Recent innovations in mobile and

sensor A sensor is often defined as a device that receives and responds to a signal or stimulus. The stimulus is the quantity, property, or condition that is sensed and converted into electrical signal. In the broadest definition, a sensor is a devi ...

technologies allow for creating a digital representation of almost any physical entity and its parameters over time at any place.

RFID Radio-frequency identification (RFID) uses electromagnetic fields to automatically identify and track tags attached to objects. An RFID system consists of a tiny radio transponder called a tag, a radio receiver, and a transmitter. When tri ...

technologies, for instance, are used to ground digital representations, which are used to track and geo-reference physical entities. In general, physical worlds and digital representations become tightly interconnected, so that manipulations in either would have effect on the other. Integration of information and communication technologies into products anywhere and anytime enable new forms of

mobile marketing Mobile marketing is a multi-channel Online advertising, online marketing technique focused at reaching a specific audience on their smartphones, feature phones, Tablet computer, tablets, or any other related devices through websites, e-mail, SMS ...

in respect to situated marketing communication, dynamic

pricing Pricing is the Business process, process whereby a business sets and displays the price at which it will sell its products and services and may be part of the business's marketing plan. In setting prices, the business will take into account the ...

models and dynamic

product differentiation In economics and marketing, product differentiation (or simply differentiation) is the process of distinguishing a product or service from others to make it more attractive to a particular target market. This involves differentiating it from c ...

models. As Fano and Gershman state: "Technology enables service providers to make the location of their customers the location of their business". Smart products are specializations of hybrid products with physical realizations of product categories and digital product descriptions that provide the following characteristics: *

Situated {{dictionary, date=May 2023 In artificial intelligence and cognitive science, the term situated refers to an agent which is embedded in an environment. The term ''situated'' is commonly used to refer to robots, but some researchers argue that so ...

: recognition and processing of situational and community contexts * Personalized: tailoring to buyer's and consumer's needs and affects * Adaptive: change according to buyer's and consumer's responses and tasks * Pro-active: attempt to anticipate buyer's and consumer's plans and

intention An intention is a mental state in which a person commits themselves to a course of action. Having the plan to visit the zoo tomorrow is an example of an intention. The action plan is the ''content'' of the intention while the commitment is the ...

s * Business aware: considering business and legal constraints * Location aware: considering functional performing and restricted location choice * Network capable: ability to communicate and bundle (

product bundling In marketing, product bundling is offering several products or services for sale as one combined product or service package. It is a common feature in many imperfectly competitive product and service markets. Industries engaged in the practice ...

) with another

product (business) In marketing, a product is an object, or system, or service made available for consumer use as of the consumer demand; it is anything that can be offered to a domestic or an international market to satisfy the desire or need of a customer. In re ...

or product sets The vision of smart products poses questions relevant to various research areas, including

marketing Marketing is the act of acquiring, satisfying and retaining customers. It is one of the primary components of Business administration, business management and commerce. Marketing is usually conducted by the seller, typically a retailer or ma ...

product engineering Product may refer to: Business * Product (business), an item that can be offered to a market to satisfy the desire or need of a customer. * Product (project management), a deliverable or set of deliverables that contribute to a business solution ...

computer science Computer science is the study of computation, information, and automation. Computer science spans Theoretical computer science, theoretical disciplines (such as algorithms, theory of computation, and information theory) to Applied science, ...

artificial intelligence Artificial intelligence (AI) is the capability of computer, computational systems to perform tasks typically associated with human intelligence, such as learning, reasoning, problem-solving, perception, and decision-making. It is a field of re ...

economics Economics () is a behavioral science that studies the Production (economics), production, distribution (economics), distribution, and Consumption (economics), consumption of goods and services. Economics focuses on the behaviour and interac ...

communication science Communication studies (or communication science) is an academic discipline that deals with processes of human communication and behavior, patterns of communication in interpersonal relationships, social interactions and communication in differ ...

, media economics,

cognitive science Cognitive science is the interdisciplinary, scientific study of the mind and its processes. It examines the nature, the tasks, and the functions of cognition (in a broad sense). Mental faculties of concern to cognitive scientists include percep ...

, consumer psychology,

innovation management Innovation management is a combination of the management of innovation processes, and change management. It refers to product, business process, marketing and organizational innovation. Innovation management is the subject of ISO 56000 (formerl ...

and many more. Since smart products combine a physical product with additional services, they are a form of

product service system Product-service systems (PSS) are business models that provide for cohesive delivery of products and services. PSS models are emerging as a means to enable collaborative consumption of both products and services, with the aim of pro-environmental ...

Categories of smart products

The term smart product can be confusing as it is used to cover a broad range of different products, ranging from smart home appliances (e.g., smart bathroom scales or smart light bulbs) to smart cars (e.g., Tesla). While these products share certain similarities, they often differ substantially in their capabilities
Raff et al.
developed a conceptual framework that distinguishes different smart products based on their capabilities, which features 4 types of smart product archetypes (in ascending order of "smartness"){{Cite journal, last1=Raff, first1=Stefan, last2=Wentzel, first2=Daniel, last3=Obwegeser, first3=Nikolaus, date=2020-08-20, title=Smart Products: Conceptual Review, Synthesis, and Research Directions*, journal=Journal of Product Innovation Management, volume=37, issue=5, language=en, pages=379–404, doi=10.1111/jpim.12544, s2cid=225497377 , issn=0737-6782, url=https://arbor.bfh.ch/14874/ , doi-access= * Digital * Connected * Responsive * Intelligent

References

Human–computer interaction Wireless locating

Categories of smart products

See also

References