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, karma, dharma, the lotus sutra and the bodhisattvas , . These themes are paramount to the Buddhist faith and subsequently how adherents perceive reality .
The goal of non-attachment, which includes escaping from the cycle of rebirth and suffering through positive deeds and achieving enlightenment in samsara, is foundational throughout Buddhist spirituality . Buddha’s command to “steer clear of profitless metaphysical discussions” . This provides adherents with a clear understanding of the practice of non-attachment, which in turn is relevant to the practice of spiritual philosophy throughout Buddhism . The promise of obtaining enlightenment in Samsara and escaping the constant torture and suffering of the rebirth cycle, has resulted in adherents’ strict observance of moral disciplines . This discipline has resulted in consistent and widespread practice of faith amongst Buddhist adherents, and subsequently the practices of spiritual philosophy relevant to the religion .
Spiritual philosophy is any philosophy or teaching that pertains to spirituality. It may incorporate
Spiritual philosophy has both religious and non-religious connotations. The spirituality of religious individuals is greatly influenced by their religion’s beliefs, teachings, including sacred texts, and the practice of key rituals .
, karma, dharma, the lotus sutra">karma, dharma">karma">Four Noble Truths: BUDDHIST PHILOSOPHY Encycl ...religious
Religion is usually defined as a social- cultural system of designated behaviors and practices, morals, beliefs, worldviews, texts, sanctified places, prophecies, ethics, or organizations, that generally relates humanity to supernatural, ...
or esoteric
Western esotericism, also known as esotericism, esoterism, and sometimes the Western mystery tradition, is a term scholars use to categorise a wide range of loosely related ideas and movements that developed within Western society. These ideas a ...
themes. It can include any belief or thought system that embraces the existence of a reality that cannot be physically perceived . Concepts of spiritual philosophy are not universal and differ depending on one’s religious and cultural backgrounds . Spiritual philosophy can also be solely based on one’s personal and experiential connections .
The use of the term ‘spiritual philosophy’ in European culture has its origin in the Catholic concept of living one’s life and practising God’s words through the Holy Spirit. In the 19th century, the concept became more mainstream and evolved to encompass other religions and non-religious relationships with sacred, spiritual and supernatural beliefs.
The notions of spiritual philosophy, for some individuals, diverge from the long-standing history and tradition of institutionalised religion with believers of faith using the practices, beliefs and rituals of their organised religion to connect with their spirituality . In these instances, the practice of spiritual philosophy centres around the idea of god/gods or the divine .
However, spiritual philosophy is not always defined by religion . One’s beliefs in spiritual philosophy can be nontechnical and relate to one’s individual views and beliefs outside religious frameworks, regardless of one’s stance on religion .
Whilst the notions of spiritual philosophy are based on widely versed concepts and values (in both religious and non-religious instances), the belief system that influences spiritual philosophy is unique to the individual .
Types of spiritual philosophy
Spiritual philosophy can be observed and practiced both intuitively and speculatively.Intuitive spiritual philosophy
Intuitive spiritual philosophy suggests that there is an intellectual component beyond conscious inclination that fundamentally influences one’s practice of spirituality This level of intuitive thinking is influenced by one’s social identities, with priorities being placed on physical intuitions over rational intuitions .Speculative spiritual philosophy
Speculative spiritual philosophy focuses on critical reflection on theoretical and personal knowledge to gain understanding and alternative viewpoints of the concepts of spiritual philosophy . The main purpose of speculative spiritual philosophy is to understand the reasoning behind reality through profound experiences .Spiritual philosophy in Religion
Spiritual philosophy has both religious and non-religious connotations. The spirituality of religious individuals is greatly influenced by their religion’s beliefs, teachings, including sacred texts, and the practice of key rituals .
Eastern World Religions
Eastern world religions - Hinduism and Buddhism - understand the concepts of spiritual philosophy through the nature of Eastern philosophy . Eastern philosophy relies heavily on the teachings and beliefs of Eastern religions . The main concept of Eastern philosophy, contentment in the endless cycle of the universe, forms the basis of adherent’s spiritual philosophy .Buddhism
The teachings and rituals of early Buddhism are some of the earliest forms of spiritual philosophy . Buddhism provides guidance to adherents on what to do and how to live, in accordance with the teachings and practices of Buddhism . The Buddhist faith has maintained a rich tradition and continues to remain relevant in a world that is becoming increasingly modernised , . The central themes that pertain to Buddhist spirituality include theFour Noble Truths
In Buddhism, the Four Noble Truths (Sanskrit: ; pi, cattāri ariyasaccāni; "The four Arya satyas") are "the truths of the Noble Ones", the truths or realities for the "spiritually worthy ones". Four Noble Truths: BUDDHIST PHILOSOPHY Encycl ...
, karma">Four Noble Truths: BUDDHIST PHILOSOPHY Encycl ...Hinduism
The origins of spiritual philosophy in Hinduism are ambiguous . The foundations of Hindu adherents’ philosophical considerations are based traditional Indian philosophy and are derived from classic Hindu literature . These concepts are in turn derived from classic Hindu literature . The teachings ofreincarnation
Reincarnation, also known as rebirth or transmigration, is the philosophical or religious concept that the non-physical essence of a living being begins a new life in a different physical form or body after biological death. Resurrection is ...
, moksha/liberation, samsara, yogas/ashramas and karma are prevalent in Hindu spiritual philosophy . The sources of these concepts which pertain to Hinduism spiritual philosophy include the sacred texts of Hinduism and the various philosophical principles of Hindu schools . It is through understanding these teachings that adherents come to the ultimate philosophical conclusion of Hinduism: that the purpose of life is to enter Moksha - an escape from the mundane and meaningless cycle of rebirth . Through the practice and understanding of these key Hinduism ideologies, adherents are able to partake in spirituality practices that align with the religious values of Hinduism .
Western World Religions
Western world religions – Christianity, Judaism and Islam– apply the principles ofWestern philosophy
Western philosophy encompasses the philosophical thought and work of the Western world. Historically, the term refers to the philosophical thinking of Western culture, beginning with the ancient Greek philosophy of the pre-Socratics. The wo ...
to their interpretation of spiritual philosophy . Unlike Eastern philosophy, where there is a large reliance on religion for spiritual philosophy practices, Western philosophy does not solely rely on religion. Rather, Western philosophy explores the reaction to Western religion ideologies along with ideas of politics, science and mathematics .
Christianity
In the 1970s, Christian spiritual philosophy was transformed . This was the result of the charismatic movement of the 1960s . Christian spirituality is grounded by the philosophy; “the love of wisdom”, which, along with the core concept of Christianity: there is only one God who is an infinite, self-conscious spirit, is fundamental to adherent’s understanding and hence practice of spiritual philosophy , . These philosophical outlooks are based on the fundamental principle outlined in theGospel of John
The Gospel of John ( grc, Εὐαγγέλιον κατὰ Ἰωάννην, translit=Euangélion katà Iōánnēn) is the fourth of the four canonical gospels. It contains a highly schematic account of the ministry of Jesus, with seven "sig ...
; “In the beginning was the Word, and the Word was with God, and the Word was God.” John1:1 . Ultimately, Spiritual philosophy of Christian adherents is rooted in ‘faith’, influenced by those of ‘authority’ and must be regarded as ‘reasonable’ .
Different Christian denominations
Christians () are people who follow or adhere to Christianity, a monotheistic Abrahamic religion based on the life and teachings of Jesus Christ. The words '' Christ'' and ''Christian'' derive from the Koine Greek title ''Christós'' (Χρ ...
hold different points of view and hence have differing restraints and acceptations of these fundamental concepts of spiritual philosophy . However, adherents universally accept this doctrine in everyday practices in order to develop their understanding of spiritual philosophy in accordance with their faith .
Islam
Islamic spirituality requires adherent’s actions, behaviour and faith to align with the teachings and principles of Islam as outlined in theQur’an
The Quran (, ; Standard Arabic: , Quranic Arabic: , , 'the recitation'), also romanized Qur'an or Koran, is the central religious text of Islam, believed by Muslims to be a revelation from God. It is organized in 114 chapters (pl.: , sin ...
and the Prophet Muhammad . Islamic adherents who practice spirituality have a responsibility to uphold the relationship between themselves and Allah
Allah (; ar, الله, translit=Allāh, ) is the common Arabic word for God. In the English language, the word generally refers to God in Islam. The word is thought to be derived by contraction from '' al- ilāh'', which means "the god", ...
.
The teachings of the Qur’an are foundational to the practicing of spiritual philosophy in the Islamic faith . As the Qur’an promotes a holistic way of life, it provides essential guidance for Islamic adherents on how to live intellectually, religiously, socially and spiritually in accordance with their faith . Hence, the Qur’an forms the basis of understanding of spiritual philosophy .
It is within the framework of Islamic tradition that adherents focus on modelling ethical behaviour pertaining to their spirituality . It is with the highest importance that Islamic adherents must actively work to overcome gratuitous violence and ignorance . Azim Nanji, an Islamic philosopher, highlights that it is imperative in the Islamic faith that “individuals become trustee through whom a moral and spiritual vision f Godis fulfilled in personal life.” .
Ultimately, spiritual philosophy in the Islamic faith is guided by adherents’ belief and relationship with Allah .
Judaism
Spiritual philosophy in Judaism is largely based onNatural Theology
Natural theology, once also termed physico-theology, is a type of theology that seeks to provide arguments for theological topics (such as the existence of a deity) based on reason and the discoveries of science.
This distinguishes it from ...
. According to the Jewish faith, the spiritual living of adherents is not produced by a single thought, but rather a series of formal and informal spiritual experiences . These experiences have greatly influence adherents’ philosophical outlook and subsequently their everyday practice of spirituality . In the Jewish faith, it is philosophy that is primarily responsible for spiritual awakening rather than the history of the religion . Hence, Jewish adherents have greater reliance on the sacred texts and teachings of the religion to inform their decisions in leading a spiritual life . However, the history of the faith is also fundamental .
Additionally, developing a strong understanding of the Hebrew term ‘ru’aḥ ha-qodesh’ (the divine voice in scripture) is an important part of the philosophical and spiritual traditions present in the Jewish faith . In essence, ru’aḥ ha-qodesh is seen as a sub-prophetic experience, resulting in adherents being empowered by the spirit in order to articulate their spiritual philosophy in the Jewish tradition . This empowerment is the driving motivator for adherents to communicate their revelations to others .
Spiritual philosophy in a non-religious context
Non-religious spiritual philosophy encompasses spirituality that is not dictated by organised religion . The understanding and practice of this side of spiritual philosophy is influenced through one’s ethical principles, thoughts and emotions . Hence, non-religious spirituality is more open-ended than religious spiritual philosophy, as one’s spirituality not being based primarily on religious teachings and texts . A contemporary example is the spiritual philosophy outlined in ''The Book of Eden'' by poet and philosopher, Athol Williams. The number of individuals practising non-religious spirituality has continued to rise in the modern world, where the practice of institutionalised religion is declining and more people choose to identify asspiritual but not religious
"Spiritual but not religious" (SBNR), also known as "spiritual but not affiliated" (SBNA), is a popular phrase and initialism used to self-identify a life stance of spirituality that does not regard organized religion as the sole or most valuable ...
. Non-religious spiritual philosophy emphasises connection, with adherents being able to interpret concepts of spirituality in a context that aligns with personal beliefs and values . Whilst non-religious spiritual philosophy is more individualistic and does not necessarily follow an organised structure, there are still many non-religious spiritual philosophy outlooks that are followed by a community of people .
Non-religious spiritual philosophy encompasses an array of practices, which have the purpose to serve the mind, body and soul . These practices vary from mindfulness, to charity work, to retreats, and occur with the explicit purpose to guide one’s decisions .
Spiritual philosophy in science and medicine
Spirituality, whether sourced from a religious or non-religious background, has the potential to help individuals cope and heal from disease and provide support to patients suffering from a terminal diagnosis . It is believed that maintaining hope, meaning and a sense of purpose is vital for patients who undergo treatment for long-term illnesses to ensure individuals keep their identity and subsequently their personal sense of worth .
An outlook on spiritual philosophy which was integral to modern medicine is that of Florence Nightingale
Florence Nightingale (; 12 May 1820 – 13 August 1910) was an English social reformer, statistician and the founder of modern nursing. Nightingale came to prominence while serving as a manager and trainer of nurses during the Crimean War, i ...
, a nurse, philosopher, social reformer and statistician who came to prominence during the Crimean War . Her approach to patient care is now considered a fundamental component of the outlook patients and healthcare professionals have on illness and death . Nightingale’s interpretation of spiritual philosophy follows an evolution of spiritual philosophy for those from a non-religious background through the exploration of the relevance of science and mysticism to one’s spirituality . For Nightingale, the concept of spirituality, expands further than religion. She defined spirituality as the idea of a “presence higher than human” . It is a higher reality that drives one’s inner connection and subsequent sense of purpose and direction . Nightingale’s idea that spirituality is fundamental to human nature, holds relevance to science and has subsequently seen her philosophy being integrated into practice of modern nursing .
Nightingale incorporated spiritual philosophy into her practicing of nursing in order for herself, and nurses and patients alike, to understand and begin to accept illness and their potential devastating outcomes . Nightingale felt that a spiritual purpose was an intrinsic part of the healing process .
See also
* Integral theory *Perennial philosophy
The perennial philosophy ( la, philosophia perennis), also referred to as perennialism and perennial wisdom, is a perspective in philosophy and spirituality that views all of the world's religious traditions as sharing a single, metaphysical trut ...
*Spiritual but not religious
"Spiritual but not religious" (SBNR), also known as "spiritual but not affiliated" (SBNA), is a popular phrase and initialism used to self-identify a life stance of spirituality that does not regard organized religion as the sole or most valuable ...
* Spiritual crisis
* Spiritual naturalism
*Spiritual psychology
Transpersonal psychology, or spiritual psychology, is a sub-field or school of psychology that integrates the spiritual and transcendent aspects of the human experience with the framework of modern psychology. The '' transpersonal'' is defined ...
*Thelema
Thelema () is a Western esoteric and occult social or spiritual philosophy and new religious movement founded in the early 1900s by Aleister Crowley (1875–1947), an English writer, mystic, occultist, and ceremonial magician. The word ...
* Transmodernism
* Universal Sufism
References
* * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * {{cite journal , last1=Zacharias , first1=H. C. E. , title=Eastern spirituality , journal=Life of the Spirit , date=1951 , volume=6 , issue=64 , pages=136–142 , jstor=43703894 Metaphysical theories Religious philosophy Spirituality