Southern Air Transport
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Southern Air Transport (SAT), based in
Miami Miami is a East Coast of the United States, coastal city in the U.S. state of Florida and the county seat of Miami-Dade County, Florida, Miami-Dade County in South Florida. It is the core of the Miami metropolitan area, which, with a populat ...
,
Florida Florida ( ; ) is a U.S. state, state in the Southeastern United States, Southeastern region of the United States. It borders the Gulf of Mexico to the west, Alabama to the northwest, Georgia (U.S. state), Georgia to the north, the Atlantic ...
, was, in its final incarnation, a cargo airline. However, it started life as an irregular air carrier (later known as a supplemental air carrier), a type of carrier defined and tightly controlled until 1978 by the
Civil Aeronautics Board The Civil Aeronautics Board (CAB) was an agency of the federal government of the United States, formed in 1940 from a split of the Civil Aeronautics Authority and abolished in 1985, that regulated aviation services (including scheduled passe ...
(CAB), a now defunct Federal agency that, at the time, closely regulated almost all US commercial air transportation. From 1965 onward, such airlines were charter carriers. Up until 1965, they were charter/scheduled hybrids. For much of that time the carrier was owned by the
Central Intelligence Agency The Central Intelligence Agency (CIA; ) is a civilian foreign intelligence service of the federal government of the United States tasked with advancing national security through collecting and analyzing intelligence from around the world and ...
(CIA) (1960–1973). The carrier was also known for its role in the Iran-Contra scandal of the mid-1980s, during which SAT transported arms to Iran and to the US-backed mercenary army in Central America known as the
Contras In the history of Nicaragua, the Contras (Spanish: ''La contrarrevolución'', the counter-revolution) were the right-wing militias who waged anti-communist guerilla warfare (1979–1990) against the Marxist governments of the Sandinista Na ...
, which were fighting the revolutionary Sandinista government in Nicaragua.


History


Early days

Southern Air Transport (SAT) was initially a
sole proprietorship A sole proprietorship, also known as a sole tradership, individual entrepreneurship or proprietorship, is a type of enterprise owned and run by only one person and in which there is no legal distinction between the owner and the business entity. ...
of F.C. "Doc" Moor, a pilot who had flown for a number of airlines, including
Pan Am Pan American World Airways, originally founded as Pan American Airways and more commonly known as Pan Am, was an airline that was the principal and largest international air carrier and unofficial overseas flag carrier of the United States for ...
. The initial period of activity lasted from February 1947 to January 1949, when Moor suspended operations to work for the Venezuelan carrier RANSA. Southern Air Transport was incorporated in Florida on 31 October 1949, Moor being president. SAT flew mostly cargo, but also some passenger traffic. SAT was an irregular air carrier, a type of airline later known as a supplemental air carrier. In 1953, 37% of SAT's revenue was military and it had two
C-46 The Curtiss C-46 Commando is a low-wing, twin-engine aircraft derived from the Curtiss CW-20 pressurized high-altitude airliner design. Early press reports used the name "Condor III" but the Commando name was in use by early 1942 in company p ...
aircraft, producing a break-even financial result.


CIA era

The CIA purchased the airline on 5 August 1960, for $260,000 to Doc Moor and $40,000 to Stanley G. Williams. The CIA purchased SAT after consulting the CAB, driven by a desire to have access to heavy-lift non-governmental aircraft for CIA operational purposes without incurring significant ongoing expense. During the time the CIA owned the carrier, the CAB knew as did appropriate Congressional committees. The CIA provided the carrier with funding, allowing it to acquire larger aircraft and expand.''CIA Sale of Airline A Bargain'', Miami Herald, 10 March 1975
/ref> In the three years 1957–1959, annual revenue averaged $400,000, with the military accounting for zero revenue 1957 and 1958 and less than 25% of revenue in 1959. By contrast, in the first three full years of CIA ownership, 1961–1963, revenue averaged almost $5 million per year, with the military accounting for over 80% in each of those years and profitability much improved. The CIA apparently also influenced a CAB award to provide the carrier with authority to fly civilian charters to Asia to support the Vietnam war.
/ref> In July 1962, Stanley G. Williams, previously treasurer, became president, with Moor becoming chairman. The airline had four
Douglas DC-6 The Douglas DC-6 is a piston-powered airliner and cargo aircraft built by the Douglas Aircraft Company from 1946 to 1958. Originally intended as a military transport near the end of World War II, Douglas reworked it after the war to compete ...
s, three
C-46 The Curtiss C-46 Commando is a low-wing, twin-engine aircraft derived from the Curtiss CW-20 pressurized high-altitude airliner design. Early press reports used the name "Condor III" but the Commando name was in use by early 1942 in company p ...
s and a C-45. Until his death in 1972, Doc Moor devoted much of his time to
hydroplane racing Hydroplane racing (also known as hydro racing) is a sport involving racing hydroplanes on lakes, rivers, and bays. It is a popular spectator sport in several countries. Racing circuits International professional outboard hydroplane racing The ...
, becoming national champion many times in his
displacement Displacement may refer to: Physical sciences Mathematics and physics *Displacement (geometry), is the difference between the final and initial position of a point trajectory (for instance, the center of mass of a moving object). The actual path ...
class, sometimes delivering his boats to races using the airline. SAT was part of group of CIA "proprietary" carriers and related businesses, including Air America,
Air Asia Capital A Berhad (), operating as AirAsia (stylised as ''airasia'') is a Malaysian multinational low-cost airline headquartered near Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. Established in 1993 and commencing operations in 1996, the airline is the largest in ...
,
Civil Air Transport Civil Air Transport (CAT) was a Nationalist Chinese airline, later owned by the U.S. Central Intelligence Agency (CIA), that supported the United States' covert operations throughout East and Southeast Asia. During the Cold War, missions consi ...
and Intermountain Aviation, under the Pacific Corporation parent company run by George A. Doole Jr.. The airline held itself out to the public as just another charter carrier. A 1965 advertisement in
The Miami News ''The Miami News'' was an evening newspaper in Miami, Florida. It was the media market competitor to the morning edition of the ''Miami Herald'' for most of the 20th century. The paper started publishing in May 1896 as a weekly called ''The Miami ...
used the tag line "You can't measure Southern Air's service" and noted its capabilities in shipping livestock, household goods and cars. However, SAT's logo was an eight-point compass — the CIA has a 16 point compass on its seal. In 1966, SAT ordered a
Boeing 727 The Boeing 727 is an American Narrow-body aircraft, narrow-body airliner that was developed and produced by Boeing Commercial Airplanes. After the heavier Boeing 707, 707 quad-jet was introduced in 1958, Boeing addressed the demand for shorter ...
(specifically for use on its military transport contract in Asia) and in 1968, Lockheed L-100s, the civilian version of the
C-130 The Lockheed C-130 Hercules is an American four-engine turboprop military transport aircraft designed and built by Lockheed Corporation, Lockheed (now Lockheed Martin). Capable of using unprepared runways for takeoffs and landings, the C-130 w ...
Hercules military cargo aircraft. In 1970 the CAB gave the airline authority to use the L-100s for outsized cargo worldwide. Although SAT was substantially bigger than before it was bought by the CIA, it remained small by contrast to the industry, whatever the size of the overall CIA proprietary aviation business. In 1969, SAT revenues were $11 million, whereas all US supplemental air carriers together were $361 million, against US scheduled carrier revenues of $8.8 billion. In 1969 the Atlantic fleet was six aircraft, operating out of Miami, San Juan and the Bahamas; the Pacific fleet was four aircraft, operating passenger and cargo flights for the military out of Yokota, Japan and
Tainan, Taiwan Tainan (), officially Tainan City, is a Special municipality (Taiwan), special municipality in southern Taiwan, facing the Taiwan Strait on its western coast. Tainan is the oldest city on the island and commonly called the "Taiwan Prefecture, ...
. In January 1970, it was one of a consortium of airlines carrying relief to
Biafra Biafara Anglicisation (linguistics), anglicized as Biafra ( ), officially the Republic of Biafra, was a List of historical unrecognized states and dependencies, partially recognised state in West Africa that declared independence from Nigeria ...
with L-100s. The L-100s ranged widely, one trip in 1971 traveling over 100,000 miles in 310 flight hours using five separate crews to Europe, Greenland, the Solomon Islands, Australia and within the United States before returning to Miami.


Transition from CIA

In September 1971, a former CIA officer went public about Air America, accusing SAT of being a CIA front that existed for the purpose of providing the CIA with a way to send personnel and munitions to fight a Latin American clandestine war. Moor and Williams denied it. At the time the Asian fleet was two 727s and the Atlantic fleet was two DC-6s and three L-100s. In June 1972 the Asian operation was shut as a result of the wind-down in US military operations in Vietnam, and in March 1973, Williams was trying to buy the airline from the other two "owners". On August 30 it was revealed the other two "owners" were CIA nominees and Williams was trying to buy it from the CIA which had decided to exit its proprietary airlines. The CAB was having secret hearings about it, and other US airlines were irate at having competed against the government and wanted SAT shut down. Reports came out of past SAT missions to global hotspots in Africa and the Caribbean.''Caribbean and Congo Role Is Laid To C.I.A.'s Airline'', New York Times, 1 September 1973
/ref> To get irate competitors off its back, SAT first offered to give up its certification to fly commercial charters in the Pacific and Latin America. However, it ultimately agreed to give up its supplemental certification entirely, becoming an uncertificated carrier, which had the effect of removing it from CAB jurisdiction. Williams bought the carrier on December 31, 1973 for less than its book equity; however, the airline had been stripped of its certification as a
common carrier A common carrier in common law countries (corresponding to a public carrier in some civil law (legal system), civil law systems,Encyclopædia Britannica CD 2000 "Civil-law public carrier" from "carriage of goods" usually called simply a ''carrier ...
.


Post-CIA

In 1974 and 1975, the largest customer for SAT was
Texaco Texaco, Inc. ("The Texas Company") is an American Petroleum, oil brand owned and operated by Chevron Corporation. Its flagship product is its Gasoline, fuel "Texaco with Techron". It also owned the Havoline motor oil brand. Texaco was an Independ ...
, in 1976 it was the Air Force of Iran and SAT's net income in those years was $418,000, $844,000 and a loss of $303,000. On each of 1 January 1975 and 25 October 1975, Willams sold James H. Bastian a 20% stake in SAT. In 1977, as a result of new legislation requiring any carrier working for the Department of Defense to be certificated, Southern Air Transport applied for, and received, domestic "property" (i.e. cargo) supplemental certification, during which the airline represented that the CIA had no further involvement with the carrier. The CAB noted that certificating SAT would break the monopoly that Trans International Airlines had in the U.S. in terms of certificated carriers with the L-100 Hercules. SAT was sold again in 1979, this time to James H. Bastian – described by the ''
Los Angeles Times The ''Los Angeles Times'' is an American Newspaper#Daily, daily newspaper that began publishing in Los Angeles, California, in 1881. Based in the Greater Los Angeles city of El Segundo, California, El Segundo since 2018, it is the List of new ...
'' in 1986 as "a top-notch Washington, D.C., aviation attorney who had worked with Doole at the Pacific Corp. from 1961 to 1974, as secretary, vice president and general counsel."Barry Bearak, ''
Los Angeles Times The ''Los Angeles Times'' is an American Newspaper#Daily, daily newspaper that began publishing in Los Angeles, California, in 1881. Based in the Greater Los Angeles city of El Segundo, California, El Segundo since 2018, it is the List of new ...
'', 26 December 1986
Intrigue Trails Airline Linked to Iran, Contras
/ref> Under Bastian the company expanded its revenues (from $9.8m in 1982 to $38.m in 1985) and had over 500 employees in 1986.


Iran–Contra affair

As part of
Oliver North Oliver Laurence North (born October 7, 1943) is an American political commentator, television host, military historian, author, and retired United States Marine Corps lieutenant colonel. A veteran of the Vietnam War, North was a National Sec ...
's activities to trade arms for hostages with Iran and to support the contra rebellion in Nicaragua, Southern Air carried four loads of US weapons bound for Iran from the US to
Israel Israel, officially the State of Israel, is a country in West Asia. It Borders of Israel, shares borders with Lebanon to the north, Syria to the north-east, Jordan to the east, Egypt to the south-west, and the Mediterranean Sea to the west. Isr ...
, and on the return flights carried weapons destined for the US-backed right-wing Contra rebels in Nicaragua from
Portugal Portugal, officially the Portuguese Republic, is a country on the Iberian Peninsula in Southwestern Europe. Featuring Cabo da Roca, the westernmost point in continental Europe, Portugal borders Spain to its north and east, with which it share ...
. On 5 October 1986, a C-123K, loaded with weapons, failed to return from a scheduled drop to the Contras in Nicaragua. In charge of the operation was Felix Rodriguez. He was the logistics officer for airlifts of weapons and supplies from the Ilopango air base, in El Salvador, to the jungle hide-outs of the Contras. Rodriguez did not notify the Defense Department or the CIA but rather attempted to get word about the missing C-123K to Donald Gregg, the National Security Advisor for Vice President
George H. W. Bush George Herbert Walker BushBefore the outcome of the 2000 United States presidential election, he was usually referred to simply as "George Bush" but became more commonly known as "George H. W. Bush", "Bush Senior," "Bush 41," and even "Bush th ...
. The shooting down of a flight helped expose the Iran-Contra scandal.
Logbook A logbook (or log book) is a record used to record states, events, or conditions applicable to complex machines or the personnel who operate them. Logbooks are commonly associated with the operation of aircraft, nuclear plants, particle accelera ...
s retrieved from the wreckage linked SAT to a history of involvement with the CIA]. The logs documented several SAT flights to
Barranquilla Barranquilla () is the capital district of the Atlántico department in Colombia. It is located near the Caribbean Sea and is the largest city and third port in the Caribbean region of Colombia, Caribbean coast region; as of 2018, it had a popul ...
, during October 1985. In the same time period Wanda Palacios told the FBI that SAT was running drugs. She worked in the early 1980s for Colombia's Medellin Cartel and had direct knowledge of the cartel's dealings with the CIA and the Contras. She brought her testimony to US Senator
John Kerry John Forbes Kerry (born December 11, 1943) is an American attorney, politician, and diplomat who served as the 68th United States secretary of state from 2013 to 2017 in the Presidency of Barack Obama#Administration, administration of Barac ...
. Wanda Palacios had witnessed in 1983-1985 in Barranquilla, the arrival of SAT planes loaded with weapons for the cartel, which would then send them to the Contras. The planes would return to the US loaded with cocaine. Palacio stated that Jorge Luis Ochoa Vásquez himself explained to her the guns-for-drugs deal with the CIA to supply the Contras. Ms. Palacios' story was subsequently established to be false. Southern Air Transport v. Post-Newsweek, 568 So. 2d 927 (Fla. 3d DC 1990). While Iran Contra was in operation Southern Air Transport had obtained a hangar at
Dover Air Force Base Dover Air Force Base or Dover AFB is a United States Air Force (USAF) base under the operational control of Air Mobility Command (AMC), located southeast of the city of Dover, Delaware. The 436th Airlift Wing is the host wing, and runs the bu ...
, a
United States Air Force The United States Air Force (USAF) is the Air force, air service branch of the United States Department of Defense. It is one of the six United States Armed Forces and one of the eight uniformed services of the United States. Tracing its ori ...
base located southeast of the city of
Dover, Delaware Dover ( ) is the List of capitals in the United States, capital and the List of municipalities in Delaware, second-most populous city of the U.S. state of Delaware. It is also the county seat of Kent County, Delaware, Kent County and the princ ...
.


1986–1999

SAT operated out of
Kenya Kenya, officially the Republic of Kenya, is a country located in East Africa. With an estimated population of more than 52.4 million as of mid-2024, Kenya is the 27th-most-populous country in the world and the 7th most populous in Africa. ...
during the
Rwandan Civil War The Rwandan Civil War was a large-scale civil war in Rwanda which was fought between the Rwandan Armed Forces, representing the country's government, and the rebel Rwandan Patriotic Front (RPF) from 1October 1990 to 18 July 1994. The war arose ...
using L-100 Hercules aircraft. They also recruited and tried to recruit Canadian service members and some members of Relief Air Transport, the Canadian airline operating C-46s in Kenya, into their group. SAT operated out of
Asmara Asmara ( ), or Asmera (), is the capital and most populous city of Eritrea, in the country's Central Region (Eritrea), Central Region. It sits at an elevation of , making it the List of capital cities by altitude, sixth highest capital in the wo ...
, Ethiopia, (now Eritrea), during the Ethiopian famine of the late '80s. It hauled thousands of tons of relief supplies in the middle of a hot war under contracts for the UN,
Caritas Internationalis Caritas Internationalis (Latin for ) is a confederation of 162 national Catholic relief, development, and social service organisations operating in over 200 countries and territories worldwide. The name Caritas Internationalis refers to both the ...
, Lutheran World Federation, and the
International Committee of the Red Cross The International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC) is a humanitarian organization based in Geneva, Switzerland, and is a three-time Nobel Prize laureate. The organization has played an instrumental role in the development of rules of war and ...
, saving thousands of lives. SAT was also heavily involved in famine and disaster relief efforts in other areas of Africa. SAT supported the airlift into southern
Sudan Sudan, officially the Republic of the Sudan, is a country in Northeast Africa. It borders the Central African Republic to the southwest, Chad to the west, Libya to the northwest, Egypt to the north, the Red Sea to the east, Eritrea and Ethiopi ...
from the late '80s into the middle '90s. At one time, SAT Hercules aircraft were the sole food supply for the refugee camps in the
Juba Juba is the capital and largest city of South Sudan. The city is situated on the White Nile and also serves as the capital of the Central Equatoria, Central Equatoria State. It is the most recently declared national capital and had a populatio ...
, Sudan area, during the north-south war. Again, SAT provided food for the helpless and saved countless thousands of lives. SAT's extensive operations included both offshore and domestic operations and SAT aircraft touched down on all seven continents and in well over a hundred countries. SAT aircraft were based in
Papua New Guinea Papua New Guinea, officially the Independent State of Papua New Guinea, is an island country in Oceania that comprises the eastern half of the island of New Guinea and offshore islands in Melanesia, a region of the southwestern Pacific Ocean n ...
, the U.K, and very commonly in various African countries, as well as other offshore locations, with crews rotating in and out as demand required. The crews were recruited from both ex-military and civilian-trained personnel. SAT consistently performed challenging tasks on a wide variety of contracts, many in disturbed areas such as
Somalia Somalia, officially the Federal Republic of Somalia, is the easternmost country in continental Africa. The country is located in the Horn of Africa and is bordered by Ethiopia to the west, Djibouti to the northwest, Kenya to the southwest, th ...
, both prior to and after the Battle of Mogadishu. SAT Hercules aircraft also operated in
Angola Angola, officially the Republic of Angola, is a country on the west-Central Africa, central coast of Southern Africa. It is the second-largest Portuguese-speaking world, Portuguese-speaking (Lusophone) country in both total area and List of c ...
,
Mozambique Mozambique, officially the Republic of Mozambique, is a country located in Southeast Africa bordered by the Indian Ocean to the east, Tanzania to the north, Malawi and Zambia to the northwest, Zimbabwe to the west, and Eswatini and South Afr ...
,
Djibouti Djibouti, officially the Republic of Djibouti, is a country in the Horn of Africa, bordered by Somalia to the south, Ethiopia to the southwest, Eritrea in the north, and the Red Sea and the Gulf of Aden to the east. The country has an area ...
,
Senegal Senegal, officially the Republic of Senegal, is the westernmost country in West Africa, situated on the Atlantic Ocean coastline. It borders Mauritania to Mauritania–Senegal border, the north, Mali to Mali–Senegal border, the east, Guinea t ...
, and the
DRC The Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC), also known as the DR Congo, Congo-Kinshasa, or simply the Congo (the last ambiguously also referring to the neighbouring Republic of the Congo), is a country in Central Africa. By land area, it is t ...
. SAT's crew training was maintained to high standards. The aircraft were consistently well-maintained, often under the most difficult of circumstances. Prior to the military cutback during the Clinton administration, SAT supported the U.S. Air Force's Logair cargo system, as well as the U.S. Navy's Quicktrans systems, operating much more efficiently than the military could using their own airlift. SAT also flew extensively in Europe and west Asia in support of both the U.S. Air Force and the U.S. Navy, basing out of
Ramstein Air Base Ramstein Air Base is a United States Air Force installation located in Rhineland-Palatinate, southwestern Germany. It serves as the headquarters for the United States Air Forces in Europe – Air Forces Africa (USAFE-AFAFRICA) and NATO Alli ...
near Landstuhl, Germany, and
RAF Mildenhall Royal Air Force Mildenhall, or more simply RAF Mildenhall , is a Royal Air Force List of Royal Air Force stations, station located near Mildenhall, Suffolk, Mildenhall in Suffolk, England. Despite its status as a List of Royal Air Force stations, ...
in East Anglia, U.K. SAT carried cargo of all possible description, from hauling newspapers from the U.K. to Ireland at night in winter across the Irish sea, to carrying breeding horses to Brazil. Additionally, SAT was entrusted with King
Tutankhamun Tutankhamun or Tutankhamen, (; ), was an Egyptian pharaoh who ruled during the late Eighteenth Dynasty of Egypt, Eighteenth Dynasty of ancient Egypt. Born Tutankhaten, he instituted the restoration of the traditional polytheistic form of an ...
's treasure. One notable 747 mission involved hauling a load of lions from
Amsterdam Amsterdam ( , ; ; ) is the capital of the Netherlands, capital and Municipalities of the Netherlands, largest city of the Kingdom of the Netherlands. It has a population of 933,680 in June 2024 within the city proper, 1,457,018 in the City Re ...
to
Johannesburg Johannesburg ( , , ; Zulu language, Zulu and Xhosa language, Xhosa: eGoli ) (colloquially known as Jozi, Joburg, Jo'burg or "The City of Gold") is the most populous city in South Africa. With 5,538,596 people in the City of Johannesburg alon ...
, South Africa, the lions being on loan from the Amsterdam Zoo to the Johannesburg Zoo. SAT Lockheed L-100 Hercules,
Boeing 707 The Boeing 707 is an early American long-range Narrow-body aircraft, narrow-body airliner, the first jetliner developed and produced by Boeing Commercial Airplanes. Developed from the Boeing 367-80 prototype, the initial first flew on Decembe ...
s,
Douglas DC-8 The Douglas DC-8 (sometimes McDonnell Douglas DC-8) is an early long-range Narrow-body aircraft, narrow-body jetliner designed and produced by the American Douglas Aircraft Company. Work began in 1952 towards the United States Air Force's (USA ...
s and
Boeing 747 The Boeing 747 is a long-range wide-body aircraft, wide-body airliner designed and manufactured by Boeing Commercial Airplanes in the United States between 1968 and 2023. After the introduction of the Boeing 707, 707 in October 1958, Pan Am ...
s served many commercial carriers carrying outsize cargo and hazardous materials. It also performed routine U.S. Embassy supply missions throughout Latin America, covering all of Central and South America, as well as Mexico. One of SAT's most notable accomplishments was a three-year contract supporting Chevron's drilling operations in the central highlands of Papua New Guinea, operating from a base at
Nadzab Nadzab Village is in the Markham Valley, Morobe Province, Papua New Guinea on the Highlands Highway. Administratively, it is located in Gabsongkeg ward of Wampar Rural LLG. The Nadzab Airport is located East of Nadzab Village and was the site ...
airport near Lae. Chevron was totally dependent on SAT L-100s, as no roads reached the massive oil recovery operation near Lake Kutubu. Papua New Guinea provides some of the world's most challenging flying conditions, due both to the rapidly changing tropical monsoons that sweep the island nation, and the rugged terrain of the country. During the
Desert Shield , combatant2 = , commander1 = , commander2 = , strength1 = Over 950,000 soldiers3,113 tanks1,800 aircraft2,200 artillery systems , page = https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/GAOREPORTS-PEMD-96- ...
and
Desert Storm , combatant2 = , commander1 = , commander2 = , strength1 = Over 950,000 soldiers3,113 tanks1,800 aircraft2,200 artillery systems , page = https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/GAOREPORTS-PEMD-96- ...
operations, SAT's accomplishments became widely known. Both the company and the participating crew members received performance awards as members of the Civil Reserve Air Fleet from a grateful U.S. Air Force.


Relocation to Columbus

In 1995, Edmund James, president of James and Donohew Development Services, negotiated with SAT and announced that it was locating to
Rickenbacker International Airport Rickenbacker International Airport is a civil-military public airport south of downtown Columbus, Ohio, Columbus, near Lockbourne, Ohio, Lockbourne in southern Franklin County, Ohio, Franklin County, Ohio, United States. The south end of the ...
in
Columbus, Ohio Columbus (, ) is the List of capitals in the United States, capital and List of cities in Ohio, most populous city of the U.S. state of Ohio. With a 2020 United States census, 2020 census population of 905,748, it is the List of United States ...
. Much of the
Hong Kong Hong Kong)., Legally Hong Kong, China in international treaties and organizations. is a special administrative region of China. With 7.5 million residents in a territory, Hong Kong is the fourth most densely populated region in the wor ...
-to-Rickenbacker cargo was for Leslie Wexner's The Limited Inc. Governor George Voinovich stated: “I am extremely pleased to welcome Southern Air Transport to Ohio, as it will be the first airline to have its world headquarters located at Rickenbacker Airport. This will help Columbus tremendously in becoming a world-class inland port.”


Bankruptcy

In late 1998 it tried to merge with other aviation companies, but it filed for
bankruptcy Bankruptcy is a legal process through which people or other entities who cannot repay debts to creditors may seek relief from some or all of their debts. In most jurisdictions, bankruptcy is imposed by a court order, often initiated by the deb ...
on October 1 in
Columbus, Ohio Columbus (, ) is the List of capitals in the United States, capital and List of cities in Ohio, most populous city of the U.S. state of Ohio. With a 2020 United States census, 2020 census population of 905,748, it is the List of United States ...
- the same day that the CIA Inspector General released a report detailing allegations of Southern Air Transport's involvement in
drug trafficking A drug is any chemical substance other than a nutrient or an essential dietary ingredient, which, when administered to a living organism, produces a biological effect. Consumption of drugs can be via inhalation, injection, smoking, ingestion, ...
in connection with US-backed and funded right-wing Contras in Nicaragua. Bob Fitrakis
Spook Air
Columbus Free Press, 25 October 2018
On March 10, 1999, the assets of Southern Air Transport were purchased by Southern Air, and the new carrier began operations in November 1999.


Fleet

August 1971: * 2 Boeing B-727C * 2 Lockheed L-100-20 Hercules * 1
Lockheed L-100-30 Hercules The Lockheed L-100 Hercules is the civilian variant of the prolific C-130 Hercules military transport aircraft made by the Lockheed Corporation. Its first flight occurred in 1964. Longer L-100-20 and L-100-30 versions were developed, despite thi ...
* 2 Douglas DC-6A/B ''World Airline Fleets 1979'' (copyright 1979) shows Southern Air Transport with: * 2 Lockheed L-100-20 Hercules * 1
Lockheed L-100-30 Hercules The Lockheed L-100 Hercules is the civilian variant of the prolific C-130 Hercules military transport aircraft made by the Lockheed Corporation. Its first flight occurred in 1964. Longer L-100-20 and L-100-30 versions were developed, despite thi ...
''1987–88 World Airline Fleets'' (copyright 1987) shows Southern Air Transport with: * 8 Boeing 707-300C * 2 Lockheed L-100-20 Hercules * 6
Lockheed L-100-30 Hercules The Lockheed L-100 Hercules is the civilian variant of the prolific C-130 Hercules military transport aircraft made by the Lockheed Corporation. Its first flight occurred in 1964. Longer L-100-20 and L-100-30 versions were developed, despite thi ...
* 1 Lockheed L-1329 JetStar II Over the course of its existence, Southern Air Transport operated 23 distinct Lockheed L-100 Hercules aircraft. Southern Air Transport also operated the following jet aircraft types at various times during its existence:https://www.airliners.net, photos of Southern Air Transport Boeing 727, 747 and Douglas DC-8 * Boeing 727-100C * Boeing 747-200F *
Douglas DC-8 The Douglas DC-8 (sometimes McDonnell Douglas DC-8) is an early long-range Narrow-body aircraft, narrow-body jetliner designed and produced by the American Douglas Aircraft Company. Work began in 1952 towards the United States Air Force's (USA ...
- ''including DC-8-21F, Super DC-8-71F and Super DC-8-73F freighter aircraft''


See also

* Air America *
Air Asia Capital A Berhad (), operating as AirAsia (stylised as ''airasia'') is a Malaysian multinational low-cost airline headquartered near Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. Established in 1993 and commencing operations in 1996, the airline is the largest in ...
*
Civil Air Transport Civil Air Transport (CAT) was a Nationalist Chinese airline, later owned by the U.S. Central Intelligence Agency (CIA), that supported the United States' covert operations throughout East and Southeast Asia. During the Cold War, missions consi ...
* Rendition aircraft * St. Lucia Airways * Tepper Aviation *
Evergreen International Aviation Evergreen International Aviation, Inc. was a global aviation services company based in McMinnville, Oregon, United States. Founded in 1960, Evergreen was primarily known publicly for commercial helicopter operations in agricultural and forestry a ...
* Silk Way Airlines * Supplemental air carrier * Uncertificated carrier *
List of defunct airlines of the United States The following is a list of defunct airlines of the United States. However, some of these airlines have ceased operations completely, changed identities and/or FAA certificates and are still operating under a different name (e.g. America West Ai ...


Further reading

* (Self published history of Southern Air Transport from its founding in 1947 to its purchase by the CIA in 1960) *William Marcy: ''The Politics of Cocaine: How U.S. Foreign Policy has created a Thriving Drug Industry in Central and South America''. Chicago: Lawrence Hill Books, 2010. *Jonathan Marshall, Peter Dale Scott, Jane Hunter: ''The Iran-Contra Connection - Secret Teams and Covert Operations in Reagan Era''. Boston: South End Press, 1987, * Bob Fitrakis
''Spook Air''
Columbus Free Press, 25 October 2018 *Carmelo Ruiz-Marrero:
El rol de la CIA en el mundo contemporáneo
', Revista de Ciencias Sociales de la Universidad de Puerto Rico.


References

{{Airlines of the United States, state=collapsed Central Intelligence Agency front organizations Defunct airlines of the United States Iran–Contra affair Airlines based in Florida Airlines based in Ohio Airlines established in 1949 Airlines disestablished in 1998