Soldier settlement was the settlement of land throughout parts of
Australia
Australia, officially the Commonwealth of Australia, is a country comprising mainland Australia, the mainland of the Australia (continent), Australian continent, the island of Tasmania and list of islands of Australia, numerous smaller isl ...
by returning discharged soldiers under soldier settlement schemes administered by state governments after
World War I
World War I or the First World War (28 July 1914 – 11 November 1918), also known as the Great War, was a World war, global conflict between two coalitions: the Allies of World War I, Allies (or Entente) and the Central Powers. Fighting to ...
and
World War II
World War II or the Second World War (1 September 1939 – 2 September 1945) was a World war, global conflict between two coalitions: the Allies of World War II, Allies and the Axis powers. World War II by country, Nearly all of the wo ...
. The post-World War II settlements were co-ordinated by the Commonwealth Soldier Settlement Commission.
World War I
Such settlement plans initially began during
World War I
World War I or the First World War (28 July 1914 – 11 November 1918), also known as the Great War, was a World war, global conflict between two coalitions: the Allies of World War I, Allies (or Entente) and the Central Powers. Fighting to ...
, with
South Australia
South Australia (commonly abbreviated as SA) is a States and territories of Australia, state in the southern central part of Australia. With a total land area of , it is the fourth-largest of Australia's states and territories by area, which in ...
first enacting legislation in 1915. Similar schemes gained impetus across Australia in February 1916 when a conference of representatives from the Australian Government and all the state governments was held in
Melbourne
Melbourne ( , ; Boonwurrung language, Boonwurrung/ or ) is the List of Australian capital cities, capital and List of cities in Australia by population, most populous city of the States and territories of Australia, Australian state of Victori ...
to consider a report prepared by the Federal Parliamentary War Committee regarding the settlement of returned soldiers on the land. The report focused specifically on a federal-state cooperative process of selling or leasing
Crown land
Crown land, also known as royal domain, is a territorial area belonging to the monarch, who personifies the Crown. It is the equivalent of an entailed estate and passes with the monarchy, being inseparable from it. Today, in Commonwealth realm ...
to soldiers who had been
demobilised
Demobilization or demobilisation (see American and British English spelling differences, spelling differences) is the process of standing down a nation's armed forces from combat-ready status. This may be as a result of victory in war, or becaus ...
following the end of their service in this first global conflict.
The meeting agreed that it was the Australian Government's role to select and acquire land whilst the State government authorities would process applications and grant land allotments.
Crown land
Crown land, also known as royal domain, is a territorial area belonging to the monarch, who personifies the Crown. It is the equivalent of an entailed estate and passes with the monarchy, being inseparable from it. Today, in Commonwealth realm ...
was used where possible, but much land was acquired. By 1924, just over 24 million acres (97,000 km
2) had been acquired or allocated. Of this nearly 6.3 million acres (25,000 km
2) was purchased and 18 million acres (73,000 km
2) was crown land set aside. 23.2 million acres (93,900 km
2) had been allotted 23,367 farms across Australia.
Other than supporting soldiers and sailors that were returning from those wars the various governments also saw the opportunity of attracting both Australians and specific groups of allied service personnel to some of the otherwise little inhabited, remote areas of Australia. Although the Australian Government held responsibility for defence, and thus might have taken responsibility for demobilised soldiers, it was the states which took responsibility for land settlement and thus enacted separate soldier settlement schemes. The states also wished to take an active role in recognising the contribution of soldiers.
In addition to soldiers, nurses and female relatives of deceased soldiers were also able to apply for the scheme. However, in cases where women did take on land, they were often given little chance to succeed. Annie Smith, a returned nurse who began a dairy farm in
Thorpdale, near
Moe was repeatedly criticised by overseers from the Closer Settlement Board for having to hire labour to do some of the more difficult physical tasks. The Board disregarded the fact that the plot she had been assigned had no water, and that Smith often obtained local labour for free, swapping nursing advice for one-off jobs. In 1926 Smith vacated the lot, with no war pension left and mounting debt. Confounding the Board's assumption that her status as a single woman had rendered her unequal to the task, the two subsequent male owners of the property also failed to make the land profitable.
Areas that gained such settlements included:
; New South Wales
*
Dorrigo
*
Griffith
Griffith may refer to:
People
* Griffith (name)
* Griffith (surname)
* Griffith (given name)
Places Antarctica
* Mount Griffith, Ross Dependency
* Griffith Peak (Antarctica), Marie Byrd Land
* Griffith Glacier, Marie Byrd Land
* Griffith Ridge, ...
*
Tarcutta
Tarcutta is a town in south-western New South Wales, Australia. The town is south-west of Sydney, east of the Hume Highway, It was proclaimed as a village on 28 October 1890. As of 2016, the town had a population of 446.
It serves a local farm ...
; Queensland
*
Atherton and
Tolga
*
Barmoya and
Rosslyn
*
Beerburrum Soldier Settlement
Beerburrum Soldier Settlement was a soldier settlement (Australia), soldier settlement in Beerburrum, Queensland, Beerburrum, Queensland, Australia, established to provide opportunities for Australian soldiers returning from World War I. It is ...
*Burrandowan
*
Boyne Valley
The River Boyne ( or ''Abhainn na Bóinne'') is a river in Leinster, Ireland, the course of which is about long. It rises at Trinity Well, Newberry Hall, near Carbury, County Kildare, and flows north-east through County Meath to reach the ...
*
Cecil Plains
Cecil Plains is a rural town and Suburbs and localities (Australia), locality in the Toowoomba Region, Queensland, Australia. In the , the locality of Cecil Plains had a population of 380 people.
Geography
Cecil Plains is in the Darling Downs ...
*
Charlestown
*
Coominya Soldier Settlement
Coominya Soldier Settlement was a soldier settlement in Coominya in the present-day Somerset Region local government area of South East Queensland, Australia. 100 soldiers settled in the settlement, each on approximately blocks.
Approximately ...
*
Enoggera
*
El Arish
ʻArish or el-ʻArīsh ( ' ) is the capital and largest city of the North Sinai Governorate of Egypt, as well as the largest city on the Sinai Peninsula, lying on the Mediterranean coast northeast of Cairo and west of the Egypt–Gaza border ...
*
Gordonbrook
*
Highlands
Highland is a broad term for areas of higher elevation, such as a mountain range or mountainous plateau.
Highland, Highlands, or The Highlands, may also refer to:
Places Africa
* Highlands, Johannesburg, South Africa
* Highlands, Harare, Zimbab ...
*
Mount Gravatt
Mount Gravatt is a southern Suburbs and localities (Australia), suburb of the City of Brisbane, Queensland, Australia and a prominent hill and lookout within this suburb (). In the , Mount Gravatt had a population of 3,733 people.
Geography
T ...
*
Mount Hutton
Mount Hutton is a suburb of the City of Lake Macquarie, New South Wales, Australia, located from Newcastle's central business district on the eastern side of Lake Macquarie. It is part of the City of Lake Macquarie
The City of Lake Macqu ...
*
Ridgelands
*
Stanthorpe
Stanthorpe is a rural town and locality in the Southern Downs Region, Queensland, Australia. In the , the locality of Stanthorpe had a population of 5,286 people.
The area surrounding the town is known as the Granite Belt.
Geography
Stant ...
/
Amiens
Amiens (English: or ; ; , or ) is a city and Communes of France, commune in northern France, located north of Paris and south-west of Lille. It is the capital of the Somme (department), Somme Departments of France, department in the region ...
,
Pikedale and
Cottonvale
*
Taromeo
*
Ubobo
Ubobo is a rural town in the locality of Boyne Valley in the Gladstone Region, Queensland, Australia.
Geography
Ubobo is located south of Gladstone and Calliope along Highway 69 in Central Queensland, Australia. It is one of four small towns ...
, where one of the
soldier settler's houses is now heritage-listed
; South Australia
*
Kangaroo Island
Kangaroo Island (, ) is Australia's third-largest island, after Tasmania and Melville Island, Northern Territory, Melville Island. It lies in the state of South Australia, southwest of Adelaide. Its closest point to the mainland is Snapper Poi ...
*
Murray Bridge
*
Renmark
; Victoria
*
Birdwoodton
*
Gringegalgona
*
Merbein West
*
Mortlake
Mortlake is a suburban district of the London Borough of Richmond upon Thames on the south bank of the River Thames between Kew and Barnes, London, Barnes. Historically it was part of Surrey and until 1965 was in the Municipal Borough of Barnes ...
*
Numurkah
Numurkah ( ) is a town in Victoria (Australia), Victoria, Australia, located on the Goulburn Valley Highway, north of Shepparton, in the Shire of Moira. At the , Numurkah had a population of 4,768.
History
The area was occupied by the Yorta ...
*
Red Cliffs (including the township of
Cardross
Cardross () is a large village with a population of 2,194 (2011) in Scotland, on the north side of the Firth of Clyde, situated halfway between Dumbarton and Helensburgh. Cardross is in the historic geographical county of Dunbartonshire but th ...
)
* Karadoc/
Carwarp/
Colignan (including the new towns of
Nangiloc and
Iraak)
By 30 June 1924 a total of 23,367 returned soldiers and sailors had taken up settlement farms on 23,275,380 acres (94,192 km
2) across Australia as per the following breakdown:
World War II
The procedure of supporting such soldiers was repeated after
World War II
World War II or the Second World War (1 September 1939 – 2 September 1945) was a World war, global conflict between two coalitions: the Allies of World War II, Allies and the Axis powers. World War II by country, Nearly all of the wo ...
with all Australian state governments using the previous and amended forms of such acts of parliament to reinvigorate the programme for this new generation of returned soldiers.
Rules of holding soldier settlement land
In most cases Crown land, including some land from
Aboriginal reserve
An Aboriginal reserve, also called simply reserve, was a government-sanctioned settlement for Aboriginal Australians, created under various state and federal legislation. Along with missions and other institutions, they were used from the 19th ...
s, was allocated to Australian returning soldiers who in order to buy or lease such a block were required to be certified as qualified and to remain in residence on that land for five years. In this way remote rural areas set aside for such settlement were guaranteed a population expansion which remained to increase infrastructure in the area.
Soldiers who were successful in gaining such a block of land had the opportunity to start a farming life in a number of rural activities including as
wool
Wool is the textile fiber obtained from sheep and other mammals, especially goats, rabbits, and camelids. The term may also refer to inorganic materials, such as mineral wool and glass wool, that have some properties similar to animal w ...
,
dairy
A dairy is a place where milk is stored and where butter, cheese, and other dairy products are made, or a place where those products are sold. It may be a room, a building, or a larger establishment. In the United States, the word may also des ...
,
cattle
Cattle (''Bos taurus'') are large, domesticated, bovid ungulates widely kept as livestock. They are prominent modern members of the subfamily Bovinae and the most widespread species of the genus '' Bos''. Mature female cattle are calle ...
, pigs, fruit, fodder and
grain
A grain is a small, hard, dry fruit (caryopsis) – with or without an attached husk, hull layer – harvested for human or animal consumption. A grain crop is a grain-producing plant. The two main types of commercial grain crops are cereals and ...
. These initial land allotments resulted in triumph for some and despair for others. Indeed, specifically following World War I, in some cases these new farmers, unable to cope with the climatic variances of Australia and lacking the capital to increase stock or quality of life, simply walked off the land back to the large towns and cities from whence they had come.
The success of the program increased after World War II when the infrastructure required for these new farmers was improved as a direct result of learning from the mistakes that came during and after the first attempts at such settlement.
Despite the fact that
Aboriginal Australians
Aboriginal Australians are the various indigenous peoples of the Mainland Australia, Australian mainland and many of its islands, excluding the ethnically distinct people of the Torres Strait Islands.
Humans first migrated to Australia (co ...
fought alongside other Australian troops in both World Wars, only a very small number of indigenous applications were successful, including two in Victoria and one in New South Wales.
In some cases, land was taken from indigenous Australians, such as at
Coranderrk
Coranderrk was an Aboriginal reserve run by the Victorian government between 1863 and 1924, located around north-east of Melbourne. The residents were mainly of the Woiwurrung, Bunurong and Taungurung peoples, and the first inhabitants chose ...
and
Cummeragunja Reserve
Cummeragunja Reserve or Cummeragunja Station, alternatively spelt Coomeroogunja, Coomeragunja, Cumeroogunga and Cummerguja, was a settlement on the New South Wales side of the Murray River, on the Victorian border near Barmah. It was also refe ...
.
Settlement by state
South Australia
Following World War I, soldiers who had previously worked on irrigation activities along the
Murray River
The Murray River (in South Australia: River Murray; Ngarrindjeri language, Ngarrindjeri: ''Millewa'', Yorta Yorta language, Yorta Yorta: ''Dhungala'' or ''Tongala'') is a river in Southeastern Australia. It is List of rivers of Australia, Aust ...
during the years leading up to the war returned to find that their previous jobs were no longer available.
The South Australian government responded as early as 1915 with the first of the acts of parliament designed to both repatriate and compensate returning servicemen, and to meet the political and economic need to 'sponsor' the development of intensively productive agriculture pursuits. Soldiers were informed of the availability of the scheme via the media and in the material provided in both recruitment packages and general information forwarded to men serving overseas.
Settlement schemes during and after the conclusion of World War I saw properties specialising in dairy, grapes, vegetables, grains, and grazing develop along the River in
Cobdogla
Cobdogla is a town in the Riverland region of South Australia, The town is on the Murray River, north-east of the state capital, Adelaide. At the 2006 census, Cobdogla had a population of 232.
Cobdogla is the home of the Irrigation and Steam M ...
,
Waikerie
Waikerie ( ) is a rural town in the Riverland region of South Australia on the south bank of the Murray River. At the , Waikerie had a population of 2,684. The Sturt Highway passes to the south of the town at the top of the cliffs. There is a ca ...
,
Berri,
Cadell,
Chaffey and near
Renmark.
Following a number of acts that dealt with Soldier Settlement the South Australian government introduced the ''Discharged Soldier Settlement Act 1934'' which consolidated acts such as the ''Crown Lands Act 1929'' and the ''Irrigation Act 1930'' for the benefit of any discharged soldier who had served in connection with the
Great War
World War I or the First World War (28 July 1914 – 11 November 1918), also known as the Great War, was a World war, global conflict between two coalitions: the Allies of World War I, Allies (or Entente) and the Central Powers. Fighting to ...
and had been a member of the British Army or Navy or of the Australian Imperial Force or of any other naval or military force raised in any part of the British Empire for service in that War, or to the widow (who had children) of any such who had died or dies from wounds inflicted, accident occurring, or disease contracted whilst on service. A training farm was established at
Pompoota to teach soldiers the skills they would need to be successful as farmers. The training farm was an initiative of
Samuel McIntosh who had observed the
Village Settlements twenty years earlier in which unemployed city people were provided with land and expected to be able to clear and farm it with no relevant experience in farming.
Settlement schemes after World War II expanded to include the
Loxton Irrigation Area, which became the largest such scheme in South Australia, and to another part of the previously developed area of Chaffey. The
Returned Services League
The Returned and Services League of Australia, also known as RSL, RSL Australia and the RSLA, is an independent support organisation for people who have served or are serving in the Australian Defence Force.
History
The League was formed in ...
(RSL) lobbied the state government to open up more land for returned soldiers at Loxton, and returning soldiers were informed of the scheme at the RSL through handout material. Settlement schemes after World War II also led to the establishment of the new towns of
Parndana on
Kangaroo Island
Kangaroo Island (, ) is Australia's third-largest island, after Tasmania and Melville Island, Northern Territory, Melville Island. It lies in the state of South Australia, southwest of Adelaide. Its closest point to the mainland is Snapper Poi ...
and
Padthway in the south east of the state.
However whilst the first world war settlers had achieved only a modicum of success the benefit of that previous experience helped the second world war veterans, particularly in Loxton, to avoid some past mistakes and with the assistance of the Department of Lands, the community worked together in order to survive and prosper. Irrigation schemes that eventually arrived saw the advent of the productive orchard and vineyard concerns that became so important to the overall region as it exists today.
New South Wales
The State Government of New South Wales introduced the Returned Soldiers Settlement Act, 1916 shortly after the combined Australian and State meeting held in Melbourne earlier that year (see above). Soldiers who had served outside of Australia either as a part of the Australian Imperial Forces or as a part of the British Defence Service and who had been honourably discharged were eligible to apply for Crown Lands. This was land that the Australian Government had acquired under either the Closer Settlement Acts,
Murrumbidgee Irrigation
Murrumbidgee Irrigation Limited (MI) is one of five privately owned irrigation companies in New South Wales, Australia. It provides irrigation water and drainage services to an area known as the Murrumbidgee Irrigation Area (MIA). MI manages 500 ...
Act, or was available as a part of general disposal under the Crown Lands Consolidation Act.
Ex-servicemen were required to apply for such land via completion of appropriate paperwork and if successful a soldier could gain additional financial assistance for the purpose of clearing, fencing, drainage, water supply and other improvement of the land as well as for the erection of buildings and the purchase of stock, seeds, implements, plants and similar material necessary for the occupation and development of the land.
By 1917 the state government saw fit to enact the Returned Soldiers Settlement (Amendment) Act, which broadened the definition of returned soldiers to include those who had not enlisted in Australia and those who had not served overseas, as well as providing for potential further categories of soldiers.
In the period October 1917 – June 1920?, twelve soldier settlement projects were commenced. Projects areas included
Bankstown
Bankstown is a suburb of Sydney, in the state of New South Wales, Australia. It is located 19 kilometres south-west of the Sydney central business district and is part of the Canterbury-Bankstown region. Bankstown is the administrative centre ...
and
Seven Hills in the outer metropolitan area and rural
Glen Innes,
Hillston, and
Batlow
Batlow is a town in the South West Slopes region of New South Wales, Australia, on the edge of the Great Dividing Range, 775 m above sea level.
Batlow is well known for its apples. About 50 growers in the district supply 1.6 million cas ...
. Industries commenced included
poultry
Poultry () are domesticated birds kept by humans for the purpose of harvesting animal products such as meat, Eggs as food, eggs or feathers. The practice of animal husbandry, raising poultry is known as poultry farming. These birds are most typ ...
,
horticulture
Horticulture (from ) is the art and science of growing fruits, vegetables, flowers, trees, shrubs and ornamental plants. Horticulture is commonly associated with the more professional and technical aspects of plant cultivation on a smaller and mo ...
,
pig
The pig (''Sus domesticus''), also called swine (: swine) or hog, is an omnivorous, domesticated, even-toed, hoofed mammal. It is named the domestic pig when distinguishing it from other members of the genus '' Sus''. Some authorities cons ...
,
fruit
In botany, a fruit is the seed-bearing structure in flowering plants (angiosperms) that is formed from the ovary after flowering.
Fruits are the means by which angiosperms disseminate their seeds. Edible fruits in particular have long propaga ...
, and
market gardening
A market garden is the relatively small-scale production of fruits, vegetables and flowers as cash crops, frequently sold directly to consumers and restaurants. The diversity of crops grown on a small area of land, typically from under to s ...
. The pastoral property
Dirnaseer
Dirnaseer is a locality in the north east part of the Riverina and situated about 42 kilometres south east of Temora and 50 kilometres west of Cootamundra. At the 2006 census, Dirnaseer had a population of 170 people.
History
"Dirnaseer" was ...
was subdivided for soldier-settlement in 1919.
New South Wales also repeated the process following World War II with settlements commencing in areas including
Dareton.
Victoria
The ''Discharged Soldiers' Settlement Act'' of 1917 established a scheme. Between 1918 and 1934, 11,639 returned servicemen were allocated blocks under this soldier settlement scheme.
Most settled in the
Mallee (both on dryland and irrigated properties),
South Gippsland
South Gippsland, a region of Gippsland in Victoria, Australia, is a well-watered region consisting of low, rolling hills descending to the coast in the south and the Latrobe Valley in the north. It is part of the larger Gippsland Basin bioreg ...
, the
Western District,
Central Gippsland near
Maffra
Maffra is a town in Victoria (Australia), Victoria, Australia, east of Melbourne. It is in the Shire of Wellington local government area and it is the second most populous city of the Shire. It relies mainly on dairy farming and other agricu ...
and
Sale and in the
Goulburn Valley
The Goulburn Valley is a sub-region, part of the Hume region of the Australian state of Victoria. The sub-region consists of those areas in the catchment of the Goulburn River and other nearby streams, and is part of the Murray-Darling Basin. ...
.
During the 1920s soldier settlers struggled and of those allocated blocks under the scheme, only sixty-one per cent were on blocks in 1934.
By 1939 60% had left their blocks.
The scheme was criticised by a Victorian Royal Commission in 1925 and a later Australian Government inquiry. The Royal Commission identified four main reasons for the failure of soldier settlers:
*The selection of inexperienced settlers
*Lack of capital
*The size of blocks allocated
*Prices received for agricultural products.
It was also claimed that returned soldiers were allocated blocks of land without having established their ability to manage a farm.
The soldier settler scheme in
Red Cliffs, Victoria
Red Cliffs is a town in Victoria, Australia, Victoria, Australia in the Sunraysia region. It is located on the Calder Freeway, Calder Highway, 16 km south of Mildura, Victoria, Mildura and 544 km north-west of Melbourne.
At the , Red C ...
was very successful.
Numurkah
Numurkah ( ) is a town in Victoria (Australia), Victoria, Australia, located on the Goulburn Valley Highway, north of Shepparton, in the Shire of Moira. At the , Numurkah had a population of 4,768.
History
The area was occupied by the Yorta ...
became the headquarters of the Murray Valley Soldier Settlement Area – one of the largest soldier settlements in Australia.
After World War II, the Soldier Settlement Scheme was refined in the light of past failures. Blocks were bigger, were more carefully selected and roads, housing and fences were supplied to prospective settlers.
The
Heytesbury Settlement Scheme
The Heytesbury Settlement Scheme was a soldier settlement scheme established in the Western District of Victoria, Australia after World War II. The scheme involved the clearing of the Heytesbury Forest south of Colac, Victoria and adjacent to ...
was one of the last large scale soldier settlement schemes in Victoria.
Western Australia
In Western Australia, the War Service Land Settlement Scheme settled hundreds of soldiers, in the
Wheatbelt and south west region. Initially, fully and partially developed farms were bought, improved and subdivided by the government, then sold to returned soldiers. Loans were also offered.
In 1949, the price of land rose sharply, so the government began to develop virgin Crown land in the south of the state.
In 1957 a royal commission was conducted into the scheme.
By 1958, demand for land by ex-servicemen had declined, but the scheme had been so successful that the government was reluctant to end it, so it instead opened it up to all civilians.
This continued until 1969, when a wheat glut forced the government to impose quotas on wheat planting.
See also
*
War Service Homes Scheme
Defence Housing Australia (DHA) is an Australian government business enterprise established by the ''Defence Housing Australia Act 1987''. DHA supplies housing and related services to Australian Defence Force members and their families in line ...
, Australian federal housing scheme for returned soldiers
*
Homestead Act
The Homestead Acts were several laws in the United States by which an applicant could acquire ownership of Federal lands, government land or the American frontier, public domain, typically called a Homestead (buildings), homestead. In all, mo ...
, United States legislation with many of the same effects after the end of the American Civil War
*
G.I. Bill
The G.I. Bill, formally the Servicemen's Readjustment Act of 1944, was a law that provided a range of benefits for some of the returning World War II veterans (commonly referred to as G.I. (military), G.I.s). The original G.I. Bill expired in ...
, United States legislation with the same aim of assisting World War II veterans
*
References
Further reading
*Australia. Rural Reconstruction Commission.(1944) ''Settlement and employment of returned men on the land : the Commission's second report to the Honorable J.B. Chifley, M.P., Minister for Post-war Reconstruction, dated 18th day of January 1944''. Canberra : L.F. Johnston, Commonwealth Govt. Printer.
*Hawkins, H.S. and A.S. Watson, A.S.(1972) ''Shelford : a preliminary report of a social and economic study of a Victorian soldier settlement area'' Melbourne : University of Melbourne, School of Agriculture.
*Lake, Marilyn.(1987) ''The limits of hope : soldier settlement in Victoria, 1915–38'' Melbourne: Oxford University Press.
*Lloyd, Clem and Rees, Jacqui (1994) ''The last shilling : a history of repatriation in Australia'' Carlton, Melbourne University Press.
*Western Australia (1923). Royal Commission on Repatriated Soldiers of the A.I.F. under the Discharged Soldiers' Settlement Act, 1918. ''Report of the Royal Commission on Repatriated Soldiers of the A.I.F., under "The Discharged Soldiers' Settlement Act, 1918".''Perth, W.A.: Govt. Printer.
External links
Australiandiggers.comNSW Images related to Soldier SettlersQLD Archives Soldier SettlementVideo accounts from the Red Cliffs soldier settlement area in Victoria.Case Study of Trawalla Estate Soldier Settlers
* {{cite web , url = http://dictionaryofsydney.org/entry/bankstown_soldier_settlement_milperra , title = Bankstown Soldier Settlement Milperra , access-date = 24 September 2015 , author = Glenys Allison , date = 2010 , work=
Dictionary of Sydney
The Dictionary of Sydney is a digital humanities project to produce an online, expert-written encyclopaedia of all aspects of the history of Sydney.
Description
The Dictionary is a partnership between the City of Sydney, the University of Sydne ...
C-By-SAbr>
Battle to Farm: WWI soldier settlement records in VictoriaSoldier On: WWI soldier settler storiesNational Archives of Australia soldier settlement research guideNSW State Archives & Records soldier settlement guideFrom Gallipoli to Australian farms: Soldier settler success and failure and contribution to the future of agriculture
History of agriculture in Australia
*
Crown land in Australia