George Frideric Handel by Balthasar Denner

''Solomon'', HWV 67, is an

oratorio An oratorio () is a musical composition with dramatic or narrative text for choir, soloists and orchestra or other ensemble. Similar to opera, an oratorio includes the use of a choir, soloists, an instrumental ensemble, various distinguisha ...

George Frideric Handel George Frideric (or Frederick) Handel ( ; baptised , ; 23 February 1685 – 14 April 1759) was a German-British Baroque composer well-known for his operas, oratorios, anthems, concerti grossi, and organ concerti. Born in Halle, Germany, H ...

. The anonymous

libretto A libretto (From the Italian word , ) is the text used in, or intended for, an extended musical work such as an opera, operetta, masque, oratorio, cantata or Musical theatre, musical. The term ''libretto'' is also sometimes used to refer to th ...

– currently thought to have been penned by the English Jewish poet/playwright Moses Mendes (d.1758) – is based on the biblical stories of the wise king

Solomon Solomon (), also called Jedidiah, was the fourth monarch of the Kingdom of Israel (united monarchy), Kingdom of Israel and Judah, according to the Hebrew Bible. The successor of his father David, he is described as having been the penultimate ...

from the First Book of Kings and the Second Book of Chronicles, with additional material from ''

Antiquities of the Jews ''Antiquities of the Jews'' (; , ''Ioudaikē archaiologia'') is a 20-volume historiographical work, written in Greek, by the Roman-Jewish historian Josephus in the 13th year of the reign of the Roman emperor Domitian, which was 94 CE. It cont ...

'' by ancient historian

Flavius Josephus Flavius Josephus (; , ; ), born Yosef ben Mattityahu (), was a History of the Jews in the Roman Empire, Roman–Jewish historian and military leader. Best known for writing ''The Jewish War'', he was born in Jerusalem—then part of the Judaea ...

. The music was composed between 5 May and 13 June 1748. The first performance took place on 17 March 1749, with Caterina Galli in the title role at the Covent Garden Theatre in London, where it had two further performances. Handel revived the work in 1759. The oratorio contains a short and lively instrumental passage for two

oboe The oboe ( ) is a type of double-reed woodwind instrument. Oboes are usually made of wood, but may also be made of synthetic materials, such as plastic, resin, or hybrid composites. The most common type of oboe, the soprano oboe pitched in C, ...

s and strings in Act Three, known as "

The Arrival of the Queen of Sheba "The Arrival of the Queen of Sheba", also known as "The Entrance of the Queen of Sheba" and "The Entry of the Queen of Sheba", is the sinfonia that opens Act III of George Frideric Handel's 1749 oratorio ''Solomon''. It is marked ''allegro'' and ...

", which has become famous outside the context of the complete work. It was featured at the 2012 London Olympics opening ceremony as

James Bond The ''James Bond'' franchise focuses on James Bond (literary character), the titular character, a fictional Secret Intelligence Service, British Secret Service agent created in 1953 by writer Ian Fleming, who featured him in twelve novels ...

( Daniel Craig) goes to meet the Queen at

Buckingham Palace Buckingham Palace () is a royal official residence, residence in London, and the administrative headquarters of the monarch of the United Kingdom. Located in the City of Westminster, the palace is often at the centre of state occasions and r ...

Background

The German-born Handel had been resident in London since 1712 and had there enjoyed great success as a composer of Italian operas. His opportunities to set English texts to music had at first been more limited; he had spent the years 1717 to 1719 as composer in residence to the wealthy Duke of Chandos where he had written church anthems and two stage works, '' Acis and Galatea'' and ''

Esther Esther (; ), originally Hadassah (; ), is the eponymous heroine of the Book of Esther in the Hebrew Bible. According to the biblical narrative, which is set in the Achaemenid Empire, the Persian king Ahasuerus falls in love with Esther and ma ...

''; and had composed vocal music to English words for various royal occasions, including a set of Coronation anthems for King George II in 1727, which had made a huge impact. In 1731, a performance of the 1718 version of ''Esther'', a work in English based on a Biblical drama by

Jean Racine Jean-Baptiste Racine ( , ; ; 22 December 1639 – 21 April 1699) was a French dramatist, one of the three great playwrights of 17th-century France, along with Molière and Corneille, as well as an important literary figure in the Western tr ...

, was staged in London without Handel's participation and had proved popular, so Handel revised the work and planned to have it performed at the theatre where his Italian operas were being presented. However the

Bishop of London The bishop of London is the Ordinary (church officer), ordinary of the Church of England's Diocese of London in the Province of Canterbury. By custom the Bishop is also Dean of the Chapel Royal since 1723. The diocese covers of 17 boroughs o ...

would not permit a drama based on a Biblical story to be acted out on the stage, and therefore Handel presented ''Esther'' in concert form, thus giving birth to the English oratorio. Such was the success of his oratorios in English that eventually Handel abandoned Italian opera, his last being ''Deidamia'' in 1741, and produced a string of masterpieces of oratorio in English. ''

Opera seria ''Opera seria'' (; plural: ''opere serie''; usually called ''dramma per musica'' or ''melodramma serio'') is an Italian musical term which refers to the noble and "serious" style of Italian opera that predominated in Europe from the 1710s to abou ...

'', the form of Italian opera that Handel composed for London, focused overwhelmingly on solo arias and recitatives for the star singers and contained very little else; they did not feature separate choruses. With the English oratorios Handel had the opportunity to mix operatic arias in English for the soloists with large choruses of the type that he used in the Coronation anthems. The oratorios found a wider audience among more social classes than the aristocratic audience who had sponsored and enjoyed Handel's Italian operas. ''Solomon'' was widely recognised by commentators of the day as a eulogy for Georgian England, with the just and wise King Solomon representing King George II, and the mighty, prosperous kingdom of Israel reflecting the similarly happy state of England at the time of the work's premiere, in the view of its creators. However, a 21st-century commentator has noted that ''Solomon'' was not a great commercial success with London audiences of the time, possibly because of complexities and ambiguities in its portrayal of the central character King Solomon.

Dramatis personae

Synopsis

Workshop of Peter Paul Rubens -The Judgement of Solomon

Act 1

The work begins with Solomon and his people celebrating the consecration of the

Temple A temple (from the Latin ) is a place of worship, a building used for spiritual rituals and activities such as prayer and sacrifice. By convention, the specially built places of worship of some religions are commonly called "temples" in Engli ...

he has built in

Jerusalem Jerusalem is a city in the Southern Levant, on a plateau in the Judaean Mountains between the Mediterranean Sea, Mediterranean and the Dead Sea. It is one of the List of oldest continuously inhabited cities, oldest cities in the world, and ...

. Solomon rejoices in his married happiness to his one wife (unlike the biblical Solomon, who is stated to have had hundreds of wives and concubines), and promises to build his queen a palace for her. They express their love for each other and retire for the night as flower-scented breezes and nightingales' songs lull them to rest.

Act 2

The wisdom of Solomon is presented in the famous biblical story of two harlots who each claimed a single baby as her own. Solomon offers to solve the case by splitting the infant in half with his sword, but the real mother rejects this solution and offers to hand the child over to the other woman, as Solomon knew the true parent would do. The First Harlot and the chorus praise Solomon's judgement.

Act 3

In Act Three we see a state visit from the

Queen of Sheba The Queen of Sheba, also known as Bilqis in Arabic and as Makeda in Geʽez, is a figure first mentioned in the Hebrew Bible. In the original story, she brings a caravan of valuable gifts for Solomon, the fourth King of Israel and Judah. This a ...

to Solomon's kingdom. The king and his people entertain her with a musical

masque The masque was a form of festive courtly entertainment that flourished in 16th- and early 17th-century Europe, though it was developed earlier in Italy, in forms including the intermedio (a public version of the masque was the pageant). A mas ...

of magnificent choruses depicting in turn the "lulling" sound of gentle music, the desire for military glory, the despair of an unhappy lover, and a storm which turns to calm. All celebrate the Israel of the wise ruler Solomon as a Golden Age of peace, happiness, and prosperity.

List of musical numbers

Act Three begins with the very famous

sinfonia Sinfonia (; plural ''sinfonie'') is the Italian word for symphony, from the Latin ''symphonia'', in turn derived from Ancient Greek συμφωνία ''symphōnia'' (agreement or concord of sound), from the prefix σύν (together) and Φωνή (s ...

known as "The Arrival of the Queen of Sheba". (Note: "Sinfonia" in this context means a purely instrumental piece. "Accompagnato" is a

recitative Recitative (, also known by its Italian name recitativo () is a style of delivery (much used in operas, oratorios, and cantatas) in which a singer is allowed to adopt the rhythms and delivery of ordinary speech. Recitative does not repeat lines ...

accompanied by the orchestra, rather than by continuo instruments only, as in the passages marked "recitative".) ;Act One :1. Overture :Scene 1: ''Solomon, Zadok, priests and chorus'' :2.Your harps and cymbals (chorus) :3.Praise ye the Lord (Levite – air) :4.With pious heart (chorus) :5.Almighty Power (Solomon – accompagnato) :6.Imperial Solomon (Zadok – recitative) :7.Sacred raptures (Zadok – air) :8.Throughout the land (chorus) :9.Bless’d be the Lord (Solomon – recitative) :10.What though I trace (Solomon – air) :Scene 2: ''To them the Queen'' :11.And see my Queen (Solomon – recitative) :12.Bless’d the day (Queen – air) :13.Thou fair inhabitant of Nile (Solomon, Queen – recitative) :14.Welcome as the dawn of day (Queen Solomon – duet) :15.Vain are the transient beauties (Zadok – recitative) :16.Indulge thy faith (Zadok – air) :17.My blooming fair (Solomon – recitative) :18.Haste to the cedar grove (Solomon – air) :19.When thou art absent (Queen – recitative) :20.With thee th’unshelter’d moor (Queen – air) :21.May no rash intruder ("Nightingale Chorus") (chorus) ;Act Two :Scene 1: ''Solomon, Zadok, Levite, chorus of priests and Israelites'' :22.From the censer curling rise (chorus) :23.Prais’d be the Lord (Solomon – recitative) :24.When the sun o’er yonder hills (Solomon – air) :25.Great prince (Levite – recitative) :26.Thrice bless’d that wise discerning king (Levite – air) :Scene 2: ''To them an attendant'' :27.My sovereign liege (Attendant, Solomon – recitative) :Scene 3: ''To them the two harlots'' :28.Thou son of David (First harlot – recitative) :29.Words are weak (First and second harlot, Solomon – trio) :30.What says the other (Solomon, second harlot – recitative) :31.Thy sentence, great king (Second harlot – air) :32.Withhold, withhold the executing hand (First harlot – recitative) :33.Can I see my infant gor’d (First harlot – air) :34.Israel attend (Solomon – accompagnato) :35.Thrice bless’d be the king (First harlot, Solomon – duet) :36.From the east unto the west (chorus) :37.From morn to eve (Zadok – recitative) :38.See the tall palm (Zadok – air). :39.No more shall armed bands (First harlot – recitative) :40.Beneath the vine (First harlot – air) :41.Swell, swell the full chorus (chorus) ;Act Three :42.Sinfonia ("

") :''Solomon, Queen of Sheba, Zadok, chorus of Israelites'' :43.From Arabia’s spicy shores (Queen of Sheba, Solomon – recitative) :44.Ev’ry sight these eyes behold (Queen of Sheba – air) :45.Sweep, sweep the string (Solomon – recitative) :46.Music spread thy voice around (Solomon and chorus) :47.Now a different measure (Solomon and chorus) :48.Then at once from rage remove (Solomon – recitative) :49.Draw the tear from hopeless love (chorus) :50.Next the tortur’d soul release (Solomon – recitative) :51.Thus rolling surges rise (Solomon and chorus) :52.Thy harmony’s divine (Queen of Sheba – recitative) :53.Pious king (Levite – air) :54.Thrice happy king (Zadok – recitative) :55.Golden columns (Zadok – air) :56.Praise the Lord (chorus) :57.Gold now is common (Solomon – recitative) :58.How green our fertile pastures look (Solomon – air) :59.May peace in Salem (Queen of Sheba – recitative) :60.Will the sun forget to streak (Queen of Sheba – air) :61.Adieu, fair queen (Solomon – recitative) :62.Ev’ry joy that wisdom knows (Queen of Sheba, Solomon – duet) :63.The name of the wicked (chorus)

Musical features

''Solomon'' is richly orchestrated by the standards of its day, calling for an orchestra of flutes, oboes, bassoons, horns, trumpets, timpani, strings, and

basso continuo Basso continuo parts, almost universal in the Baroque era (1600–1750), provided the harmonic structure of the music by supplying a bassline and a chord progression. The phrase is often shortened to continuo, and the instrumentalists playing th ...

instruments. Many of the grand and varied choruses are in eight parts ("a double chorus") instead of the more usual four parts. The final number of Act I is the chorus “May no rash intruder”, usually called the Nightingale Chorus, with flutes imitating birdsong over a gentle rustling effect created by strings divided into numerous different parts. Act 3 begins with the very famous

known as "The Arrival of the Queen of Sheba", a bright and sprightly orchestral piece featuring oboes which has often been used outside the context of the oratorios as a processional piece. Sir Thomas Beecham is believed to have given the name "The Arrival of the Queen of Sheba" to this sinfonia, perhaps in 1933 when he made a recording of it, or perhaps in 1955 when he recorded the oratorio in an abridged and re-orchestrated form.

Recordings

Notes

External links

Libretto
at

Stanford University Leland Stanford Junior University, commonly referred to as Stanford University, is a Private university, private research university in Stanford, California, United States. It was founded in 1885 by railroad magnate Leland Stanford (the eighth ...

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Score
Deutsche Händelgesellschaft (German Handel Society), 1867 {{Authority control Oratorios by George Frideric Handel 1748 oratorios Cultural depictions of Solomon Oratorios based on the Bible Cultural depictions of the queen of Sheba Jerusalem in fiction