'' Transeau * '' Spirogyra siberica'' Skvortzov * '' Spirogyra silesiaca'' Kadlubowska * '' Spirogyra sinensis'' L.-C.Li * '' Spirogyra singularis'' Nordstedt * '' Spirogyra skujae'' Randhawa * '' Spirogyra skvortzowii'' Willi Kreiger * '' Spirogyra smithii'' Transeau * '' Spirogyra speciosa'' Liu * '' Spirogyra sphaerica'' (Misra) Willi Krieger * '' Spirogyra sphaerocarpa'' C.-C.Jao * '' Spirogyra sphaerospora'' Hirn * '' Spirogyra spinescens'' Kirjakov * '' Spirogyra splendida'' G.S West * '' Spirogyra spreeiana'' Rabenhorst * '' Spirogyra subaffinis'' F.E.Fritsch & M.F.Rich * '' Spirogyra subbullata'' Kadlubowska * '' Spirogyra subcolligata'' L.J.Bi * '' Spirogyra subcrassa'' Woronchin * '' Spirogyra subcrassiuscula'' L.J.Bi * '' Spirogyra subcylindrospora'' C.-C.Jao * '' Spirogyra subechinata'' Godward * '' Spirogyra subfossulata'' C.-C.Jao * '' Spirogyra subglabra'' Zheng & Ling * '' Spirogyra sublambertiana'' Zhao * '' Spirogyra subluteospora'' C.-C.Jao & Hu * '' Spirogyra submajuscula'' Ling & Zheng * '' Spirogyra submargaritata'' Godward * '' Spirogyra submarina'' (Collins) Transeau * '' Spirogyra submaxima'' Transeau * '' Spirogyra subobovata'' Chian * '' Spirogyra subpapulatata'' C.-C.Jao * '' Spirogyra subpellucida'' C.-C.Jao * '' Spirogyra subpolytaeniata'' C.-C.Jao * '' Spirogyra subpratensis'' Woronichin * '' Spirogyra subreflexa'' Liang & Wang * '' Spirogyra subreticulata'' F.E.Fritsch * '' Spirogyra subsalina'' Cedercreutz * '' Spirogyra subsalsa'' Kützing * '' Spirogyra subsalso-punctatulata'' Kadlubowska * '' Spirogyra subtropica'' Chian * '' Spirogyra suburbana'' C.-C.Jao * '' Spirogyra subvelata'' Kreiger * '' Spirogyra sulcata'' Blum * '' Spirogyra sundanensis'' Gauthier-Lièvre * '' Spirogyra superba'' L.Liu * '' Spirogyra supervarians'' Transeau * '' Spirogyra szechwanensis'' C.-C.Jao * '' Spirogyra taftiana'' Transeau * '' Spirogyra taiyuanensis'' Ling * '' Spirogyra tandae'' Randhawa * '' Spirogyra taylorii'' C.-C.Jao * '' Spirogyra tenuior'' (Transeau) Krieger * '' Spirogyra tenuispina'' Rundina * '' Spirogyra tenuissima'' (Hassall) Kützing * '' Spirogyra teodoresci'' Transeau * '' Spirogyra ternata'' Ripart * '' Spirogyra tetrapla'' Transeau * '' Spirogyra tibetensis'' C.-C.Jao * '' Spirogyra tjibodensis'' Faber * '' Spirogyra tolosana'' Comère * '' Spirogyra torta'' Blum * '' Spirogyra trachycarpa'' Skuja * '' Spirogyra transeauiana'' C.-C.Jao * '' Spirogyra triplicata'' (Collins) Transeau * '' Spirogyra trochainii'' Gauthier-Lièvre * '' Spirogyra tropica'' Kützing * '' Spirogyra tsingtaoensis'' L.-C.Li * '' Spirogyra tuberculata'' Lagerheim * '' Spirogyra tuberculosa'' Liang & Wang * '' Spirogyra tucumaniae'' B.Tracanna * '' Spirogyra tumida'' C.-C.Jao * '' Spirogyra turfosa'' F.Gay * '' Spirogyra tuwensis'' R.J.Patel & C.K.Asok Kumar * '' Spirogyra ugandense'' Gauthier-Lièvre * '' Spirogyra unduliseptum'' Randhawa * '' Spirogyra urbana'' C.-C.Jao & Zhong * '' Spirogyra van-zantenii'' Cholonky * '' Spirogyra variabilis'' C.-C.Jao & Hu * '' Spirogyra varians'' (Hassall) Kützing * '' Spirogyra variaspora'' Rickert & Hoshaw * '' Spirogyra variformis'' Transeau * '' Spirogyra varshaii'' Prasad & Dutta * '' Spirogyra vasishtii'' Rattan * '' Spirogyra velata'' Nordstedt * '' Spirogyra venkataramanii'' Rattan * '' Spirogyra venosa'' Kadlubowska * '' Spirogyra venusta'' C.-C.Jao * '' Spirogyra vermiculata'' C.-C.Jao & H.J.Hu * '' Spirogyra verrucogranulata'' I.C A.Dias & C.E.de M.Bicudo * '' Spirogyra verrucosa'' (C.B.Rao) Krieger * '' Spirogyra verruculosa'' C.-C.Jao * '' Spirogyra voltaica'' Gauthier-Lièvre * '' Spirogyra wangii'' L.C.Li * '' Spirogyra weberi'' Kützing * '' Spirogyra weishuiensis'' Ling & Zheng * '' Spirogyra weletischii'' West & G.S.West * '' Spirogyra welwitschii'' West & G.S.West * '' Spirogyra westii'' Transeau * '' Spirogyra willei'' Skuja * '' Spirogyra wittrockii'' Alexenko * '' Spirogyra wollnyi'' De Toni * '' Spirogyra wrightiana'' Transeau * '' Spirogyra wuchanensis'' C.-C.Jao & H.-J.Hu * '' Spirogyra wuhanensis'' C.-C.Jao & H.-J.Hu * '' Spirogyra xiaoganensis'' Liu * '' Spirogyra xinxiangensis'' L.J.Bi * '' Spirogyra yexianensis'' L.J.Bi * '' Spirogyra yuin'' S.Skinner & Entwisle * '' Spirogyra yunnanensis'' L.-C.Li C
Trivia
American jazz fusion band Spyro Gyra was named after this genus of algae. It is also the subject of theBrazil
Brazil, officially the Federative Republic of Brazil, is the largest country in South America. It is the world's List of countries and dependencies by area, fifth-largest country by area and the List of countries and dependencies by population ...
ian Samba rock song "Spirogyra story" by Jorge Ben.
Gallery
References
* * John Whitton, B.A. and Brook, A.J. (editors) 2002. ''The Freshwater Algal Flora of the British Isles.'' Cambridge University Press, Cambridge. . {{Authority control Zygnemataceae