''Solidago rugosa'', commonly called the wrinkleleaf goldenrod or rough-stemmed goldenrod, is a species of

flowering plant Flowering plants are plants that bear flowers and fruits, and form the clade Angiospermae (), commonly called angiosperms. They include all forbs (flowering plants without a woody stem), grasses and grass-like plants, a vast majority of ...

in the family

Asteraceae The family Asteraceae, alternatively Compositae, consists of over 32,000 known species of flowering plants in over 1,900 genera within the order Asterales. Commonly referred to as the aster, daisy, composite, or sunflower family, Compositae ...

. It is native to North America, where it is widespread across eastern and central Canada (from

Newfoundland Newfoundland and Labrador (; french: Terre-Neuve-et-Labrador; frequently abbreviated as NL) is the easternmost province of Canada, in the country's Atlantic region. The province comprises the island of Newfoundland and the continental region ...

Ontario Ontario ( ; ) is one of the thirteen provinces and territories of Canada.Ontario is located in the geographic eastern half of Canada, but it has historically and politically been considered to be part of Central Canada. Located in Central C ...

) and the eastern and central United States (

Maine Maine () is a U.S. state, state in the New England and Northeastern United States, Northeastern regions of the United States. It borders New Hampshire to the west, the Gulf of Maine to the southeast, and the Provinces and territories of Canad ...

west as far as

Wisconsin Wisconsin () is a state in the upper Midwestern United States. Wisconsin is the 25th-largest state by total area and the 20th-most populous. It is bordered by Minnesota to the west, Iowa to the southwest, Illinois to the south, Lake M ...

and

Iowa Iowa () is a U.S. state, state in the Midwestern United States, Midwestern region of the United States, bordered by the Mississippi River to the east and the Missouri River and Big Sioux River to the west. It is bordered by six states: Wiscon ...

, south to

Florida Florida is a state located in the Southeastern region of the United States. Florida is bordered to the west by the Gulf of Mexico, to the northwest by Alabama, to the north by Georgia, to the east by the Bahamas and Atlantic Ocean, a ...

and

Texas Texas (, ; Spanish language, Spanish: ''Texas'', ''Tejas'') is a state in the South Central United States, South Central region of the United States. At 268,596 square miles (695,662 km2), and with more than 29.1 million residents in 2 ...

). It is usually found in wet to

mesic habitats In ecology, a mesic habitat is a type of habitat with a moderate or well-balanced supply of moisture, e.g., a mesic forest, a temperate hardwood forest, or dry-mesic prairie. Mesic habitats transition to xeric shrublands Deserts and xeric sh ...

.Flora of North America, ''Solidago rugosa'' Miller, 1768. Rough-stemmed or wrinkle-leaf goldenrod, verge d’or rugueuse
/ref>

Description

''Solidago rugosa'' is a rough-leaved

herbaceous Herbaceous plants are vascular plants that have no persistent woody stems above ground. This broad category of plants includes many perennials, and nearly all annuals and biennials. Definitions of "herb" and "herbaceous" The fourth edition ...

perennial A perennial plant or simply perennial is a plant that lives more than two years. The term ('' per-'' + '' -ennial'', "through the years") is often used to differentiate a plant from shorter-lived annuals and biennials. The term is also wide ...

up to tall. Its leaves are primarily

cauline A leaf ( : leaves) is any of the principal appendages of a vascular plant stem, usually borne laterally aboveground and specialized for photosynthesis. Leaves are collectively called foliage, as in "autumn foliage", while the leaves, ste ...

. One plant can produce as many as 50 stems, each with 50–1500 yellow flower heads. It flowers in late summer through fall. It can be distinguished from the similar-looking ''

Solidago ulmifolia ''Solidago ulmifolia'', commonly known as elmleaf goldenrod, is a North American species of goldenrod in the family Asteraceae. It is found in Canada (Ontario and Nova Scotia) and the eastern and central United States (from Maine west to Minnes ...

'' by the presence of creeping rhizomes, and by its more abrupt leaf bases. File:Solidago rugosa03.jpg, 1913 illustration File:Solidago_rugosa_shed.jpg, Growing in a

ruderal A ruderal species is a plant species that is first to colonize disturbed lands. The disturbance may be natural for example, wildfires or avalanchesor the consequences of human activities, such as construction ( of roads, of buildings, mining, et ...

habitat File:Bloemen van een Solidago rugosa. 07-10-2021. (d.j.b).jpg, A stalk of flowers.

Galls

This species is host to the following insect induced galls: * ''

Asphondylia rosulata ''Asphondylia'' is a cosmopolitan genus of gall midges in the family Cecidomyiidae. All species in this genus induce galls on plants, especially on flowers and flower buds. There are over 300 described species in ''Asphondylia'', with many ...

'' Dorchin, 2015 (bud and leaf snap) * '' Asteromyia carbonifera'' (Osten Sacken, 1862) * ''

Asteromyia tumifica ''Asteromyia tumifica'' is a species of gall midges in the family Cecidomyiidae. This fly causes blister galls on green stems at the base of goldenrod stems. It has a fungal symbiont responseible for forming a black, hard cast around full-gro ...

'' (Beutenmuller, 1907) * '' Dasineura folliculi'' (Felt, 1908) * '' Eurosta comma'' (Wiedemann, 1830) * '' Eurosta solidaginis'' (Fitch, 1855) * '' Eutreta novaeboracensis'' (Fitch, 1855) * '' Gnorimoschema gallaesolidaginis'' (Fitch, 1855) * ''

Procecidochares atra ''Procecidochares atra'' is a species of tephritid or fruit flies in the genus ''Procecidochares'' of the family Tephritidae. Its galls are most common on ''Solidago altissima, S. gigantea, S. rugosa''.http://bugguide.net/node/view/68596 Buggu ...

'' (Loew, 1862) (spring summer and autumn generations) * '' Rhopalomyia clarkei'' Felt, 1907 * '' Rhopalomyia solidaginis'' (Loew, 1862) (spring summer and autumn generations)
external link to gallformers

Taxonomy

''Solidago rugosa'' is a variable plant throughout its range. Five varieties are currently recognized, although their relationships are complex and poorly understood. The varieties are: *''Solidago rugosa'' var. ''aspera'' (Aiton) Fernald - common throughout the east *''Solidago rugosa'' var. ''celtidifolia'' (Small) Fernald - coastal plain from Texas to Virginia *''Solidago rugosa'' var. ''cronquistiana'' Semple - high elevations in Georgia, Tennessee, North Carolina *''Solidago rugosa'' var. ''rugosa'' - common, generally more northern and Appalachian *''Solidago rugosa'' var. ''sphagnophila'' C. Graves - cedar swamps from Nova Scotia to coastal Virginia

Conservation

''Solidago rugosa'' is common throughout most of its range, and is not tracked at the species level in any state or province it is native to. However, in Connecticut the variety ''sphagnophila'' is listed as a special concern and believed to be

extirpated Local extinction, also known as extirpation, refers to a species (or other taxon) of plant or animal that ceases to exist in a chosen geographic area of study, though it still exists elsewhere. Local extinctions are contrasted with global extinct ...

from the state.

Cultivation

''Solidago rugosa'' is grown as an ornamental garden plant. The

cultivar A cultivar is a type of cultivated plant that people have selected for desired traits and when propagated retain those traits. Methods used to propagate cultivars include: division, root and stem cuttings, offsets, grafting, tissue culture ...

‘Fireworks’ has gained the

Royal Horticultural Society The Royal Horticultural Society (RHS), founded in 1804 as the Horticultural Society of London, is the UK's leading gardening charity. The RHS promotes horticulture through its five gardens at Wisley (Surrey), Hyde Hall (Essex), Harlow Carr (No ...

’s

Award of Garden Merit The Award of Garden Merit (AGM) is a long-established annual award for plants by the British Royal Horticultural Society (RHS). It is based on assessment of the plants' performance under UK growing conditions. History The Award of Garden Merit ...

Native American ethnobotany

The

Iroquois The Iroquois ( or ), officially the Haudenosaunee ( meaning "people of the longhouse"), are an Iroquoian-speaking confederacy of First Nations peoples in northeast North America/ Turtle Island. They were known during the colonial years to ...

use the whole plant for biliousness and as liver medicine, and take a

decoction Decoction is a method of extraction by boiling herbal or plant material (which may include stems, roots, bark and rhizomes) to dissolve the chemicals of the material. It is the most common preparation method in various herbal-medicine systems. De ...

of flowers and leaves for dizziness, weakness or sunstroke.Herrick, James William, 1977, Iroquois Medical Botany, State University of New York, Albany, PhD Thesis, page 461

References

External links

{{Taxonbar, from=Q3020839

rugosa The rugosa, also called the tetracorallia or horn coral, are an extinct order of solitary and colonial corals that were abundant in Middle Ordovician to Late Permian seas. Solitary rugosans (e.g., '' Caninia'', '' Lophophyllidium'', '' Neozap ...

Plants described in 1768 Plants used in traditional Native American medicine Flora of Eastern Canada Flora of the Northeastern United States Flora of the Southeastern United States Flora of the North-Central United States Taxa named by Philip Miller Flora without expected TNC conservation status