The Southern Loloish or Southern Ngwi languages, also known as the Hanoish or Hanish languages, constitute a branch of the
Loloish languages
The Loloish languages, also known as Yi (like the Yi people) and occasionally Ngwi or Nisoic, are a family of 50–100 Tibeto-Burman languages spoken primarily in the Yunnan province of Southwestern China. They are most closely related to Bur ...
that includes
Akha and Hani.
Languages
The branches included in Lama (2012), with languages from Bradley (2007), are:
''Hanoid'' in Lama (2012) is alternatively called ''Akoid'' in Bradley (2007), who recognizes the Hani-Akha and Haoni-Baihong languages as part of the Akoid group.
Other Southern Loloish languages are:
*
Muda
*
Paza (Phusang), a recently discovered language of northern
Laos
Laos, officially the Lao People's Democratic Republic (LPDR), is the only landlocked country in Southeast Asia. It is bordered by Myanmar and China to the northwest, Vietnam to the east, Cambodia to the southeast, and Thailand to the west and ...
related to
Sila
*
Bana or Bala[Bradley, David (2007). "Language Endangerment in China and Mainland Southeast Asia". In Matthias Brenzinger, ed. ''Language diversity endangered''. New York: Mouton de Gruyter.] in Laos. Speakers are included in the Kaw (Akha) ethnic group. The language is now being replaced by other larger languages such as Akha and Lahu.
*
Suobi 梭比, spoken in Yinyuan Township 因远镇,
Yuanjiang County
*
Nuobi 糯比, closely related to Suobi
*
Cosao, a Southern Loloish language closely related to
Khir
*
Yiche 奕车, spoken in
Honghe County
Kato (2008) also documents:
*
Muteun (')
*
Khongsat (')
*
Khir (')
Other Southern Loloish language varieties in south-central
Yunnan
Yunnan; is an inland Provinces of China, province in Southwestern China. The province spans approximately and has a population of 47.2 million (as of 2020). The capital of the province is Kunming. The province borders the Chinese provinces ...
include
Bukong 布孔,
Budu 布都,
Asuo 阿梭,
Duota 堕塔,
Amu 阿木,
Lami 腊米,
Qiedi 切弟,
Kabie 卡别,
[Jiang Ying 颖 Cui Xia 霞 Qiao Xiang 翔 2009. ''A study of Ximoluo'' 摩洛语研究 Beijing: Ethnic Publishing House 族出版社] Woni 窝尼,
Duoni 多尼, and
Habei 哈备.
Habei is unclassified within Southern Loloish.
Hsiu (2016, 2018)
A 2016 computational phylogenetic lexical analysis by Hsiu (2016)
[Hsiu, Andrew. 2016. ]
The classification of Cosao: a Lolo-Burmese language of China and Laos
'. Presented at the 22nd Himalayan Languages Symposium, Guwahati, India. distinguished the following five branches of Southern Loloish, providing further support for the Hanoid (Akoid) and Bisoid branches in Lama (2012) and Bradley (2007). A new Siloid branch was added.
#''Hanoid''
#''
Bisoid''
#''
Siloid''
#''Bi-Ka'' (?)
#''
Jinuo''
*Southern Loloish
**Hanoid
***
Ko-Pala,
Ko-Luma
***(core branch)
****
Hani languages
*****
Hani
*****
Haoni (of Shuigui),
Baihong,
Suobi
****
Akha
*****
Muteun
*****(branch)
******Akha-Nukui, Ko-Phuso
******Ko-Puli
******Ko-
Chipia
******Ko-Eupa
******Ko-Nyau
******Ko-Oma
**
Bisoid
***
Khongsat
***
Laoseng
***
Sangkong
***
Pyen
***(core branch)
****
Lao-Pan
****
Bisu
****
Phunoi
****
Phongset
****
Phongku (Phu-Lawa)
****
Phunyot
**
Siloid
***
Wanyä
***(core branch)
****
Phusang
****
Khir,
Cosao
****
Sila (Sida)
**Bi-Ka
**
Jinuo
The Southern Loloish tree above was subsequently revised by Hsiu (2018)
[Hsiu, Andrew. 2018]
Classifications of some lesser-known Lolo-Burmese languages
as follows, with 6 subgroups included.
*Southern Loloish
**Hani-Akha
***
Hanoid:
Hani,
Nuomei,
Nuobi,
Lami,
Luomian,
Angluo,
Guohe,
Guozuo,
Gehuo,
Yiche,
Qidi,
Kabie,
Haoni cluster (
Haoni,
Woni,
Baihong,
Bukong,
Budu,
Suobi,
Duoni,
Duota,
Asuo,
Amu)
***
Akoid: Nukui, Phuso, Puli,
Chepya, Eupa, Nyau, Oma, Chicho, Ulo,
Muteun,
Muda, etc.
**Bi-Ka
***
Biyue,
Enu
***
Kaduo
**
Siloid
***
Luma,
Pala
***
Akeu,
Gokhy
***
Wanyä (Muchi)
***Sila cluster:
Sila, Sida,
Paza (Phusang),
Khir,
Cosao,
Phana
**
Bisoid
***
Bisu cluster:
Bisu,
Laomian,
Laopin,
Pyen,
Laopan
***Singsali cluster:
Phunoi,
Singsali,
Cantan,
Laoseng,
Phongku,
Phongset,
Phunyot
***Coong cluster:
Cốông,
Sangkong,
Tsukong
***
Cauho
***
Bantang
***
Khongsat
***
Habei (Mani)
**
Mpi
**
Jino
Hsiu (2018) considers the Hani-Akha and Bi-Ka subgroups to be part of a northern linkage in south-central Yunnan, while the Siloid, Bisoid, Jino, and Mpi subgroups are part of a southern linkage in the China-Laos border region.
Innovations
Lama (2012) lists the following changes from
Proto-Loloish as Hanoish innovations.
* *m- → zero /__
(
Hani and
Haoni)
* *kh- > x- (
Hani and
Haoni)
* *N- > NC or C (nasal hardening rule in
Bisu and
Sangkong)
* Reversed order of syllables (family-wide)
References
* Bradley, David. 2007. East and Southeast Asia. In Moseley, Christopher (ed.), ''Encyclopedia of the World's Endangered Languages'', 349-424. London & New York: Routledge.
* Lama, Ziwo Qiu-Fuyuan (2012), ''Subgrouping of Nisoic (Yi) Languages'', thesis, University of Texas at Arlington
archived
* Kingsadā, Thō̜ngphet, and
Tadahiko Shintani. 1999 ''Basic Vocabularies of the Languages Spoken in Phongxaly, Lao P.D.R.'' Tokyo: Institute for the Study of Languages and Cultures of Asia and Africa (ILCAA).
*
Shintani, Tadahiko, Ryuichi Kosaka, and Takashi Kato. 2001. ''Linguistic Survey of Phongxaly, Lao P.D.R.'' Tokyo: Institute for the Study of Languages and Cultures of Asia and Africa (ILCAA).
* Kato, Takashi. 2008. ''Linguistic Survey of Tibeto-Burman languages in Lao P.D.R.'' Tokyo: Institute for the Study of Languages and Cultures of Asia and Africa (ILCAA).
{{Lolo-Burmese languages