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Because Slovincian was never a written language, many different notation systems have been used in dictionaries and grammars of this language. This article will use a modified Kashubian orthography designed with northern dialects in mind used by some authors. Things such as voicing assimilation will not be accounted for to maintain an etymological spelling, as also such assimilation is predictable.Phonology
Vowel length, pitch, and stress
Slovincian native vowels do not show any phonemic difference in length except in one set of words; however, loanwords show unpredictability as to whether the given vowel will be long or short, giving a series of long or short loan-phonemes, existing only in loanwords. It was originally posited that Slovincian had pitch, but it was later shown to be entirely dependent on stress, and thus, non-phonemic. However, stress itself is phonemic and can appear on any syllable. There is a tendency to place the accent on the first syllable in polysyllabic stems, especially in noun inflections and, more rarely, in verbal inflections.Notable allophony and other phonetic processes
Unstressed word-final ⟨e⟩ has an archiphoneme of ⟨ë⟩. The pronouns ''tewa'', ''jewa'', ''czewa'', ''njewa'', etc., are subject to irregular phonetic reduction and can be realized with either ⟨ë⟩ or ⟨e⟩, with an ultimate underlying ⟨e⟩. ⟨ë⟩ is phonemically /ə/; regionally, it may be � ⟨o⟩ can be realized as a diphthong �u̯when stressed in open medial syllables, and in closed syllables and ultima. ⟨ó⟩ can be a diphthong u̯when stressed. u̯and are neutralized to /o/ in unstressed position before ⟨r⟩ and ⟨rz⟩. Diphthongs or triphthongs whose elements end in ⟨j⟩ or ⟨ù⟩ will never have a diphthongized first element, even when stressed. Some numerals show an irregular positional lengthening of ⟨y⟩ before word-final ⟨-nc⟩, represented as /i/. It has been claimed that ⟨y⟩ and ⟨i⟩ are allophones appearing after hard or soft consonants, respectively; however, minimal pairs exist, for example: : ''wëbjijã'' ("to knock out") (first person singular future) vs. ''wëbjyjã'' (first person singular present) The distinction between the two is neutralized after all consonants word-finally except after ⟨j, s, z, cz, dż⟩. ⟨ô⟩ can be diphthongized to �ɵwhen stressed and realized as �when unstressed. /ɵ/ can optionally be stressed in a few monosyllabic, common words, resulting from a reduction due to rapid speech and frequent use. ⟨e⟩ diphthongizes to �jwhen stressed. ⟨é⟩ diphthongizes to jwhen stressed except word-finally, where it remains phonetic /ej/. ⟨ó⟩ is the archiphoneme of ⟨o⟩ and ⟨ó⟩ before ⟨i⟩. Nasal vowels can lose nasality when in coda position and unstressed. ⟨a⟩ before nasal consonants and when stressed has an allophone ⟨ã⟩, and becomes �again in the same position when unstressed as an alternative, non-phonemic pronunciation. ⟨o⟩ also can undergo non-phonemic nasalization to ⟨õ⟩ in the same position. In Kluki, all vowels in such position could non-phonemically nasalize. Proclitics do not affect nasality. Regionally, ⟨v⟩ and ⟨f⟩ can allophonically be and �in word-final position. ⟨j⟩ has an allophone ʲafter /p/. Slovincian displays a voicing assimilation system similar to the one found in Polish. ⟨kj⟩, ⟨gj⟩, ⟨chj⟩, and ⟨ghj⟩ can be phonetically realized as ͡ç �͡ʝ � and � respectively. Certain affixes can cause secondary stress (and, in some cases, secondary stress causes the appearance of non-phonemic diphthongs).Development from Proto-Slavic
Slovincian shares many similar developments as Kashubian, with some notable differences being: Long *a, often from being with a tautosyllabic voiced consonants, becameGrammar
Slovincian grammar displays typical Slavic features, including declinable nouns, adjectives, verbs, pronouns, and numerals, as well as comparative and superlative forms, but notably retains a dual number. Many of its grammatical endings differ from those in Kashubian.History
The ancestors of the Slovincians, the West Slavic Pomeranians, moved in after theDialects
Slovincian can be divided into two major dialects, East and West, each with subdialects, with a third transitional dialect. The dialect in Kluki is often considered the main form of Slovincian, as it was the longest to continue to speak Slovincian. The eastern dialect stretches from Smołdzino to Stojcino. The western dialect includes the territory by Lake Gardno (Gardna Wielka and Gardna Mała) excluding Stojcino, as Stojcino had more economic and religious ties with Smołdzino. Major differences between East and West include: # the Proto-Slavic vowels ''*i'', ''*y'', ''*u'', ''*ę'' after hard consonants (and after ⟨c, dz⟩ in the West) became �in the East and �in the West, phonemically ⟨ë⟩ /ə/; # Slovincian diphthongs ⟨ê⟩ �ɛand ⟨ô⟩ �ɵare monophthongized before nasals in stressed syllables in Western Slovincian and preserved as diphthongs in Eastern; # in the dative singular masculine, Eastern Slovincian has the endings ⟨-ojú⟩ or ⟨-ejú⟩, whereas the West Slovincian has the endings ⟨-ôjú⟩ and ⟨-ejú⟩. Eastern has the subdialects of: # Smołdzino and Żeleskie ( Kluki Żeleskie), which has the following features: Proto-Slavic ǫ is preserved in every position, nasalization of the diphthongs ⟨ó⟩ uand ⟨o⟩ �uin stressed syllables before nasal consonants, /v, f/ can be pronounced as , ʍ universal retention of softness in ⟨czwj⟩ (e.g. ''czwjardi'' from ''*tvьrdъ'' (compare Polish )), and verbs of class III2D (first person ⟨-újã⟩) are formed not only from the stem ⟨-aja-⟩ but also ⟨-owa-⟩; # Smołdziński Las and Czołpino, characterized by the fact that the syllable-final labiodental ⟨v, f⟩ can be pronounced as , ʍafter u # Stojcino, where ⟨õ⟩ can be pronounced as uin initial position and stressed final position, but remains ũin unstressed final position, and all vowels and diphthongs are realized as weakly nasalized in stressed syllables before nasals. Western has the subdialects of: # Gardna Wielka, where �ɵcan be pronounced as � ⟨e⟩ and ⟨ô⟩ have become and �in unstressed syllables before nasals, and �ɛand �ɵcan be pronounced as and �before ⟨rsz⟩; # Gardna Mała, where �is in unstressed syllables before nasals after soft consonants; # Wysoka, Retowo, Łódki, Czysta, and the historic ''Blottken'' (now part of Wysoka, coordinates: 54.633611,17.143906), where the vowels �and �have become and and the diphthongs �ɵand �ʉcorrespond here to oand u and �has become in unstressed syllables before nasals after soft consonants. There existed a dialect in Rowy, extinct already in the 19th century, some of whose toponyms have been preserved. Stowięcino has a transitional subdialect between East and West. Lorentz claims that here is more back than in Kluki, while Rudnicki claims it is more front. The use of ⟨-aja-⟩ and ⟨-owa-⟩ for ⟨-owac⟩ verbs could have been common to all three villages, but might have been absent in Witkowo.Classification
Lorentz points to shared features between Slovincian and Kashubian such as ⟨ë⟩ for old short ''*i'', ''*y'', ''*u'', and Kashubization pointed to five features distinguishing Slovincian as a language distinct from Kashubian: # the diphthongization of Proto-Slavic ''*o'' > Kashubian ⟨ò⟩ after labial and velar consonants is ⟨ô⟩ in Slovincian; # Kashubian ⟨wò, wù⟩ are pronounced /we, wu/, whereas ⟨w⟩ as /v/ is retained in Slovincian; # ⟨w⟩, which is always used as a spirant in the final syllable in Kashubian, has become a semi-vowel in Slovincian after ⟨o, ó, ú⟩; # Slovincian, like Polabian, underwent bylaczenie, unlike Kashubian; Lorentz also posits a retention of hard ⟨ł⟩ in some positions, making this a partial merger; # Slovincian treats class III2C verbs (first person singular ⟨-újã⟩) differently than Kashubian. Nitsch made the following counterarguments to each point: # the first difference is about as large as some differences between standard Polish and dialects of Polish; # the second difference is also small; # this is not a shift of /v/ to a semivowel in some positions but rather a loss of /v/ between the semivowel /u̯/ and a pause; # this is not partial bylaczenie but rather there was a loss of *l in similar positions as *v, and all other remaining *l merged with *ľ; # this difference is a neologism created in Slovincian but is ultimately minor. Since then, most scholars have classified Slovincian as a dialect of Kashubian.See also
* Kashubian language * Polabian languageReferences
Bibliography
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