Socialist-style emblems usually follow a unique style consisting of

communist symbolism Communist symbolism represents a variety of themes, including revolution, the proletariat, the peasantry, agriculture, or international solidarity. The red flag, the hammer and sickle, and the red star - or variations thereof - are some of the ...

. Although commonly referred to as

coats of arms A coat of arms is a heraldic visual design on an escutcheon (i.e., shield), surcoat, or tabard (the last two being outer garments), originating in Europe. The coat of arms on an escutcheon forms the central element of the full heraldic ac ...

, most are not actually traditional heraldic achievements. Many communist governments purposely diverged from heraldic tradition in order to distance themselves from the

monarchies A monarchy is a form of government in which a person, the monarch, reigns as head of state for the rest of their life, or until abdication. The extent of the authority of the monarch may vary from restricted and largely symbolic (constitutio ...

that they usually replaced, with coats of arms being seen as symbols of the monarchs.

Soviet Russia The Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic (Russian SFSR or RSFSR), previously known as the Russian Socialist Federative Soviet Republic and the Russian Soviet Republic, and unofficially as Soviet Russia,Declaration of Rights of the labo ...

was the first state to use a

socialist Socialism is an economic ideology, economic and political philosophy encompassing diverse Economic system, economic and social systems characterised by social ownership of the means of production, as opposed to private ownership. It describes ...

-style emblem, beginning at its creation in 1917. The style became more widespread after

World War II World War II or the Second World War (1 September 1939 – 2 September 1945) was a World war, global conflict between two coalitions: the Allies of World War II, Allies and the Axis powers. World War II by country, Nearly all of the wo ...

, when many other communist states were established. Even a few non-socialist (or communist) states have adopted the style, for various reasons—usually because communists had helped them to gain independence or establish their republican governments. After the fall of the Soviet Union and the other communist states in Eastern Europe between 1989 and 1992, this style of state emblems was often abandoned in favour of the old heraldic practices, with many (but not all) of the new governments reinstating traditional heraldry that was previously cast aside.

Origin and history

The

Soviet Union The Union of Soviet Socialist Republics. (USSR), commonly known as the Soviet Union, was a List of former transcontinental countries#Since 1700, transcontinental country that spanned much of Eurasia from 1922 until Dissolution of the Soviet ...

, created after the 1917 revolution, required insignia to represent itself in line with other sovereign states, such as emblems, flags and seals, but the Soviet leaders did not wish to continue the old heraldic practices which they saw as associated with the societal system the revolution sought to replace. In response to the needs and wishes, the national emblem adopted would lack the traditional heraldic elements of a shield, helm, crest and mantling, and instead be presented more plainly. This style was followed then by other socialist and communist states, which wished to also focus attention on the nation's workers and diverge from feudalism and all of its associations. In some communist countries, the socialist style of emblems was never adopted fully. The

coat of arms of Poland The coat of arms of Poland is the Coat of arms, heraldic symbol representing Poland. The current version was adopted in 1990. It is a white, crowned Eagle (heraldry), eagle with a golden beak and talons, on a red background. In Poland, the coat ...

was only changed slightly under the communist era, retaining the traditional heraldic form. In Hungary, the "Rákosi badge", an emblem in the socialist style, was adopted following the Second World War, but after the 1956 uprising, a new emblem ("Kádár badge") was created combining communist symbolism with a heraldic shield in the colours of the Hungarian flag. Czechoslovakia became a Communist country in 1948 but retained its original coat of arms until 1960-1961, when they were replaced with a non-traditional shield depicting the heraldic Bohemian lion without a crown and with a red star above head. Some of the states of Yugoslavia also used heraldic shields coupled with socialist imagery in their emblems, as did two republics within the USSR: the

Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic The Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic (Russian SFSR or RSFSR), previously known as the Russian Socialist Federative Soviet Republic and the Russian Soviet Republic, and unofficially as Soviet Russia,Declaration of Rights of the labo ...

and the

Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic The Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic, abbreviated as the Ukrainian SSR, UkrSSR, and also known as Soviet Ukraine or just Ukraine, was one of the Republics of the Soviet Union, constituent republics of the Soviet Union from 1922 until 1991. ...

Characteristics

Socialist style of state emblems typically makes use of the following symbols: *

Hammer and sickle The hammer and sickle (Unicode: ) is a communist symbol representing proletarian solidarity between industrial and agricultural workers. It was first adopted during the Russian Revolution at the end of World War I, the hammer representing wo ...

, representing respectively the workers and peasantry. In some countries, the sickle may be replaced by another traditional tool for local agriculture, most often a hoe. More rarely, a hammer may be used on its own, to represent the working classes as a whole. * The five-pointed

Red star A red star, five-pointed and filled, is a symbol that has often historically been associated with communist ideology, particularly in combination with the hammer and sickle, but is also used as a purely socialist symbol in the 21st century. ...

, representing the five fingers of the worker's hand and the five continents on the earth. Often displayed with a yellow border, or a yellow five-pointed star, often on a red background *

Wreaths A wreath () is an assortment of flowers, Leaf, leaves, fruits, twigs, or various materials that is constructed to form a ring shape. In English-speaking countries, wreaths are used typically as household ornaments, most commonly as an Christm ...

grain A grain is a small, hard, dry fruit (caryopsis) – with or without an attached husk, hull layer – harvested for human or animal consumption. A grain crop is a grain-producing plant. The two main types of commercial grain crops are cereals and ...

or other

domesticated plants This is a list of plants that have been domesticated by humans. The list includes individual plant species identified by their common names as well as larger formal and informal botanical categories which include at least some domesticated individ ...

encircling the emblem, representing agriculture and plenty * Interwoven

ribbon A ribbon or riband is a thin band of material, typically cloth but also plastic or sometimes metal, used primarily as decorative binding and tying. Cloth ribbons are made of natural materials such as silk, cotton, and jute and of synthetic mate ...

s in national or red colors, sometimes used for a motto *

The rising sun ''The Rising Sun: The Decline and Fall of the Japanese Empire, 1936–1945'' is a nonfiction history book by John Toland, published by Random House in 1970. It won the 1971 Pulitzer Prize for General Nonfiction. It was republished by Random Hous ...

, representing revolution * Modern industrial accessories such as

gear A gear or gearwheel is a rotating machine part typically used to transmit rotational motion and/or torque by means of a series of teeth that engage with compatible teeth of another gear or other part. The teeth can be integral saliences or ...

s and

electricity pylon A transmission tower (also electricity pylon, hydro tower, or pylon) is a tall structure, usually a lattice tower made of steel that is used to support an overhead power line. In electrical grids, transmission towers carry high voltage, high-volt ...

s * Books, representing the

intelligentsia The intelligentsia is a status class composed of the university-educated people of a society who engage in the complex mental labours by which they critique, shape, and lead in the politics, policies, and culture of their society; as such, the i ...

, and more generally, science and culture * Local

landscape A landscape is the visible features of an area of land, its landforms, and how they integrate with natural or human-made features, often considered in terms of their aesthetic appeal.''New Oxford American Dictionary''. A landscape includes th ...

s * Other tools or accessories, sometimes weapons. However, the latter is more characteristic of national liberation movement symbolism than of traditional Socialist heraldic style. Emblems following this style generally have a circular or oval shape.

Present

With the dissolution of the Eastern Bloc in Europe, most of these countries' socialist emblems have been replaced with old pre-communist symbols or by wholly new coats of arms. The socialist style's influence is still seen in the emblems of several countries, such as the

People's Republic of China China, officially the People's Republic of China (PRC), is a country in East Asia. With population of China, a population exceeding 1.4 billion, it is the list of countries by population (United Nations), second-most populous country after ...

North Korea North Korea, officially the Democratic People's Republic of Korea (DPRK), is a country in East Asia. It constitutes the northern half of the Korea, Korean Peninsula and borders China and Russia to the north at the Yalu River, Yalu (Amnok) an ...

has a national emblem in pure socialist style, as do

Vietnam Vietnam, officially the Socialist Republic of Vietnam (SRV), is a country at the eastern edge of mainland Southeast Asia, with an area of about and a population of over 100 million, making it the world's List of countries and depende ...

and

Laos Laos, officially the Lao People's Democratic Republic (LPDR), is the only landlocked country in Southeast Asia. It is bordered by Myanmar and China to the northwest, Vietnam to the east, Cambodia to the southeast, and Thailand to the west and ...

. During the infancy years of the

Russian Federation Russia, or the Russian Federation, is a country spanning Eastern Europe and North Asia. It is the list of countries and dependencies by area, largest country in the world, and extends across Time in Russia, eleven time zones, sharing Borders ...

(the successor to the Soviet Union), the country used the modified version of the emblem of the RSFSR with the inscription was changed from ''RSFSR'' () to the ''Russian Federation'' (/) until the new coat of arms was adopted in 1993. The

national emblem of Belarus The national emblem of Belarus features a ribbon in the colors of the Flag of Belarus, national flag, a silhouette of Belarus, wheat ears and a red star. It is sometimes referred to as the coat of arms of Belarus, although in heraldry, heraldic ...

was adopted in 1995 following a controversial

referendum A referendum, plebiscite, or ballot measure is a Direct democracy, direct vote by the Constituency, electorate (rather than their Representative democracy, representatives) on a proposal, law, or political issue. A referendum may be either bin ...

. It is reminiscent of that of the

Byelorussian SSR The Byelorussian Soviet Socialist Republic (BSSR, Byelorussian SSR or Byelorussia; ; ), also known as Soviet Belarus or simply Belarus, was a republic of the Soviet Union (USSR). It existed between 1920 and 1922 as an independent state, and ...

and replaced the coat of arms of 1991–1995 which followed the traditional heraldic style.

Tajikistan Tajikistan, officially the Republic of Tajikistan, is a landlocked country in Central Asia. Dushanbe is the capital city, capital and most populous city. Tajikistan borders Afghanistan to the Afghanistan–Tajikistan border, south, Uzbekistan to ...

and

Uzbekistan , image_flag = Flag of Uzbekistan.svg , image_coat = Emblem of Uzbekistan.svg , symbol_type = Emblem of Uzbekistan, Emblem , national_anthem = "State Anthem of Uzbekistan, State Anthem of the Republ ...

also retained components of their respective former Soviet republics' emblems. The

national emblem of North Macedonia The national emblem of North Macedonia depicts two curved garlands of sheaves of wheat, tobacco leaves and opium poppy fruits, tied by a ribbon decorated with embroidery of traditional Macedonian folk motifs. In the center of the ovoid frame ar ...

is reminiscent of that of the

Socialist Republic of Macedonia The Socialist Republic of Macedonia (), or SR Macedonia, commonly referred to as Socialist Macedonia, Yugoslav Macedonia or simply Macedonia, was one of the six constituent republics of the post-World War II Socialist Federal Republic of Y ...

(once a constituent socialist republic of the

Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia The Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia (commonly abbreviated as SFRY or SFR Yugoslavia), known from 1945 to 1963 as the Federal People's Republic of Yugoslavia, commonly referred to as Socialist Yugoslavia or simply Yugoslavia, was a country ...

), having removed the red star from it in 2009. In Africa, the emblems of the former Portuguese colonies of

Angola Angola, officially the Republic of Angola, is a country on the west-Central Africa, central coast of Southern Africa. It is the second-largest Portuguese-speaking world, Portuguese-speaking (Lusophone) country in both total area and List of c ...

and

Mozambique Mozambique, officially the Republic of Mozambique, is a country located in Southeast Africa bordered by the Indian Ocean to the east, Tanzania to the north, Malawi and Zambia to the northwest, Zimbabwe to the west, and Eswatini and South Afr ...

, as well as

Guinea-Bissau Guinea-Bissau, officially the Republic of Guinea-Bissau, is a country in West Africa that covers with an estimated population of 2,026,778. It borders Senegal to Guinea-Bissau–Senegal border, its north and Guinea to Guinea–Guinea-Bissau b ...

, follow the socialist-style emblems formula. The

Republic of Serbia , image_flag = Flag of Serbia.svg , national_motto = , image_coat = Coat of arms of Serbia.svg , national_anthem = () , image_map = , map_caption = Location of Serbia (gree ...

used the coat of arms of the Socialist Republic of SerbiaLaw on the use of the coat of arms of the Socialist Republic of Serbia ( ("SG SRS", br. 6/1985.) until the recommended

symbols A symbol is a mark, sign, or word that indicates, signifies, or is understood as representing an idea, object, or relationship. Symbols allow people to go beyond what is known or seen by creating linkages between otherwise different concep ...

by the National Assembly on 17 August 2004. The recommended usage was made into law on 11 May 2009 thus officially replacing the socialist emblem. The unrecognised state of

Transnistria Transnistria, officially known as the Pridnestrovian Moldavian Republic and locally as Pridnestrovie, is a Landlocked country, landlocked Transnistria conflict#International recognition of Transnistria, breakaway state internationally recogn ...

has a state emblem based on a Soviet-era design, despite not being a socialist state. The pattern also applies to the self-declared

Luhansk People's Republic The Luhansk People's Republic (LPR; , ) is a disputed territory administered as a republic of Russia in the occupied parts of eastern Ukraine's Luhansk Oblast, with its capital in Luhansk. The LPR was proclaimed by Russian-backed paramilitar ...

Galleries

Below are galleries of historical and current national emblems. The years given are for the emblems, not for the countries. This is not an exhaustive gallery, since they are here to illustrate the article, not to show every example. Only long-lasting emblems of independent countries are shown.

Current emblems

National Emblem of the People's Republic of China (2).svg, Emblem of Vietnam.svg, Emblem of Laos.svg, Emblem of North Korea.svg, Emblem of Angola.svg, Coat of arms of Belarus (2020–present).svg, Emblem of Guinea-Bissau.svg, Emblem of Mozambique.svg, Emblem of Nepal.svg, Coat of arms of North Macedonia.svg, Emblem of Tajikistan.svg, Emblem of Uzbekistan.svg, Arms_of_the_Islamic_Emirate_of_Afghanistan.svg, Emblem of Djibouti.svg, Emblem of Turkmenistan.svg, Emblem of Kazakhstan latin.svg, Emblem of Kyrgyzstan.svg, File:Seal of Madagascar.svg,

Non-UN member states or subnational divisions with socialist-styled emblems

Coat of arms of Transnistria.svg, Coat of arms of the Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic.svg, Coat of arms of Adygea.svg, Coat of Arms of Altai Krai.svg, Coat of Arms of Bryansk Oblast.svg, Coat of arms of Chechnya.svg, Coat of arms of Gagauzia.svg, Coat of arms of Kemerovo Oblast.svg, COA LPR oct 2014.svg, Coat of arms of Mordovia.svg, Coat of Arms of Volgograd oblast.svg, Emblem of Wa State.svg, Герб Заиграевского района.jpg, Герб МР "Бабаюртовкий район".jpg, Coat of Arms of Kaitagsky rayon (Dagestan).png, Coat of Arms of Ivanovskii rayon (Amur oblast).png, Coat of Arms of Unecha (Bryansk oblast) (1986).png, Coat of Arms of Unechsky Raion.png, Coat of Arms of Dzerzhinsk.svg, Coat of Arms of Mihailovskii rayon (Amur oblast).png, Coat of arms of Volgograd city.svg, Coat of Arms of Povorino (Voronezh oblast).png,

Historical emblems

File:Emblem of Afghanistan (1928-1929).svg, Emblem of Afghanistan (1978-1980).svg, File:Emblem of Afghanistan (1980-1987).svg, Coat of arms of the People's Republic of Albania.svg, Coat of arms of Azerbaijan People's Government.svg, Emblem of the People's Republic of Benin.svg, Coat of arms of Burkina Faso 1984-1991.svg, Coat of arms of Bulgaria (1971-1990).svg, Coat of arms of Cape Verde (1975–1992).svg, National Emblem of the Chinese Soviet Republic.svg, Coat of Arms of the People's Republic of Congo.svg, Emblem of the Derg.svg, Emblem of the People's Democratic Republic of Ethiopia.svg, Coat of arms of the Far Eastern Republic.svg, State arms of the German Democratic Republic.svg, Iraq state emblem CoA 1959-1965 Qassem.svg, Coat of arms of Hungary (1949-1956).svg, Coat of arms of Hungary (1957-1990).svg, Emblem of Democratic Kampuchea 1975–1979.svg, Emblem of the People's Republic of Kampuchea (1981-1989).svg, Emblem of Laos 1975-1991.svg, Emblem of the Democratic Republic of Madagascar.svg, Coat of arms of the Republic of Mahabad.svg, State emblem of the People's republic of Mongolia (1960–1992).svg, Coat of arms of the Russian Federation (1992-1993).svg, Coat of arms of the Socialist Republic of Romania.svg, Coat of arms of the Soviet Union (1956–1991).svg, Emblem of the Tuvan People's Republic (1943-1944).svg, GRB JUGOSLAVIJE.svg, Emblem of Gagauzia.svg,

Republics of the Soviet Union

File:Emblem of the Azerbaijan SSR.svg, File:Emblem of the Byelorussian Soviet Socialist Republic (1981–1991).svg, File:Emblem of the Estonian SSR.svg, File:Emblem of the Georgian SSR.svg, File:Emblem of the Karelo-Finnish SSR.svg, File:Emblem of Kazakh SSR.svg, File:Emblem of the Kirghiz SSR.svg, File:Emblem of the Latvian SSR.svg, File:Emblem of the Lithuanian SSR.svg, File:Emblem of the Moldavian SSR (1981-1990).svg, File:Emblem of the Russian SFSR (1978–1991), Emblem of Russia (1991–1992).svg, File:Emblem of the Tajik SSR.svg, File:Emblem of the Transcaucasian SFSR (1930-1936).svg, File:Emblem of the Turkestan ASSR.svg, File:Emblem of the Turkmen SSR.svg, File:Emblem of the Ukrainian SSR.svg, File:Emblem of the Uzbek SSR.svg, File:Emblem of the Armenian SSR.png, Emblem of the Armenian SSR (1936–1992)

Republics of Yugoslavia

Coat of Arms of the Socialist Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina.svg, Coat of Arms of the Socialist Republic of Croatia.svg, Emblem of Macedonia (1946–2009).svg, Coat of arms of Montenegro (1945–1993).svg, Coat of arms of Serbia (1947–2004).svg, Coat of Arms of the Socialist Republic of Slovenia.svg,

Miscellaneous

State symbols

File:Charter of the Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference (CPPCC) logo.svg, File:Laos Ministry of AF.svg, File:Seal of the General Secretary of the Workers' Party of Korea.svg, File:Emblem of the Chairman of the State Affairs Commission of North Korea.svg, File:Government Seal of Bangladesh.svg, File:PLA's cap insignia (2007 Edition).svg, Insignia of the

People's Liberation Army The People's Liberation Army (PLA) is the military of the Chinese Communist Party (CCP) and the People's Republic of China (PRC). It consists of four Military branch, services—People's Liberation Army Ground Force, Ground Force, People's ...

File:Emblem VPA.svg, Emblem of the

Vietnam People’s Army The People's Army of Vietnam (PAVN), officially the Vietnam People's Army (VPA; , , ), also recognized as the Vietnamese Army (), the People's Army () or colloquially the Troops ( ), is the national military force of the Socialist Republic o ...

File:Emblem of the Korean People's Army.svg, Emblem of the

Korean People's Army The Korean People's Army (KPA; ) encompasses the combined military forces of North Korea and the armed wing of the Workers' Party of Korea (WPK). The KPA consists of five branches: the Korean People's Army Ground Force, Ground Force, the Ko ...

File:Emblem of Lao People's Army.svg, Emblem of the

Lao People's Armed Forces The Lao People's Armed Forces (LPAF; ) or the Lao People's Army (LPA) is the armed forces of the Lao People's Democratic Republic and the institution of the Lao People's Revolutionary Party, who are charged with protecting the country. Activ ...

File:Vietnam People's Public Security Emblem.png, Emblem of the

Vietnam People's Public Security The People's Public Security of Vietnam (), alternatively the People's Public Security Forces (PPS; - CAND), also recognized as the Vietnamese police, Vietnamese Police or by its Vietnamese short name (), is the national police and the main ...

and

Ministry of Public Security Ministry of Public Security can refer to: * Ministry of Justice and Public Security (Brazil) * Ministry of Public Security of Burundi * Ministry of Public Security (Chile) * Ministry of Public Security (China) * Ministry of Public Security of Co ...

Parties and organisations

File:China Youth League logo.svg, File:Emblem of LPRYU.svg, File:Emblem of KSYL.svg, File:GFTUK logo.png, File:Trade Union Congress- Ghana.jpg, Emblem of the

Ghana Trades Union Congress The Ghana Trades Union Congress is a national centre that unites various workers' organizations in Ghana. The organization was established in 1945. History The GTUC as a central co-ordinating body for 14 union groups in 1945. The unions were r ...

File:Logo UAWK.svg, File:FLN Logo.png, File:Emblem of the People's Democratic Party of Afghanistan.svg, File:Watan Party Remastered.png, File:Bashkimi i Rinisë së Punës së Shqipërisë.svg, File:Logo of the Fatherland Front (Bulgaria).svg, File:Emblem of the Communist Party of Czechoslovakia.svg, File:Logo of the Czechoslovak National Socialist Party.svg, File:Ethiopian Peoples' Revolutionary Party logo.svg, File:Logo of the Ethiopian Peoples Revolutionary Party.svg, File:Emblem Of Tigray People's Liberation Front.svg, File:Coat of arms of PCR.svg, File:Wheat & sickle, FP.svg, File:Emblem of Somali Revolutionary Socialist Party.svg, File:Parti Africain de l'Indépendance (Senegambian) logo.svg, File:Partido Comunista de Chile.svg, File:Logo of the Communist Party of Indonesia.svg, Logo of the

Communist Party of Indonesia The Communist Party of Indonesia (Indonesian language, Indonesian: ''Partai Komunis Indonesia'', PKI) was a communist party in the Dutch East Indies and later Indonesia. It was the largest non-ruling communist party in the world before its Indo ...

File:Logo - Suomen Kommunistinen Puolue.png, Logo of the

Communist Party of Finland The Communist Party of Finland (, SKP; ) was a communist political party in Finland. The SKP was a section of Comintern and illegal in Finland until 1944. The SKP was banned by the state from its founding and did not participate in any elec ...

File:Símbolo do Partido Socialista Português.svg, Logo of the

Portuguese Socialist Party The Portuguese Socialist Party () was a Portuguese political party. History The party was founded in 1875. During its initial phase, it was heavily influenced by Proudhonism and rejected revolutionary Marxism. In 1919 the leftwing of the party ...

File:Partito Socialista Italiano (1971-1978).svg, Logo of the

Italian Socialist Party The Italian Socialist Party (, PSI) was a Social democracy, social democratic and Democratic socialism, democratic socialist political party in Italy, whose history stretched for longer than a century, making it one of the longest-living parti ...

(1971–1978) File:Colourised version of the logo used by the CPA.svg, Former logo of the

Communist Party of Australia The Communist Party of Australia (CPA), known as the Australian Communist Party (ACP) from 1944 to 1951, was an Australian communist party founded in 1920. The party existed until roughly 1991, with its membership and influence having been ...

File:Biểu trưng Mặt trận Tổ quốc Việt Nam.svg, Emblem of the

Vietnam Fatherland Front The Vietnam Fatherland Front (VFF, alternatively Vietnamese Fatherland Front; ) is constitutionally an integral component in the political structure of the Socialist Republic of Vietnam and an umbrella group of mass movements and political coa ...

File:Logo of the Burma Socialist Programme Party.png, Symbol of the

Burma Socialist Programme Party The Burma Socialist Programme Party (BSPP) was the ruling party of Burma (now Myanmar) from 1962 to 1988 and the country's sole legal party from 1964 to 1988. Party chairman Ne Win overthrew the country's democratically elected government i ...

. File:Emblem of Vietnam Communist Party.png, Alternative emblem of the

Communist Party of Vietnam The Communist Party of Vietnam (CPV) is the founding and sole legal party of the Socialist Republic of Vietnam. Founded in 1930 by Hồ Chí Minh, the CPV became the ruling party of North Vietnam in 1954 and then all of Vietnam after the col ...

. File:Emblem of the Yemeni Socialist Party (1978‐1990).svg, Emblem of the

Yemeni Socialist Party The Yemeni Socialist Party (, ''al-Hizb al-Ishtiraki al-Yamani'', YSP), officially the Socialist Party Organization (), is a Social democracy, social democratic List of political parties in Yemen, political party in Yemen. A successor of Yemen's ...

(1978‐1990)

Notes

References

Citations

Sources

* Slater, Stephen (2002). ''The complete book of Heraldry''. London.

Bibliography

* Arvidsson, Stefan (2017). ''Style and Mythology of Socialism: Socialist Idealism, 1871–1914''. Routledge * Gorman, John (1985). ''Images of Labour: Selected Memorabilia from the National Museum of Labour History''. London: Scorpion Publications. * Gorman, John (1986). ''Banner bright: An Illustrated History of Trade Union Banners''. Buckhurst Hill, Essex: Scorpion Publications.

External links

Blog: Heart in a Heartless World
{{Socialism Coats of arms of communist states Marxism–Leninism Heraldry Symbols of communism Socialist symbols History of socialism 1922 introductions