The Calyptraeidae are a

family Family (from ) is a Social group, group of people related either by consanguinity (by recognized birth) or Affinity (law), affinity (by marriage or other relationship). It forms the basis for social order. Ideally, families offer predictabili ...

of small to medium-sized marine

prosobranch Prosobranchia was a large Taxonomy (biology), taxonomic Class (biology), subclass of sea snails, land snails and freshwater snails. This taxon of gastropods dates back to the 1920s. It has however been proven to be polyphyly, polyphyletic (consis ...

gastropod Gastropods (), commonly known as slugs and snails, belong to a large Taxonomy (biology), taxonomic class of invertebrates within the phylum Mollusca called Gastropoda (). This class comprises snails and slugs from saltwater, freshwater, and fro ...

s.MolluscaBase. Calyptraeidae Lamarck, 1809. Accessed through: World Register of Marine Species at: http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=141 on 2019-11-04 This family includes the slipper snails (''

Crepidula ''Crepidula'', commonly known as the slipper snails, slipper limpets, or slipper shells, is a genus of sea snails, marine (ocean), marine gastropod mollusks in the family Calyptraeidae. This family includes the slipper snails (''Crepidula''), hat ...

'' species), the Chinese hat snails, ('' Calyptraea'' species), and the cup-and-saucer snails ('' Crucibulum'' species) among others. The Calyptraeidae are the only family in the superfamily Calyptraeoidea. This family has no subfamilies according to the taxonomy of the Gastropoda by Bouchet & Rocroi, 2005. '' Crepidula fornicata'' was transported to Europe on imported American oysters in the late 19th century and is now considered a significant pest in European oyster beds.

Description

Internally, the

shell Shell may refer to: Architecture and design * Shell (structure), a thin structure ** Concrete shell, a thin shell of concrete, usually with no interior columns or exterior buttresses Science Biology * Seashell, a hard outer layer of a marine ani ...

is distinguished by a shelf-like, cup-like, or half-cup-like structure used for muscle attachment. Some calyptraeids have shells that externally resemble those of

limpet Limpets are a group of aquatic snails with a conical gastropod shell, shell shape (patelliform) and a strong, muscular foot. This general category of conical shell is known as "patelliform" (dish-shaped). Existing within the class Gastropoda, ...

s, so species in the genus ''Crepidula'' are often called slipper limpets. However, these snails are not closely related to true limpets and are more closely related to

conch Conch ( , , ) is a common name of a number of different medium-to-large-sized sea snails. Conch shells typically have a high Spire (mollusc), spire and a noticeable siphonal canal (in other words, the shell comes to a noticeable point on both ...

es and

cowrie Cowrie or cowry () is the common name for a group of small to large sea snails in the family Cypraeidae. Cowrie shells have held cultural, economic, and ornamental significance in various cultures. The cowrie was the shell most widely used wo ...

s. The "slipper" in the name "slipper limpet" is based on the appearance of the inside of the shell, which with its half-shelf resembles a traditional western bedroom

slipper Slippers are a type of shoes falling under the broader category of light footwear, that are easy to put on and off and are intended to be worn indoors, particularly at home. They provide comfort and protection for the feet when walking indoors. ...

Reproduction

Calyptraeids may form a tower of up to 25 animals, sometimes referred to as a mating chain. The bottom snail is always female. When she dies, the male above her will change from male to female, and the chain continues.

Genera

Genera within the family Calyptraeidae include: Powell A. W. B. (1979) ''New Zealand Mollusca''. William Collins Publishers Ltd,

Auckland Auckland ( ; ) is a large metropolitan city in the North Island of New Zealand. It has an urban population of about It is located in the greater Auckland Region, the area governed by Auckland Council, which includes outlying rural areas and ...

New Zealand New Zealand () is an island country in the southwestern Pacific Ocean. It consists of two main landmasses—the North Island () and the South Island ()—and List of islands of New Zealand, over 600 smaller islands. It is the List of isla ...

, . * '' Bicatillus'' Swainson, 1840 * '' Bostrycapulus'' Olsson & Harbison, 1953 * '' Calyptraea''

Lamarck Jean-Baptiste Pierre Antoine de Monet, chevalier de Lamarck (1 August 1744 – 18 December 1829), often known simply as Lamarck (; ), was a French naturalist, biologist, academic, and soldier. He was an early proponent of the idea that biolo ...

, 1799 * ''

'' Lamarck, 1799 * '' Crepipatella''

Lesson A lesson or class is a structured period of time where learning is intended to occur. It involves one or more students (also called pupils or learners in some circumstances) being taught by a teacher or instructor. A lesson may be either one ...

, 1831 * '' Crucibulum'' Schumacher, 1817 * '' Desmaulus'' Rehder, 1943 * '' Ergaea'' H. Adams & A. Adams, 1854 * '' Grandicrepidula'' McLean, 1995 * '' Maoricrypta''

Finlay Finlay is a masculine given name, and also a surname. The given name is represented in Scottish Gaelic as Fionnlagh. Given name Finlay *Finlay Calder, Scottish rugby player * Finlay Christie (comedian), British comedian * Finlay Christie, Scottis ...

, 1926 * '' Sigapatella'' Lesson, 1930 * † '' Taimyroconus'' Guzhov, 2015 * '' Trochita'' Schumacher, 1817 ;Genera brought into synonymy : * ''Cheila'' Modeer, 1793: synonym of '' Cheilea'' Modeer, 1793 – this is actually in the Hipponicidae, not the Calyptraeidae * '' Clypeola'' Gray, 1868: synonym of '' Sigapatella'' Lesson, 1831 * ''Crypta'' Gray, 1847: synonym of ''

'' Lamarck, 1799 * ''Dispotaea'' Say, 1824: synonym of '' Crucibulum'' Schumacher, 1817 * ''Galerus'' Gray, 1847 : synonym of '' Calyptraea'' Lamarck, 1799 * ''Garnotia'' Gray, 1857: synonym of ''

'' Lamarck, 1799 * ''Ianacus'' Mörch, 1852: synonym of ''

'' Lamarck, 1799 * '' Siphopatella'' Lesson, 1831: synonym of ''Syphopatella'' Lesson, 1831; synonym of''Crepidula'' Lamarck, 1799 (unjustified emendation of ''Syphopatella'') * ''Spirogalerus'' Finlay & Marwick, 1937 †: synonym of '' Sigapatella'' Lesson, 1831 * ''Syphopatella'' Lesson, 1831: synonym of ''

'' Lamarck, 1799 * ''Trochatella'' Lesson, 1831: synonym of '' Trochita'' Schumacher, 1817 * ''Trochilla'' Swainson, 1835: synonym of '' Trochita'' Schumacher, 1817 * ''Verticumbo'' Berry, 1940 †: synonym of '' Crepipatella'' Lesson, 1831 * ''Zeacrypta'' Finlay, 1926: synonym of '' Maoricrypta'' Finlay, 1926 * ''Zegalerus'' Finlay, 1927: synonym of '' Sigapatella'' Lesson, 1831

References

External links

Miocene Gastropods and Biostratigraphy of the Kern River Area, California; United States Geological Survey Professional Paper 642

Marshall B.A. 2003. A review of the Recent and Late Cenozoic Calyptraeidae of New Zealand (Mollusca: Gastropoda). The Veliger 46(2): 117-144

Collin R. 2005. Development, phylogeny, and taxonomy of Bostrycapulus (Caenogastropoda: Calyptraeidae), an ancient cryptic radiation. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 144(1): 75-101

Hoagland, K.E. 1977. Systematic review of fossil and recent Crepidula and discussion of the evolution of the Calyptraeidae. Malacologia, 16(2): 353-420
{{Authority control Gastropod families Taxa named by Jean-Baptiste Lamarck