The heart urchins or Spatangoida are an
order
Order, ORDER or Orders may refer to:
* A socio-political or established or existing order, e.g. World order, Ancien Regime, Pax Britannica
* Categorization, the process in which ideas and objects are recognized, differentiated, and understood
...
of
sea urchin
Sea urchins or urchins () are echinoderms in the class (biology), class Echinoidea. About 950 species live on the seabed, inhabiting all oceans and depth zones from the intertidal zone to deep seas of . They typically have a globular body cove ...
s.
Their body is a somewhat elongated oval in form, and is distinguished by the mouth being placed towards one end of the animal, and the anus towards the other. As a result, heart urchins, unlike most other sea urchins, are bilaterally symmetrical, and have a distinct anterior surface. The presence and position of the mouth and anus typically give members of this group the distinct "heart" shape from which they get their name.
Heart urchins have no feeding lantern, and often have petaloids sunk into grooves. They are a relatively diverse order, with a number of varying species.
Taxonomy
According to
World Register of Marine Species
The World Register of Marine Species (WoRMS) is a taxonomic database that aims to provide an authoritative and comprehensive catalogue and list of names of marine organisms.
Content
The content of the registry is edited and maintained by scien ...
:
* suborder
Brissidina Stockley, Smith, Littlewood, Lessios & MacKenzie-Dodds, 2005
** family
Asterostomatidae Pictet, 1857
** family
Brissidae Gray, 1855
** family
Palaeotropidae
Palaeotropidae is a family of echinoderms belonging to the order Spatangoida
The heart urchins or Spatangoida are an order (biology), order of sea urchins.
Their body is a somewhat elongated oval in form, and is distinguished by the mouth bei ...
Lambert, 1896
** superfamily
Spatangoidea Fischer, 1966
*** family
Eupatagidae
Eupatagidae is a family of echinoderms belonging to the order Spatangoida
The heart urchins or Spatangoida are an order (biology), order of sea urchins.
Their body is a somewhat elongated oval in form, and is distinguished by the mouth being ...
Lambert, 1905
*** family
Eurypatagidae
Eurypatagidae is a family of echinoderms belonging to the order Spatangoida
The heart urchins or Spatangoida are an order (biology), order of sea urchins.
Their body is a somewhat elongated oval in form, and is distinguished by the mouth bein ...
Kroh, 2007
*** family
Loveniidae
Loveniidae is a family of heart urchins in the order Spatangoida.
Description and characteristics
These sea urchins are called "heart urchins" due to the specific shape of their test, looking like a heart when seen from below (more or less depen ...
Lambert, 1905
*** family
Macropneustidae
Macropneustidae is a family of echinoderms belonging to the order Spatangoida
The heart urchins or Spatangoida are an order (biology), order of sea urchins.
Their body is a somewhat elongated oval in form, and is distinguished by the mouth be ...
Lambert, 1905
*** family
Maretiidae
Maretiidae is a family of echinoderms belonging to the order Spatangoida.
Genera
Genera:
* ''Amoraster'' McNamara & Ah Yee, 1989
* ''Granobrissoides'' Lambert, 1920
* ''Gymnopatagus'' Döderlein, 1901
* ''Hemimaretia'' Mortensen, 1950
* ''Homola ...
Lambert, 1905
*** family
Megapneustidae Fourtau, 1905 †
*** family
Spatangidae
The Spatangidae are a family of heart urchins. There are three recognised genera within the family; '' Granopatagus'', '' Plethotaenia'', and ''Spatangus
''Spatangus'' is a genus of heart urchins in the Spatangidae family.Hansson, H. (2009)Sp ...
Gray, 1825
* family
Hemiasteridae
Hemiasteridae is a family of echinoderms belonging to the order Spatangoida
The heart urchins or Spatangoida are an order (biology), order of sea urchins.
Their body is a somewhat elongated oval in form, and is distinguished by the mouth bein ...
H. L. Clark, 1917
* suborder
Micrasterina Fischer, 1966
** family
Aeropsidae
Aeropsidae is a family of echinoderms belonging to the order Spatangoida
The heart urchins or Spatangoida are an order (biology), order of sea urchins.
Their body is a somewhat elongated oval in form, and is distinguished by the mouth being p ...
Lambert, 1896
** family
Micrasteridae Lambert, 1920a
* family
Palaeostomatidae
Palaeostomatidae is a family of echinoderms belonging to the order Spatangoida
The heart urchins or Spatangoida are an order (biology), order of sea urchins.
Their body is a somewhat elongated oval in form, and is distinguished by the mouth b ...
Lovén, 1868
* suborder
Paleopneustina Markov & Solovjev, 2001
** superfamily
Paleopneustoidea A. Agassiz, 1904
*** family
Paleopneustidae
Paleopneustidae is a family of echinoderms belonging to the order Spatangoida
The heart urchins or Spatangoida are an order (biology), order of sea urchins.
Their body is a somewhat elongated oval in form, and is distinguished by the mouth be ...
A. Agassiz, 1904
*** family
Pericosmidae
Pericosmidae is a family of echinoderms belonging to the order Spatangoida
The heart urchins or Spatangoida are an order (biology), order of sea urchins.
Their body is a somewhat elongated oval in form, and is distinguished by the mouth being ...
Lambert, 1905
** family
Prenasteridae
Prenasteridae is a family of echinoderms belonging to the order Spatangoida
The heart urchins or Spatangoida are an order (biology), order of sea urchins.
Their body is a somewhat elongated oval in form, and is distinguished by the mouth bein ...
Lambert, 1905
** family
Schizasteridae Lambert, 1905
* family
Somaliasteridae Wagner & Durham, 1966a †
* family
Toxasteridae Lambert, 1920a †
Image:Brissus latecarinatus.jpg , '' Brissus latecarinatus'' ( Brissidae)
Image:Eupatagus mooreanus fossil heart urchin (Eocene; Florida, USA) 1 (16765728703).jpg, '' Eupatagus mooreanus'' (Eupatagidae
Eupatagidae is a family of echinoderms belonging to the order Spatangoida
The heart urchins or Spatangoida are an order (biology), order of sea urchins.
Their body is a somewhat elongated oval in form, and is distinguished by the mouth being ...
)
Image:Echinocardium_cordatum.jpg, '' Echinocardium cordatum'' (Loveniidae
Loveniidae is a family of heart urchins in the order Spatangoida.
Description and characteristics
These sea urchins are called "heart urchins" due to the specific shape of their test, looking like a heart when seen from below (more or less depen ...
)
Image:Phrissocystis.jpg, '' Phrissocystis sp.'' (Macropneustidae
Macropneustidae is a family of echinoderms belonging to the order Spatangoida
The heart urchins or Spatangoida are an order (biology), order of sea urchins.
Their body is a somewhat elongated oval in form, and is distinguished by the mouth be ...
)
Image:Tiny maretia heart urchin (Maretia planulata).jpg , '' Maretia planulata'' (Maretiidae
Maretiidae is a family of echinoderms belonging to the order Spatangoida.
Genera
Genera:
* ''Amoraster'' McNamara & Ah Yee, 1989
* ''Granobrissoides'' Lambert, 1920
* ''Gymnopatagus'' Döderlein, 1901
* ''Hemimaretia'' Mortensen, 1950
* ''Homola ...
)
Image:Spatangus purpureus.jpg, ''Spatangus purpureus
''Spatangus purpureus'', commonly known as the purple heart urchin, is a species of sea urchin in the family Spatangidae. It is found in the eastern Atlantic Ocean and the Mediterranean Sea, where it lives immersed in the sediment.
Description
' ...
'' (Spatangidae
The Spatangidae are a family of heart urchins. There are three recognised genera within the family; '' Granopatagus'', '' Plethotaenia'', and ''Spatangus
''Spatangus'' is a genus of heart urchins in the Spatangidae family.Hansson, H. (2009)Sp ...
)
Image:Palhemiastercomanchei.jpg, Fossil of '' Palhemiaster comanchei'' (Hemiasteridae
Hemiasteridae is a family of echinoderms belonging to the order Spatangoida
The heart urchins or Spatangoida are an order (biology), order of sea urchins.
Their body is a somewhat elongated oval in form, and is distinguished by the mouth bein ...
)
Image:Oliver2012 fig5 Aeropsis rostrata (Wyville Thomson, 1877) with Kelliola symmetros (Jeffreys, 1876).png, '' Aeropsis rostrata'' (Aeropsidae
Aeropsidae is a family of echinoderms belonging to the order Spatangoida
The heart urchins or Spatangoida are an order (biology), order of sea urchins.
Their body is a somewhat elongated oval in form, and is distinguished by the mouth being p ...
)
Image:Micraster leskei MHNT Turonien Puys 76.jpg, Fossil of '' Micraster leskei'' ( Micrasteridae)
Image:Prymnaster investigatoris dPNG12 2718.JPG, '' Prymnaster investigatoris'' ( Schizasteridae)
Image:Heteraster oblongus.3 - Cretacico inferior.JPG, Fossil of '' Heteraster oblongus'' ( Toxasteridae)
See also
* ''
Abatus agassizii''
* ''
Meoma ventricosa''
References
*
*
Extant Early Cretaceous first appearances
{{echinoidea-stub