Sophora Chrysophylla

''Sophora chrysophylla'', known as ''māmane'' in Hawaiian, is a species of flowering plant in the pea and bean family, Fabaceae, that is endemic to Hawaii. It is highly polymorphic, growing as a shrub or tree, and able to reach a height of in tree form. Yellow flowers are produced in winter and spring.

Biology

''S. chrysophylla'' has ridged golden brown branches. The tree has pinnately compound leaves with 6 to 10 pairs of leaflets. Each leaflet is long and wide. Leaves are smooth, or with gray or yellow hairs on the underside. The specific name is derived from the Greek words χρυσός (''chrysós''), meaning "gold," and φυλλον (''phyllos''), meaning "leaf." Flowers are found at the bases of leaves or the ends of branches in clusters – that is, they occur in axillary or terminal racemes. The corolla is yellow. The petal size ranges from long, and wide.

The tree blooms in winter and spring. The height of the flowering season is in mid-spring. ''Māmane'' wood is dense, hard and durable. Seedpods are persistent, and remain on the tree for most of the year. They are twisted, brown to brownish-gray, have four wings and are long and usually wide. Seedpods are tightly constricted around the yellow-orange or brown to grayish-black seeds, which are long. Untreated, the seeds have germination rates of less than 5%. The tree is perennial and highly polymorphic.

Habitat

''Māmane'' is an endemic species of Hawaii, and can be found on all main islands except Niihau and Kahoolawe. It inhabits low shrublands, high shrublands, dry forests, mixed mesic forests, and, rarely, wet forests. It can grow at elevations of , being limited by the tree line. ''Māmane'' is most common and grows the tallest in montane dry forests at elevations of . ''Māmane'' and ''naio'' (''Myoporum sandwicense'') define a dry woodland ecotone on the subalpine areas of East Maui (Haleakalā) and the Island of Hawaii.

Uses

The hard, durable wood of ''māmane'' was used by the Native Hawaiians for ''pou'' (house posts) and ''kaola'' (beams) up to in diameter, ''ōō'' (digging sticks), spears, ''kope'' (spades), '' papa hōlua'' (sled) runners, ''papa olonā'' (''Touchardia latifolia'' scrapers), ''au koi'' (adze handles), and ''wahie'' (firewood). Cattle ranchers used it as fence posts.

In herbal medicine, the flowers are used as an astringent. The wood was also used in religious rituals to ward off evil. A '' kahuna nui'' (high priest) would wrap a piece of ''māmane'' wood in a dark ''kapa'' cloth and hold it up to symbolize authority.

Ecology and conservation

''Māmane'' is essential for the endangered ''palila'' (''Loxioides bailleui''), which feeds almost exclusively on the plants' immature seeds when these are in season. It also nests in the ''māmane'' branches. Caterpillars of ''Cydia'' moths also eat the ''māmanes seeds, and in turn are being eaten by the ''palila''. Both the bird and the larvae utilize the embryo only, leaving the seed coat untouched.

To other animals, ''māmane'' seeds are highly poisonous. House finches die within minutes after eating the seeds. The ''māmane'' employs a two-layered biochemical defence system: The seed coats contain some 4% phenolic compounds, which give them a vile taste. They are also somewhat toxic and have a high fibre content. Seed predators trying to eat the seeds will probably not be killed but at least have a nasty experience. Should a predator be able to penetrate the seed coat, the embryo contains deadly quantities (>4% of dry weight) of quinolizidine alkaloids.
For example cytisine, anagyrine, 5,6-dehydrolupanine, lupanine, N-methylcytisine, and baptifoline (Banko ''et al.'' 2002).
The ''palila'' and the moths, however, have evolved the ability to deal with the poisonous compounds. The ''palila'', for example, can deal with dozens of times the dose of cytisine that would kill a laboratory mouse. Both seed predators seem to be able to recognize and avoid the most poisonous trees, which would be natural selection in action. ''Cydia'' caterpillars are able to break up the toxic compounds. They do not sequester the alkaloids for their own use, but are found to contain about as much phenolic compounds as the seed coats do. This seems not to be sufficient to deter predators however as they are also cryptically colored. The ''palila'' is apparently impervious to the phenolic aroma (as they eat ''Cydia'' caterpillars which would smell and taste like the plant), discarding the seed coats due to their low nutritional value. How the ''palila'' deals with the toxins is not known.(Banko ''et al.'' 2002)

Feral goats and sheep voraciously eat the seedpods of the plant, negatively impacting the tree's population. Toxicity of the leaves is unknown; it is notable that '' Uresiphita polygonalis virescens'' caterpillars which feed on the leaves have aposematic coloration. Clearly, this issue requires further study. Ranch cattle can kill trees through stomping on the roots. Wildfire has also destroyed some of the trees, though it is generally resistant to fire, and can grow quickly after one occurs. As regards diseases, the canker ascomycete ''Botryosphaeria mamane'' causes witch's broom disease, which kills heavily-infected trees (Gardner 1997). ''Māmane'' grows well in areas where there are no sheep or goats, and cattle populations are limited. The plant is being reforested in order to increase the population of both the tree itself and the ''palila'', and revive the indigenous ecosystem.

References

* Banko, P.; Cipollini, M.L.; Breton, G.; Paulk, E.; Wink, M. & Izhaki, I. (2002): Seed chemistry of ''Sophora chrysophylla'' (Mamane) in relation to the diet of the specialist seed predator ''Loxioides bailleui'' (Palila) in Hawaii. ''Journal of Chemical Ecology'' 28(7): 1393–1410. PDF fulltext
* Gardner, D.E. (1997): ''Botryosphaeria mamane'' sp. nov. associated with witches'-brooms on the endemic forest tree ''Sophora chrysophylla'' in Hawaii. ''Mycologia'' 89(2): 298–303. (HTML abstract and first page image)

Footnotes

External links

Plant Profile

Hawaiian Plants – Mamane

{{Taxonbar, from=Q2064969

chrysophylla
Endemic flora of Hawaii
Trees of Hawaii
Biota of Hawaii (island)
Biota of Kauai
Biota of Lanai
Biota of Maui
Biota of Molokai
Biota of Oahu
Plants described in 1865
Taxa named by Berthold Carl Seemann