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Syllidae, commonly known as the necklace worms, is a
Syllidae, commonly known as the necklace worms, is a family
Family (from ) is a Social group, group of people related either by consanguinity (by recognized birth) or Affinity (law), affinity (by marriage or other relationship). It forms the basis for social order. Ideally, families offer predictabili ...
of small to medium-sized polychaete worm
Polychaeta () is a paraphyletic class of generally marine annelid worms, commonly called bristle worms or polychaetes (). Each body segment has a pair of fleshy protrusions called parapodia that bear many bristles, called chaetae, which are ma ...
s. Syllids are distinguished from other polychaetes by the presence of a muscular region of the anterior digestive tract known as the ''proventricle''.
Syllid worms range in size from to . Most syllids are benthic
The benthic zone is the ecological region at the lowest level of a body of water such as an ocean, lake, or stream, including the sediment surface and some sub-surface layers. The name comes from the Ancient Greek word (), meaning "the depths". ...
organisms that transition to a pelagic
The pelagic zone consists of the water column of the open ocean and can be further divided into regions by depth. The word ''pelagic'' is derived . The pelagic zone can be thought of as an imaginary cylinder or water column between the sur ...
epitoke
Epitoky is a process that occurs in many species of polychaete marine worms wherein a sexually immature worm (the atoke) is modified or transformed into a sexually mature worm (the epitoke). Epitokes are pelagic morphs capable of sexual reprodu ...
for reproduction. They are found in all regions of the ocean, from the intertidal zone
The intertidal zone or foreshore is the area above water level at low tide and underwater at high tide; in other words, it is the part of the littoral zone within the tidal range. This area can include several types of habitats with various ...
to the deep sea
The deep sea is broadly defined as the ocean depth where light begins to fade, at an approximate depth of or the point of transition from continental shelves to continental slopes. Conditions within the deep sea are a combination of low tempe ...
, and are especially abundant in shallow water.
They are found in a range of habitats, moving actively on rock and sandy substrates, hiding in crevices and among seaweeds, and climbing on sponges, corals, hydrozoans, seagrasses and mangroves. They are generalist feeders. A young Syllid was one of the first worms to be found with pollen from seagrass in its stomach, making it a possible pollinator.
The ''proventricle'', Syllid worm's most distinctive anatomical feature, allows the worm to feed by sucking due to its pumping action. It also plays a role in hormone production, and thus the worm's sexual development. The proventricle is composed of strirated muscle cells with the longest known sacromeres among animals. The proventricle is usually visible through the body wall.
'' Syllis ramosa'' was the first polychaete discovered to have a branching body plan. Later, two species of Ramisyllis were discovered to have a branching body plan.
Subfamilies
* '' Anoplosyllinae'' ** '' Streptosyllis'' *** '' Streptosyllis bidentata'' (Southern, 1914) *** '' Streptosyllis websteri'' (Southern, 1914) **'' Syllides'' ***'' Syllides benedicti'' (Banse, 1971) *** '' Syllides longocirrata'' (Ørsted, 1845) * '' Eusyllinae'' ** '' Eusyllis'' *** '' Eusyllis assimilis'' (Marenzeller, 1875) *** '' Eusyllis blomstrandi'' (Malmgren, 1867) *** '' Eusyllis lamelligera'' (Marion & Bobretzky, 1875) ** '' Nudisyllis'' *** '' Nudisyllis divaricata'' (Keferstein, 1862) *** '' Nudisyllis pulligera'' (Krohn, 1852) ** '' Odontosyllis'' *** '' Odontosyllis ctenostoma'' (Claparède, 1868) *** '' Odontosyllis enopla'' ( Verrill, 1900) *** '' Odontosyllis fulgurans'' (Audouin & Milne-Edwards, 1833) *** '' Odontosyllis gibba'' (Claparède, 1863) *** '' Odontosyllis phosphorea'' (Moore, 1909) ** '' Opisthodonta'' *** '' Opisthodonta longocirrata'' (Saint-Joseph, 1886) ** '' Pionosyllis'' *** '' Pionosyllis compacta'' (Malmgren, 1867) *** '' Pionosyllis serratisetosa'' (López, San Martín & Jiménez, 1997) ** '' Synmerosyllis'' *** '' Synmerosyllis lamelligera'' (Saint-Joseph, 1886) * '' Autolytinae'' ** '' Epigamia'' *** '' Epigamia alexandri'' (Malmgren, 1867) ** '' Myrianida'' *** '' Myrianida brachycephala'' (Marenzeller, 1874) *** '' Myrianida edwarsi'' (Saint-Joseph, 1886) *** '' Myrianida inermis'' (Saint-Joseph, 1886) *** '' Myrianida langerhansi'' (Gidholm, 1967) *** '' Myrianida pinnigera'' (Montagu, 1808) *** '' Myrianida prolifera'' (O.F. Müller, 1788) *** '' Myrianida quinquedecimdentata'' (Langerhans, 1884) *** '' Myrianida rubropunctata'' (Grube, 1860) ** '' Proceraea'' *** '' Proceraea aurantiaca'' (Claparède, 1868) *** '' Proceraea cornuta'' (Agassiz, 1862) *** '' Proceraea picta'' (Ehlers, 1864) *** '' Proceraea prismatica'' (O.F. Müller, 1776) *** '' Procerastea halleziana'' (Malaquin, 1893) *** '' Procerastea nematodes'' (Langerhans, 1884) * '' Exogoninae'' ** '' Brania'' *** '' Brania pusilla'' (Dujardin, 1851) ** '' Erinaceusyllis'' *** '' Erinaceusyllis cirripapillata'' (San Martín, 2005) *** '' Erinaceusyllis erinaceus'' (Claparède, 1863) *** '' Erinaceusyllis ettiennei'' (San Martín, 2005) *** '' Erinaceusyllis hartmannschroederae'' (San Martín, 2005) *** '' Erinaceusyllis kathrynae'' (San Martín, 2005) ** '' Salvatoria'' *** '' Salvatoria clavata'' (Claparède, 1863) *** '' Salvatoria limbata'' (Claparède, 1868) *** '' Salvatoria swedmarki'' (Gidholm, 1962) ** '' Exogone'' *** '' Exogone dispar'' (Webster, 1879) *** '' Exogone naidina'' (Ørsted, 1845) *** '' Exogone verugera'' (Claparède, 1868) ** '' Parexogone'' *** '' Parexogone longicirris'' (Webster & Benedict, 1887) *** '' Parexogone hebes'' (Webster & Benedict, 1884) ** '' Prosphaerosyllis'' *** '' Prosphaerosyllis tetralix'' (Eliason, 1920) ** '' Sphaerosyllis'' *** '' Sphaerosyllis bardukaciculata'' (San Martín, 2005) *** '' Sphaerosyllis bulbosa'' (Southern, 1914) *** '' Sphaerosyllis goorabantennata'' (San Martín, 2005) *** '' Sphaerosyllis georgeharrisoni'' (San Martín, 2005) *** '' Sphaerosyllis hystrix'' (Claparède, 1863) *** '' Sphaerosyllis levantina''(Faulwetter et al., 2011) *** '' Sphaerosyllis pirifera'' (Claparède, 1868) *** '' Sphaerosyllis taylori'' (Perkins, 1980) *** '' Sphaerosyllis voluntariorum'' (San Martín, 2005) * '' Syllinae'' ** '' Syllis'' ***'' Syllis aciculigrossa'' (San Martín, 1990) *** '' Syllis adamantea'' (Treadwell, 1914) *** '' Syllis albae'' (Álvarez-Campos & Verdes, 2017) *** '' Syllis albanyensis'' (Hartmann-Schröder, 1984) *** '' Syllis alosae'' (San Martín, 1992) *** '' Syllis alternata'' (Moore, 1908) *** '' Syllis amica'' (Quatrefages, 1866) *** '' Syllis amicarmillaris'' (Simon, San Martín & Robinson, 2014) *** '' Syllis anoculata'' (Hartmann-Schröder, 1962) *** ''Syllis antoniae
''Syllis'' is a genus of marine bioluminescent polychaete worms.
References
{{Taxonbar, from=Q2373926
Polychaete genera
Bioluminescent annelids
Syllidae ...
'' (Salcedo Oropeza, San Martín & Solís-Weiss, 2012)
*** ''Syllis armillaris
''Syllis'' is a genus of marine bioluminescent polychaete worm
Polychaeta () is a paraphyletic class of generally marine annelid worms, commonly called bristle worms or polychaetes (). Each body segment has a pair of fleshy protrusions cal ...
'' (O.F. Müller, 1776)
*** '' Syllis augeneri'' (Haswell, 1920)
*** ''Syllis barbata
''Syllis'' is a genus of marine bioluminescent polychaete worms.
References
{{Taxonbar, from=Q2373926
Polychaete genera
Bioluminescent annelids
Syllidae ...
'' (San Martín, 1992)
*** '' Syllis bella'' (Chamberlin, 1919)
*** '' Syllis beneliahuae'' (Campoy & Alquézar, 1982)
*** '' Syllis benguellana'' (Day, 1963)
*** ''Syllis boggemanni
''Syllis'' is a genus of marine bioluminescent polychaete worm
Polychaeta () is a paraphyletic class of generally marine annelid worms, commonly called bristle worms or polychaetes (). Each body segment has a pair of fleshy protrusions cal ...
'' (San Martín, Álvarez-Campos & Hutchings, 2017)
*** ''Syllis botosaneanui
''Syllis'' is a genus of marine bioluminescent polychaete worm
Polychaeta () is a paraphyletic class of generally marine annelid worms, commonly called bristle worms or polychaetes (). Each body segment has a pair of fleshy protrusions cal ...
'' (Hartmann-Schröder, 1973)
*** ''Syllis brasiliensis
''Syllis'' is a genus of marine bioluminescent polychaete worm
Polychaeta () is a paraphyletic class of generally marine annelid worms, commonly called bristle worms or polychaetes (). Each body segment has a pair of fleshy protrusions cal ...
'' (McIntosh, 1885)
*** ''Syllis breviarticulata
''Syllis'' is a genus of marine bioluminescent polychaete worm
Polychaeta () is a paraphyletic class of generally marine annelid worms, commonly called bristle worms or polychaetes (). Each body segment has a pair of fleshy protrusions cal ...
'' (Grube, 1857)
*** ''Syllis brevicirrata
''Syllis'' is a genus of marine bioluminescent polychaete worm
Polychaeta () is a paraphyletic class of generally marine annelid worms, commonly called bristle worms or polychaetes (). Each body segment has a pair of fleshy protrusions cal ...
'' (McIntosh, 1908)
*** ''Syllis brevicirris
''Syllis'' is a genus of marine bioluminescent polychaete worm
Polychaeta () is a paraphyletic class of generally marine annelid worms, commonly called bristle worms or polychaetes (). Each body segment has a pair of fleshy protrusions cal ...
'' (Hansen, 1882)
*** ''Syllis broomensis
''Syllis'' is a genus of marine bioluminescent polychaete worm
Polychaeta () is a paraphyletic class of generally marine annelid worms, commonly called bristle worms or polychaetes (). Each body segment has a pair of fleshy protrusions cal ...
'' (Hartmann-Schröder, 1979)
*** ''Syllis caeca
''Syllis'' is a genus of marine bioluminescent polychaete worm
Polychaeta () is a paraphyletic class of generally marine annelid worms, commonly called bristle worms or polychaetes (). Each body segment has a pair of fleshy protrusions cal ...
'' (Monro, 1933)
*** ''Syllis castroviejoi
''Syllis castroviejoi'' is a species of polychaete
Polychaeta () is a paraphyletic class of generally marine Annelid, annelid worms, common name, commonly called bristle worms or polychaetes (). Each body segment has a pair of fleshy protrusio ...
'' (Capa, San Martín & López, 2001)
*** ''Syllis cerina
''Syllis'' is a genus of marine bioluminescent polychaete worm
Polychaeta () is a paraphyletic class of generally marine annelid worms, commonly called bristle worms or polychaetes (). Each body segment has a pair of fleshy protrusions cal ...
'' (Grube, 1878)
*** '' Syllis cirrita'' (Lee & Rho, 1994)
*** '' Syllis columbretensis'' (Campoy, 1982)
*** '' Syllis compacta'' (Gravier, 1900)
*** '' Syllis corallicola'' (Verrill, 1900)
*** '' Syllis cornuta'' (Rathke, 1843)
*** '' Syllis crassicirrata'' (Treadwell, 1925)
*** '' Syllis cruzi'' (Núñez & San Martín, 1991)
*** '' Syllis curticirris'' (Monro, 1937)
*** '' Syllis danieli'' (San Martín, 1992)
*** '' Syllis deleoni'' (Salcedo Oropeza, San Martín & Solís-Weiss, 2012)
*** '' Syllis edensis'' (Hartmann-Schröder, 1989)
*** '' Syllis elongata'' (Johnson, 1901)
*** '' Syllis ergeni'' (Çinar, 2005)
*** '' Syllis erikae'' (Hartmann-Schröder, 1981)
*** '' Syllis fasciata'' (Malmgren, 1867)
*** '' Syllis ferrani'' (Alós & San Martín, 1987)
*** '' Syllis filidentata'' (Hartmann-Schröder, 1962)
*** '' Syllis garciai'' (Campoy, 1982)
*** '' Syllis gerlachi'' (Hartmann-Schröder, 1960)
*** '' Syllis gerundensis'' (Alós & Campoy, 1981)
*** '' Syllis glandulata'' (Nogueira & San Martín, 2002)
*** '' Syllis glarearia'' (Westheide, 1974)
*** '' Syllis golfonovensis'' (Hartmann-Schröder, 1962)
*** ''Syllis gracilis
''Syllis'' is a genus of marine bioluminescent polychaete worms.
References
{{Taxonbar, from=Q2373926
Polychaete genera
Bioluminescent annelids
Syllidae ...
'' (Grube, 1840)
*** '' Syllis guidae'' (Nogueira & Yunda-Guarin, 2008)
*** '' Syllis heterochaeta'' (Moore, 1909)
*** '' Syllis hyalina'' (Grube, 1863)
*** '' Syllis hyllebergi'' (Licher, 1999)
*** '' Syllis joaoi'' (San Martín, Álvarez-Campos & Hutchings, 2017)
*** '' Syllis jorgei'' (San Martín & López, 2000)
*** '' Syllis kabilica'' (Ben-Eliahu, 1977)
*** '' Syllis karlae'' (San Martín, Álvarez-Campos & Hutchings, 2017)
*** '' Syllis kas'' (Lucas, Sikorski & San Martín, 2018)
*** '' Syllis komodoensis'' (Aguado, San Martín & ten Hove, 2008)
*** '' Syllis krohnii'' (Ehlers, 1864)
*** '' Syllis lagunae'' (Tovar-Hernández, Hernández-Alcántara & Solís-Weiss, 2008)
*** '' Syllis latifrons'' (Grube, 1857)
*** '' Syllis licheri'' (Ravara, San Martín & Moreira, 2004)
*** '' Syllis limbata'' (Grube, 1880)
*** '' Syllis longesegmentata'' (Grube, 1857)
*** '' Syllis lunaris'' (Imajima, 1966)
*** '' Syllis lutea'' (Hartmann-Schröder, 1960)
*** '' Syllis luteoides'' (Hartmann-Schröder, 1962)
*** '' Syllis macroceras'' (Grube, 1857)
*** '' Syllis macrodentata'' (Hartmann-Schröder, 1982)
*** '' Syllis magdalena'' (Wesenberg-Lund, 1962)
*** '' Syllis magnapalpa'' (Hartmann-Schröder, 1965)
*** '' Syllis marceloi'' (San Martín, Álvarez-Campos & Hutchings, 2017)
*** '' Syllis marugani'' (Aguado, San Martín & Nishi, 2006)
*** '' Syllis maryae'' (San Martín, 1992)
*** '' Syllis mauretanica'' (Licher, 1999)
*** '' Syllis mayeri'' (Musco & Giangrande, 2005)
*** '' Syllis mercedesae'' (Lucas, San Martín & Parapar, 2012)
*** '' Syllis mexicana'' (Rioja, 1960)
*** '' Syllis microoculata'' (Hartmann-Schröder, 1965)
*** '' Syllis monilaris'' (Savigny in Lamarck, 1818)
*** '' Syllis mytilorum'' (Studer, 1889)
*** '' Syllis nigra'' (Augener, 1925)
*** '' Syllis nigrescens'' (Grube, 1878)
*** '' Syllis nigricirris'' (Grube, 1863)
*** '' Syllis nigriscens'' (Grube, 1878)
*** '' Syllis nigropunctata'' (Haswell, 1886)
*** '' Syllis notocera'' (Ehlers, 1905)
*** '' Syllis nuchalis'' (Hartmann-Schröder, 1960)
*** '' Syllis obscura'' (Grube, 1857)
*** '' Syllis onkylochaeta'' (Hartmann-Schröder, 1991)
*** '' Syllis ortizi'' (San Martín, 1992)
*** '' Syllis parapari'' (San Martín & López, 2000)
*** '' Syllis parturiens'' (Haswell, 1920)
*** '' Syllis pectinans'' (Haswell, 1920)
*** '' Syllis picta'' (Kinberg, 1866)
*** '' Syllis pigmentata'' (Chamberlin, 1919)
*** '' Syllis pilosa'' (Aguado, San Martín & Nishi, 2008)
*** '' Syllis pontxioi'' (San Martín & López, 2000)
*** '' Syllis profunda'' (Cognetti, 1955)
*** '' Syllis prolifera'' (Krohn, 1852)
*** '' Syllis prolixa'' (Ehlers, 1901)
*** '' Syllis pseudoarmillaris'' (Nogueira & San Martín, 2002)
*** '' Syllis pulvinata'' (Langerhans, 1881)
*** '' Syllis quadrifasciata'' (Fischli, 1900)
*** '' Syllis quaternaria'' (Moore, 1906)
*** '' Syllis ramosa'' (McIntosh, 1879)
*** '' Syllis riojai'' (San Martín, 1990)
*** '' Syllis robertianae'' (McIntosh, 1885)
*** '' Syllis rosea'' (Langerhans, 1879)
*** '' Syllis rubicunda'' (Aguado, San Martín & Nishi, 2008)
*** '' Syllis rudolphi'' (Delle Chiaje, 1841)
*** '' Syllis schulzi'' (Hartmann-Schröder, 1960)
*** '' Syllis sclerolaema'' (Ehlers, 1901)
*** '' Syllis setoensis'' (Imajima, 1966)
*** '' Syllis sol'' (San Martín, 2004)
*** '' Syllis stenura'' (Blanchard in Gay, 1849)
*** '' Syllis tamarae'' (Álvarez-Campos & Verdes, 2017)
*** '' Syllis tiedemanni'' (Delle Chiaje, 1841)
*** '' Syllis torquata'' (Marion & Bobretzky, 1875)
*** '' Syllis tripantu'' (Álvarez-Campos & Verdes, 2017)
*** '' Syllis truncata'' (Haswell, 1920)
*** '' Syllis tyrrhena'' (Licher & Kuper, 1998)
*** '' Syllis umbricolor'' (Grube, 1878)
*** '' Syllis unzima'' (Simon, San Martín & Robinson, 2014)
*** '' Syllis valida'' (Grube, 1857)
*** '' Syllis variegata'' (Grube, 1860)
*** '' Syllis villenai'' (Aguado, San Martín & ten Hove, 2008)
*** '' Syllis violacea'' (Grube, 1870)
*** '' Syllis vittata'' (Grube, 1840)
*** '' Syllis vivipara'' (Krohn, 1869)
*** '' Syllis warrnamboolensis'' (Hartmann-Schröder, 1987)
*** '' Syllis westheidei'' (San Martín, 1984)
*** '' Syllis yallingupensis'' (Hartmann-Schröder, 1982)
*** '' Syllis ypsiloides'' (Aguado, San Martín & ten Hove, 2008)
** '' Ramisyllis''
*** '' Ramisyllis multicaudata'' (Glasby, Schroeder & Aguado, 2012)
*** '' Ramisyllis kingghidorahi'' (M. Teresa Aguado, et al. 2022)
References
Annelid families Long stubs with short prose {{Annelid-stub