''Spirographa'' is a

genus Genus ( plural genera ) is a taxonomic rank used in the biological classification of living and fossil organisms as well as viruses. In the hierarchy of biological classification, genus comes above species and below family. In binomial n ...

parasitic fungi A fungus ( : fungi or funguses) is any member of the group of eukaryotic organisms that includes microorganisms such as yeasts and molds, as well as the more familiar mushrooms. These organisms are classified as a kingdom, separately from t ...

. It is the sole genus in the

monotypic In biology, a monotypic taxon is a taxonomic group (taxon) that contains only one immediately subordinate taxon. A monotypic species is one that does not include subspecies or smaller, infraspecific taxa. In the case of genera, the term "unispec ...

family Spirographaceae, belong to the order

Ostropales The Ostropales are an order of fungi in the class Lecanoromycetes. The order was circumscribed by Swedish botanist John Axel Nannfeldt in 1932. The order contains 4 families and 46 genera, including 6 genera of uncertain familial placement. Fa ...

. The genus was

circumscribed In geometry, the circumscribed circle or circumcircle of a polygon is a circle that passes through all the vertices of the polygon. The center of this circle is called the circumcenter and its radius is called the circumradius. Not every po ...

Alexander Zahlbruckner Alexander Zahlbruckner (31 May 1860, Svätý Jur – 1938, Vienna) was an Austrian- Hungarian botanist who specialized in the study of lichens. Johann Babtist Zahlbruckner, an earlier Austrian botanist, was his grandfather. From 1878 to 1883 ...

in 1903, with ''

Spirographa spiralis ''Spirographa'' is a genus of parasitic fungi. It is the sole genus in the monotypic family Spirographaceae, belong to the order Ostropales. The genus was circumscribed by Alexander Zahlbruckner in 1903, with '' Spirographa spiralis'' later assi ...

'' later assigned as the

type species In zoological nomenclature, a type species (''species typica'') is the species name with which the name of a genus or subgenus is considered to be permanently taxonomically associated, i.e., the species that contains the biological type specimen( ...

in 1923. The family Spirographaceae was circumscribed by Adam Flakus, Javier Etayo and Jolanta Miadlikowska in 2019 on the basis of

molecular phylogenetic Molecular phylogenetics () is the branch of phylogeny that analyzes genetic, hereditary molecular differences, predominantly in DNA sequences, to gain information on an organism's evolutionary relationships. From these analyses, it is possible to ...

analysis. They determined that genus ''Spirographa'' is an independent

lineage Lineage may refer to: Science * Lineage (anthropology), a group that can demonstrate its common descent from an apical ancestor or a direct line of descent from an ancestor * Lineage (evolution), a temporal sequence of individuals, populatio ...

in the Ostropales,

sister A sister is a woman or a girl who shares one or more parents with another individual; a female sibling. The male counterpart is a brother. Although the term typically refers to a familial relationship, it is sometimes used endearingly to refer to ...

to the clade containing the families Fissurinaceae,

Gomphillaceae The Gomphillaceae are a family of lichens in the order Ostropales. Species in this family are found mostly in tropical regions. Genera According to a recent (2020) estimate, the Gomphillaceae comprise 26 genera and about 420 species. The followi ...

, and

Graphidaceae The Graphidaceae are a family of lichens in the order Ostropales. Distribution and ecology The vast majority of Graphidaceae species are restricted to the tropics. Most Graphidaceae species are epiphytic (i.e. they grow only on plants). Gene ...

Species

*''

Spirographa aggregata ''Spirographa'' is a genus of parasitic fungi. It is the sole genus in the monotypic family Spirographaceae, belong to the order Ostropales. The genus was circumscribed by Alexander Zahlbruckner in 1903, with '' Spirographa spiralis'' later assi ...

'' *''

Spirographa arsenii ''Spirographa'' is a genus of parasitic fungi. It is the sole genus in the monotypic family Spirographaceae, belong to the order Ostropales. The genus was circumscribed by Alexander Zahlbruckner in 1903, with '' Spirographa spiralis'' later assi ...

'' *''

Spirographa ascaridiella ''Spirographa'' is a genus of parasitic fungi. It is the sole genus in the monotypic family Spirographaceae, belong to the order Ostropales. The genus was circumscribed by Alexander Zahlbruckner in 1903, with '' Spirographa spiralis'' later assi ...

'' *''

Spirographa ciliata ''Spirographa ciliata'' is a species of lichenicolous fungus in the family Spirographaceae. It was first formally described by Klaus Kalb in 1993 as ''Cornutispora ciliata''. Adam Grzegorz Flakus, Javier Etayo, and Jolanta Miądlikowska transfe ...

'' *''

Spirographa fusisporella ''Spirographa'' is a genus of parasitic fungi. It is the sole genus in the monotypic family Spirographaceae, belong to the order Ostropales. The genus was circumscribed by Alexander Zahlbruckner in 1903, with '' Spirographa spiralis'' later assi ...

'' *''

Spirographa galligena ''Spirographa'' is a genus of parasitic fungi. It is the sole genus in the monotypic family Spirographaceae, belong to the order Ostropales. The genus was circumscribed by Alexander Zahlbruckner in 1903, with '' Spirographa spiralis'' later assi ...

'' *''

Spirographa giselae ''Spirographa'' is a genus of parasitic fungi. It is the sole genus in the monotypic family Spirographaceae, belong to the order Ostropales. The genus was circumscribed by Alexander Zahlbruckner in 1903, with '' Spirographa spiralis'' later assi ...

'' *''

Spirographa herteliana ''Spirographa'' is a genus of parasitic fungi. It is the sole genus in the monotypic family Spirographaceae, belong to the order Ostropales. The genus was circumscribed by Alexander Zahlbruckner in 1903, with '' Spirographa spiralis'' later assi ...

'' *''

Spirographa hypotrachynae ''Spirographa'' is a genus of parasitic fungi. It is the sole genus in the monotypic family Spirographaceae, belong to the order Ostropales. The genus was circumscribed by Alexander Zahlbruckner in 1903, with '' Spirographa spiralis'' later assi ...

'' *''

Spirographa intermedia ''Spirographa'' is a genus of parasitic fungi. It is the sole genus in the monotypic family Spirographaceae, belong to the order Ostropales. The genus was circumscribed by Alexander Zahlbruckner in 1903, with '' Spirographa spiralis'' later assi ...

'' *''

Spirographa lichenicola ''Spirographa'' is a genus of parasitic fungi. It is the sole genus in the monotypic family Spirographaceae, belong to the order Ostropales. The genus was circumscribed by Alexander Zahlbruckner in 1903, with '' Spirographa spiralis'' later assi ...

'' *''

Spirographa limaciformis ''Spirographa'' is a genus of parasitic fungi. It is the sole genus in the monotypic family Spirographaceae, belong to the order Ostropales. The genus was circumscribed by Alexander Zahlbruckner in 1903, with '' Spirographa spiralis'' later assi ...

'' *''

Spirographa longispora ''Spirographa'' is a genus of parasitic fungi. It is the sole genus in the monotypic family Spirographaceae, belong to the order Ostropales. The genus was circumscribed by Alexander Zahlbruckner in 1903, with '' Spirographa spiralis'' later assi ...

'' *''

Spirographa maroneae ''Spirographa'' is a genus of parasitic fungi. It is the sole genus in the monotypic family Spirographaceae, belong to the order Ostropales. The genus was circumscribed by Alexander Zahlbruckner in 1903, with '' Spirographa spiralis'' later assi ...

'' *''

Spirographa ophiurospora ''Spirographa'' is a genus of parasitic fungi. It is the sole genus in the monotypic family Spirographaceae, belong to the order Ostropales. The genus was circumscribed by Alexander Zahlbruckner in 1903, with '' Spirographa spiralis'' later assi ...

'' *'' Spirographa parmotrematis'' *''

Spirographa pittii ''Spirographa'' is a genus of parasitic fungi. It is the sole genus in the monotypic family Spirographaceae, belong to the order Ostropales. The genus was circumscribed by Alexander Zahlbruckner in 1903, with ''Spirographa spiralis'' later assig ...

'' *'' Spirographa pyramidalis'' *''

'' *''

Spirographa triangularis ''Spirographa'' is a genus of parasitic fungi. It is the sole genus in the monotypic family Spirographaceae, belong to the order Ostropales. The genus was circumscribed by Alexander Zahlbruckner in 1903, with ''Spirographa spiralis'' later ass ...

'' *''

Spirographa tricupulata ''Spirographa'' is a genus of parasitic fungi. It is the sole genus in the monotypic family Spirographaceae, belong to the order Ostropales. The genus was circumscribed by Alexander Zahlbruckner in 1903, with ''Spirographa spiralis'' later assig ...

'' *''

Spirographa usneae ''Spirographa'' is a genus of mycoparasitism, parasitic fungi. It is the sole genus in the monotypic family Spirographaceae, belong to the order Ostropales. The genus was circumscription (taxonomy), circumscribed by Alexander Zahlbruckner in 1903 ...

'' *''

Spirographa vermiformis ''Spirographa'' is a genus of parasitic fungi. It is the sole genus in the monotypic family Spirographaceae, belong to the order Ostropales. The genus was circumscribed by Alexander Zahlbruckner in 1903, with ''Spirographa spiralis'' later ass ...

'' *''

Spirographa vinosa ''Spirographa'' is a genus of parasitic fungi. It is the sole genus in the monotypic family Spirographaceae, belong to the order Ostropales. The genus was circumscribed by Alexander Zahlbruckner in 1903, with ''Spirographa spiralis'' later ass ...

References

Ostropales Ostropales genera Taxa described in 1903 Taxa named by Alexander Zahlbruckner Lichenicolous fungi {{Ostropales-stub