Skåneland is a region on the southern Scandinavian Peninsula. It includes the Swedish

provinces A province is an administrative division within a country or state. The term derives from the ancient Roman , which was the major territorial and administrative unit of the Roman Empire's territorial possessions outside Italy. The term ''provi ...

Blekinge Blekinge () is one of the traditional Swedish provinces (), situated in the southern coast of the geographic region of Götaland, in southern Sweden. It borders Småland, Scania and the Baltic Sea. It is the country's second-smallest provin ...

Halland Halland () is one of the traditional provinces of Sweden (''landskap''), on the western coast of Götaland, southern Sweden. It borders Västergötland, Småland, Skåne, Scania and the sea of Kattegat. Until 1645 and the Second Treaty of Br ...

, and

Scania Scania ( ), also known by its native name of Skåne (), is the southernmost of the historical provinces of Sweden, provinces () of Sweden. Located in the south tip of the geographical region of Götaland, the province is roughly conterminous w ...

. The Danish island of

Bornholm Bornholm () is a List of islands of Denmark, Danish island in the Baltic Sea, to the east of the rest of Denmark, south of Sweden, northeast of Germany and north of Poland. Strategically located, Bornholm has been fought over for centuries. I ...

is traditionally also included.For popular usage, see for example the publication Populärhistoria:
Hjälpreda om Skåneland
: "Skåneland, d v s Halland, Skåne och Blekinge"
Fredsfördraget firas i Altranstädt
: "Sverige ingick mot slutet av århundradet i en västeuropeisk allians med Holland och England och kunde därigenom stoppa Danmarks revanschplaner för förlusten av Skåneland"
Ett liv fyllt av skandaler
"År 1660, då Marie Grubbe anlänt till Köpenhamn, satt Fredrik III på Danmarks tron. Det var han som hade förlorat Skåneland till Sverige vid Roskildefreden 1658". Skåneland has no official recognition or function and the term is not in common usage. Equivalent terms in English and Latin are "the Scanian Provinces" and "Terrae Scaniae" respectively. The term is mostly used in historical contexts and not in daily speech. In Danish, ''Skånelandene'' is used more often. The terms have no political implications as the region is not a political entity but a

cultural region In anthropology and geography, a cultural area, cultural region, cultural sphere, or culture area refers to a geography with one relatively homogeneous human activity or complex of activities (culture). Such activities are often associa ...

, without officially established administrative borders. The provinces making up Skåneland were part of Denmark from at least the 9th century, sometimes referred to as the "Eastern Province", after the 12th-century

civil war A civil war is a war between organized groups within the same Sovereign state, state (or country). The aim of one side may be to take control of the country or a region, to achieve independence for a region, or to change government policies.J ...

called the Scanian Uprising.Hoffmann, Erich (1981). "The Unity of the Kingdom and the Provinces in Denmark During the Middle Ages." In Skyum-Nielsen, Niels and Niels Lund, eds. (1981). ''Danish Medieval History, New Currents''. Museum Tusculanum Press, . (On p. 101, Dr. Hoffmann, Professor at University of Kiel, argues that the contemporary descriptions of Scania as an autonomous polity had merit; Scania was often disagreeing in the choice of kings, which resulted in several, simultaneously elected kings in the early Danish state. Scania became officially integrated as a province in the late 12th century, with the Treaty of Lolland. Blekinge was a part of

Sweden Sweden, formally the Kingdom of Sweden, is a Nordic countries, Nordic country located on the Scandinavian Peninsula in Northern Europe. It borders Norway to the west and north, and Finland to the east. At , Sweden is the largest Nordic count ...

until the early 13th century when it became part of

Denmark Denmark is a Nordic countries, Nordic country in Northern Europe. It is the metropole and most populous constituent of the Kingdom of Denmark,, . also known as the Danish Realm, a constitutionally unitary state that includes the Autonomous a ...

(the Danish Census Book contains the first secure written evidence of Danish control). The provinces were part of the territory ceded to Sweden in 1658 under the

Treaty of Roskilde The Treaty of Roskilde was negotiated at Høje Taastrup Church and was concluded on 26 February ( OS) or 8 March 1658 ( NS) during the Second Northern War between Frederick III of Denmark–Norway and Karl X Gustav of Sweden in the Danish ci ...

, but after an uprising on

, that island was returned to Denmark in 1660, under the Treaty of Copenhagen. Since then, the Dano–Swedish border has remained unchanged in times of peace.

Etymology

The name ''Skåneland'' was first recorded in print (in Swedish) in 1719. It is unclear what area is meant. Later (1751)

Carl Linnaeus Carl Linnaeus (23 May 1707 – 10 January 1778), also known after ennoblement in 1761 as Carl von Linné,#Blunt, Blunt (2004), p. 171. was a Swedish biologist and physician who formalised binomial nomenclature, the modern system of naming o ...

uses it, meaning the province of

.Skåneland
in Svenska Akademiens Ordbok (SAOB) on the Internet, an

in Nordisk Familjebok. The modern use of the denomination as a short form for ''De skånska landskapen'' (''"The Scanian provinces"''), for the combined area of the provinces of Blekinge, Halland and Scania, was launched by the Swedish historian and Scandinavist Martin Weibull (1835-1902) in
''Samlingar till Skånes historia''
(Föreningen för Skånes Fornminnen och Historia''. published 1868-73 in six volumes) in order to illuminate the shared history of Scania, Blekinge, and Halland. Weibull used the term as a combined term for the four provinces where the Scanian Law had its jurisdiction, as well as the area of the

archdiocese In church governance, a diocese or bishopric is the ecclesiastical district under the jurisdiction of a bishop. History In the later organization of the Roman Empire, the increasingly subdivided provinces were administratively associated ...

Lund Lund (, ;"Lund"
(US) and ) is a city in the provinces of Sweden, province of Scania, southern Swed ...

until the

Reformation The Reformation, also known as the Protestant Reformation or the European Reformation, was a time of major Theology, theological movement in Western Christianity in 16th-century Europe that posed a religious and political challenge to the p ...

in 1536, later the Danish

Lutheran Lutheranism is a major branch of Protestantism that emerged under the work of Martin Luther, the 16th-century German friar and Protestant Reformers, reformer whose efforts to reform the theology and practices of the Catholic Church launched ...

diocese In Ecclesiastical polity, church governance, a diocese or bishopric is the ecclesiastical district under the jurisdiction of a bishop. History In the later organization of the Roman Empire, the increasingly subdivided Roman province, prov ...

of Lund. This form of Skåneland was then used in the regional historical periodical ''Historisk tidskrift för Skåneland'', beginning in 1901, published by Martin's son, Lauritz Weibull.

Administration

An earlier administrative and political function of the area was to serve as a core area for one of the three provincial things that together elected the

king of Denmark The monarchy of Denmark is a constitutional political system, institution and a historic office of the Kingdom of Denmark. The Kingdom includes Denmark proper and the autonomous administrative division, autonomous territories of the Faroe Is ...

. The first Danish administrative sub-divisioning occurred as part of the centralization process, when the area became divided into administrative units called hundreds (''herreder'' in Danish). The hundreds were possibly based on older, already existing units, but the establishment of the new form of hundreds was prompted by an increase in royal power during the

High Middle Ages The High Middle Ages, or High Medieval Period, was the periodization, period of European history between and ; it was preceded by the Early Middle Ages and followed by the Late Middle Ages, which ended according to historiographical convention ...

. These differed from the provincial thing areas in that they were not local communities joined under a governing assembly but top-down regional divisions established to ensure royal authority. These medieval Danish hundreds were used to implement military obligations and to expedite the collection of renders due to the king in the provinces. They were first established in

Jutland Jutland (; , ''Jyske Halvø'' or ''Cimbriske Halvø''; , ''Kimbrische Halbinsel'' or ''Jütische Halbinsel'') is a peninsula of Northern Europe that forms the continental portion of Denmark and part of northern Germany (Schleswig-Holstein). It ...

, where they replaced previous administrative units called ''syssel''. According to some scholars, they were introduced in Skåneland possibly as early as the 11th century. In the 13th century, a new fiscal system was introduced and the hundreds were gradually included into larger administrative units called '' len'', with a castle serving as the administrative center. This new administrative development was a result of the increased power of the

aristocracy Aristocracy (; ) is a form of government that places power in the hands of a small, privileged ruling class, the aristocracy (class), aristocrats. Across Europe, the aristocracy exercised immense Economy, economic, Politics, political, and soc ...

. In each ''len'', a noble man was put in charge, with the title ''lensmand''. Each of the four provinces of Skåneland had representation in the Scanian Thing, which, along with the other two Things of the Danish state (Jutland and Zealand), elected the Danish king. The four Scanian provinces were joined under the jurisdiction of the Scanian Law, dated 1200–1216, the oldest Nordic provincial law. In the chapter "Constitutional history" in ''Danish Medieval History, New Currents'', the three provincial Things are described as being the legal authority that instituted changes suggested by the elected king. The suggestions for changes submitted by the king had to be approved by the three Things before being passed into law in the Danish state.

Status today

Skåneland is strictly a historic and cultural region. The name has long appeared as a term used in historical contexts in a variety of sources. The southern part of Sweden, including Skåneland, is considered to be included in

Götaland Götaland (; also '' Gothia'', ''Gothland'', ''Gothenland'' or ''Gautland'') is one of three lands of Sweden and comprises ten provinces. Geographically it is located in the south of Sweden, bounded to the north by Svealand, with the deep wo ...

, one of three historic " lands of Sweden". The "land" Götaland bears the same name used for the historic province Götaland (a province referred to as "Gothia" on the 17th-century maps); the inclusion of Skåneland (and

Bohuslän Bohuslän () is a Provinces of Sweden, Swedish province in Götaland, on the northernmost part of the country's west coast. It is bordered by Dalsland to the northeast, Västergötland to the southeast, the Skagerrak arm of the North Sea to the ...

) is described as historically inaccurate by the Swedish

Nationalencyklopedin (; "The National Encyclopedia" in English), abbreviated NE, is a comprehensive contemporary Swedish-language encyclopedia with several hundred thousand articles. It is available both online and via a printed version. History The project was ...

."Götaland" (2007). Nationalencyklopedin, 5 February 2008, (in Swedish): "Ehuru historiskt oegentligt, kom även Skåne, Halland, Blekinge och Bohuslän att räknas dit." (Although historically inaccurate, Scania, Blekinge and Bohuslän came to be counted s part of Götaland, as it is named after the

Geats The Geats ( ; ; ; ), sometimes called ''Geats#Goths, Goths'', were a large North Germanic peoples, North Germanic tribe who inhabited ("land of the Geats") in modern southern Sweden from antiquity until the Late Middle Ages. They are one of ...

. As in other

s, regionalism in Scania sometimes has a base in regional

nationalism Nationalism is an idea or movement that holds that the nation should be congruent with the state. As a movement, it presupposes the existence and tends to promote the interests of a particular nation, Smith, Anthony. ''Nationalism: Theory, I ...

and sometimes in a more general opposition against centralized state nationalism or expansionist nationalism. As noted about regionalism in Norway, Scandinavian regionalism is not necessarily separatist.

Modern usage

There are a number of minor organisations promoting the use of the term, mainly active online, e.g. ''Föreningen Skånelands Framtid'' or ''Skåneländsk Samling'', the Skåneland Football Federation, and ''Stiftelsen Skåneländska Flaggans Dag''. The private foundation ''Stiftelsen Skånsk Framtid'' ("foundation for a Scanian future") was a member of the Unrepresented Nations and Peoples Organization (UNPO) from 1993 to 2011, representing Skåneland under the name of

History

Population and settlements

The earliest Danish historians, writing in the 12th and 13th century, believed that the Danish Kingdom had existed since king Dan, in a distant past. Eighth century sources mention the existence of Denmark as a kingdom. According to 9th century Frankish sources, by the early 9th century many of the chieftains in the south of Scandinavia acknowledged Danish kings as their overlords, though kingdom(s) were very loose confederations of lords until the last couple medieval centuries saw some increased centralization. The west and south coast of modern Sweden was so effectively part of the Danish realm that the said area (and not the today Denmark) was known as "Denmark" (literally the frontier of the

Daner The Danes were a North Germanic tribe inhabiting southern Scandinavia, including the area now comprising Denmark proper, northern and eastern England, and the Scanian provinces of modern-day southern Sweden, during the Nordic Iron Age and the Vi ...

). Svend Estridsen (King of Denmark 1047 – ca. 1074), who may have been from Scania himself, is often referred to as the king who along with his dynasty established Scania as an integral part of Denmark. Blekinge was a part of

until the early 13th century when it became part of

(the Danish Census Book contains the first secure written evidence of Danish control).

From 1397 to 1658

When the

Kalmar Union The Kalmar Union was a personal union in Scandinavia, agreed at Kalmar in Sweden as designed by Queen Margaret I of Denmark, Margaret of Denmark. From 1397 to 1523, it joined under a single monarch the three kingdoms of Denmark, Sweden (then in ...

was formed in 1397, the union was administered from Copenhagen. By 1471 Sweden rebelled under Sture family leadership. In 1503, when Sten Sture the Elder died, Sweden's independence from the union had been established.''Sweden and the Baltic, 1523 - 1721'', by Andrina Stiles, Hodder & Stoughton, 1992 In 1600 Denmark controlled virtually all land bordering on

Skagerrak The Skagerrak (; , , ) is a strait running between the North Jutlandic Island of Denmark, the east coast of Norway and the west coast of Sweden, connecting the North Sea and the Kattegat sea. The Skagerrak contains some of the busiest shipping ...

Kattegat The Kattegat (; ; ) is a sea area bounded by the peninsula of Jutland in the west, the Danish straits islands of Denmark and the Baltic Sea to the south and the Swedish provinces of Bohuslän, Västergötland, Halland and Scania in Swede ...

, and the Sound. The current Swedish provinces of

Skåne Scania ( ), also known by its native name of Skåne (), is the southernmost of the historical provinces of Sweden, provinces () of Sweden. Located in the south tip of the geographical region of Götaland, the province is roughly conterminous w ...

and

were Danish and the province of

was Norwegian. Skåneland became the site of harsh fighting, especially in the 16th, 17th and 18th century, as Denmark and Sweden confronted each other for control of the Baltic.''A History of Sweden'' by Ingvar Andersson, Praeger, 1956''Nordens Historie'', ved Hiels Bache, Forslagsbureauet i Kjøbenhavn, 1884.''The Northern Wars, 1558-1721'' by Robert I. Frost; Longman, Harlow, England; 2000 ''The Struggle for Supremacy in the Baltic: 1600-1725'' by Jill Lisk; Funk & Wagnalls, New York, 1967''Sweden: the Nation's History'', by Franklin D. Scott, Southern Illinois Press, 1988. Lemke Scanianwar

Sweden intervened in the Danish civil war known as the Count's Feud (1534–1536), launching a highly destructive invasion of Skåneland as the ally of later king Christian III, who upon his coronation introduced Protestantism to the provinces. Subsequently, in the period between the breakup of the Kalmar Union and 1814, Denmark and Sweden fought in Skåneland in 11 separate wars and other border provinces: the

Northern Seven Years' War The Northern Seven Years' War (also known as the ''Nordic Seven Years' War'', the ''First Northern War,'' the ''Seven Years' War of the North'' or the ''Seven Years War in Scandinavia'') was fought between the Kingdom of Sweden (1523–1611), K ...

(1563–1570), Kalmar War (1611–1613), Torstenson War (1644–1645),

Second Northern War The second (symbol: s) is a unit of time derived from the division of the day first into 24 hours, then to 60 minutes, and finally to 60 seconds each (24 × 60 × 60 = 86400). The current and formal definition in the International System of ...

(1657–1658 and 1659–1660),

Scanian War The Scanian War (; ; ; ) was a part of the Northern Wars involving the union of Denmark–Norway, Electorate of Brandenburg, Brandenburg and Swedish Empire, Sweden. It was fought from 1675 to 1679 mainly on Scanian soil, in the former Danish ...

(1674–1678),

Great Northern War In the Great Northern War (1700–1721) a coalition led by the Tsardom of Russia successfully contested the supremacy of the Swedish Empire in Northern Europe, Northern, Central Europe, Central and Eastern Europe. The initial leaders of the ant ...

(1700 and 1709–1720), Theater War (1788), and the

Napoleonic Wars {{Infobox military conflict , conflict = Napoleonic Wars , partof = the French Revolutionary and Napoleonic Wars , image = Napoleonic Wars (revision).jpg , caption = Left to right, top to bottom:Battl ...

(1808–1809 and 1814).''Min Svenska Historia II'', by Vilhelm Moberg, P.A. Nordstedt & Söners Förlag, 1971. * During the

, attacks were launched on Sweden from Danish

in 1563, and Swedish counterattacks were launched against Danish provinces of

and

in 1565 and 1569. In 1570 peace was finally agreed when the Swedish king withdrew the claims to Danish Skåne, Halland, Blekinge and

Gotland Gotland (; ; ''Gutland'' in Gutnish), also historically spelled Gottland or Gothland (), is Sweden's largest island. It is also a Provinces of Sweden, province/Counties of Sweden, county (Swedish län), Municipalities of Sweden, municipality, a ...

, while the Danes withdrew their claims to Sweden as a whole.''Fra Bondeoppbud til Legdshær'' by Trygve Mathisen, Guldendal Norsk Forlag, 1952 * During the Torstenson War, a theater of the

Thirty Years' War The Thirty Years' War, fought primarily in Central Europe between 1618 and 1648, was one of the most destructive conflicts in History of Europe, European history. An estimated 4.5 to 8 million soldiers and civilians died from battle, famine ...

, extensive combat took place in the Danish provinces of Skåne, Halland, and Blekinge. By the

Second Treaty of Brömsebro (1645) The Second Treaty of Brömsebro (or the Peace of Brömsebro) was signed on 13 August 1645, and ended the Torstenson War, a local conflict that began in 1643 (and was part of the larger Thirty Years' War) between Sweden and Denmark–Norway. Ne ...

Denmark ceded the Norwegian provinces of

Jämtland Jämtland () is a historical provinces of Sweden, province () in the centre of Sweden in northern Europe. It borders Härjedalen and Medelpad to the south, Ångermanland to the east, Lapland, Sweden, Lapland to the north and Trøndelag and Norw ...

and Härjedalen and agreed Sweden was to occupy the Danish province of

for 30 years as a guarantee of the treaty provisions. * During the

(1655–1658), Danish attempts to recover control of

ended in a serious defeat administered by Sweden. As a result, in the

(1658), which was largely confirmed by the Treaty of Copenhagen (1660), Denmark ceded the provinces of Skåne, Blekinge and Halland (i.e., Skåneland). Vilhelm Moberg (1898–1973) in ''Min Svenska Historia II'' (Norstedts. 1971) provides a thoughtful discussion of the atrocities which were committed by both sides in the struggle over the border provinces, and identified them as the source of propaganda to inflame people passions to continue the struggle. These lopsided representations were incorporated into history text books on the respective sides. As an example, Moberg compares the history texts he grew up with in Sweden which represented the Swedish soldier as ever pure and honorable to a letter written by

Gustavus Adolphus Gustavus Adolphus (9 December N.S 19 December">Old_Style_and_New_Style_dates.html" ;"title="/nowiki>Old Style and New Style dates">N.S 19 December15946 November Old Style and New Style dates">N.S 16 November] 1632), also known in English as ...

celebrating the 24 Scanian parishes he had helped level by fire, with the troops encouraged to rape and murder the population at will, behavior that may well have been mirrored equally on the Danish side. Skåneland was a rather unpleasant place to dwell for an extended period.

Assimilation with Sweden

Following the

in 1658 – but in direct contradiction of its terms – the Swedish government in 1683 demanded that the leading social groups of Skåneland accept Swedish customs and laws. Swedish became the only language permitted in Church liturgy and in schools, religious literature in Danish was banned, and all appointed politicians and priests were required to be Swedish. However the last Danish bishop, Peder Winstrup (1605–1679) remained in charge of the

Diocese of Lund The Diocese of Lund () is a diocese within the Church of Sweden which corresponds to the provinces of Blekinge and Skåne. There are 217 parishes within the diocese, the most significant number in any of the dioceses of the Church of Sweden. Th ...

until his death in 1679. To promote further Swedish assimilation, the University of Lund was inaugurated in 1666; the inhabitants of Scania were not allowed to enroll in Copenhagen University until the 19th century.''Skånelands historia'', ved Ambrius, J, 1997 The population initially opposed the Swedish reforms, as can be ascertained from church records and court transcripts. The Swedes did encounter civil revolts in many areas, including the Göinge district, in dense forest regions of northern Scania. The Swedish authorities resorted to extreme measures against the 17th-century rebels who were described as '' snapphanar'', a term used for raiding enemy soldiers or bandits. The punishments included the use of

impalement Impalement, as a method of torture and execution, is the penetrating trauma, penetration of a human by an object such as a stake, pole, spear, or hook, often by the complete or partial perforation of the torso. It was particularly used in respon ...

breaking on the wheel, as well as the nailing of bodies to church doors. In that way, it could take four to five days before the victim died. The transformation of age-old customs, commerce and administration to the Swedish model could not be effected quickly or easily. In the first fifty years of the transition, the treatment of the population was quite harsh. Denmark made several attempts to recapture the territories, the last in 1710, but ultimately conceded the territories as lost. Before 1658, one of the provinces of Skåneland,

proper, had consisted of four counties: the counties of Malmøhus, Landskrone, Helsingborg and Christianstad. When Skåneland was annexed by Sweden, one of the counties of Scania, Kristianstad County, was merged with Blekinge to form one of a total of three Blekinge counties.

Bornholm rebellion

In 1658, shortly after the Swedish Lieutenant Colonel Johan Printzensköld (ca. 1615 – 8 December 1658) was sent to Bornholm to start the assimilation process, the population of Bornholm rebelled. Led by Jens Pedersen Kofoed (1628-1691) and Poul Anker (1629-1697) the rebellion formed in the town of Hasle, north of the largest city,

Rønne Rønne () is the largest town on the Denmark, Danish island of Bornholm in the Baltic Sea. It has a population of 13,675 (1 January 2025). It was a municipality in its own right from 1970 until 2002, when Bornholm was a Bornholm County, county (D ...

. Before the rebel army reached the Swedish headquarters in Rønne, Printzenskiold was shot by Willum Clausen in the street of Sølvgade, in central Rønne. The Swedish fled the island as a result of the confusion and fear amongst the conscripts; Jens Kofoed installed an intermediate rule and sent a message to King

Frederick III of Denmark Frederick III (; 18 March 1609 – 9 February 1670) was King of Denmark and Norway from 1648 until his death in 1670. He also governed under the name Frederick II as diocesan administrator (colloquially referred to as prince-bishop) of the ...

that Bornholm had liberated itself, and wished to return to Danish rule. This was confirmed in the 1660 peace settlement between Denmark and Sweden.

Swedish administration

Sweden appointed a Governor General, who in addition to having the highest authority of the government, also was the highest military officer. The first to hold the post of Governor General was Gustaf Otto Stenbock, between 1658 and 1664. His residence was in the largest city,

Malmö Malmö is the List of urban areas in Sweden by population, third-largest city in Sweden, after Stockholm and Gothenburg, and the List of urban areas in the Nordic countries, sixth-largest city in Nordic countries, the Nordic region. Located on ...

. The office of Governor General was abandoned in 1669, deemed unnecessary. However, when the

erupted in 1675, the office was reinstated, and Fabian von Fersen (1626–1677) held the office between 1675 and 1677, when he died in the defence of

. He was replaced by Rutger von Ascheberg (1621–1693) in 1680 who held it to his death in 1693. It was during Ascheberg's time in office that the stricter policy of Swedification was initiated, as a reaction to the threats of war and possible Danish liberation. Following the death of Ascheberg, the Governor Generalship was dismantled into a separate county governor for each of the Swedish provinces Blekinge, Halland and Scania. However, a Governor Generalship was reinstated in the province of Scania during the

Napoleonic War {{Infobox military conflict , conflict = Napoleonic Wars , partof = the French Revolutionary and Napoleonic Wars , image = Napoleonic Wars (revision).jpg , caption = Left to right, top to bottom:Battl ...

, when Johan Christopher Toll (1743–1817) became the last Governor-General in the region, a post he held 1801–09. On 15 June 1811, the Swedish military killed "around 30" and wounded "around 60" peasants in Klågerup. The Swedish army units also arrested 395 people of which 2 were beheaded at Stortorget square in

at 4 November 1811.

Recent history

The complete history of Skåneland was not taught for a long time in schools in Skåneland, especially during periods with the immediate threat of revolt. Instead a Swedish-centric history was taught, and the Scanian history before 1658, for instance concerning the list of monarchs, was disregarded as a component of Danish history. In reaction, a movement began in the late 20th century to revive awareness of the history and culture of Skåneland. The renewed focus resulted in the publication of several books about Scanian history.

Notes

References

* Alenäs, Stig (2003)
''Loyalty - Rural Deans - Language Studies of 'Swedification' in the Church in the Lund Diocese during the 1680s''
(Lojaliteten, prostarna, språket. Studier i den kyrkliga "försvenskningen" i Lunds stift under 1680-talet). Dissertation 2003, Lund University. * Ambrius, J (1997). ''Skånelands historia'', * Andersson, Ingvar (1956). ''A History of Sweden''. Praeger, 1956 * Andrén, Anders (2000).
Against War! Regional Identity Across a National Border in Late Medieval and Early Modern Scandinavia
. ''International Journal of Historical Archaeology'', Vol. 4:4, Dec. 2000, pp. 315–334. . * Bache, Niels (1884). ''Nordens Historie''. Forslagsbureauet i Kjøbenhavn, 1884. * Damsholt, Nanna (1981). "Women in Medieval Denmark". In ''Danish Medieval History, New Currents''. Eds. Niels Skyum-Nielsen and Niels Lund. Museum Tusculanum Press, 1981. . * Eringsmark Regnéll, Ann-Louise (2006).
Fredsfördraget firas i Altranstäd
. ''Populär Historia'', online edition, 31 August 2006. * Forte, Angelo, Richard Oram and Frederick Pedersen (2005).
Viking Empires
'. Cambridge University Press, 2005. . * Frost, Robert I. (2000). ''The Northern Wars, 1558-1721''. Longman, Harlow, England; 2000 *
Götaland
(2007). Nationalencyklopedin, 5 February 2008. * Gustafsson, Harald (2003). "Att göra svenskar av danskar? Den svenske integrationspolitikens föreställningsvärld 1658-1693"
''Da Østdanmark blev Sydsverige. Otte studier i dansk-svenske relationer i 1600-tallet''
Eds.Karl-Erik Frandsen and Jens Chr.V. Johansen. Narayana Press. , p. 35-60. * Hoffmann, Erich (1981). "The Unity of the Kingdom and the Provinces in Denmark During the Middle Ages". In ''Danish Medieval History, New Currents''. Eds. Niels Skyum-Nielsen and Niels Lund. Museum Tusculanum Press, . *

. Danish National Archives. * Lindquist, Herman (1995). ''Historien om Sverige – storhet och fall''. Norstedts Förlag, 2006. . * Lisk, Jill (1967). ''The Struggle for Supremacy in the Baltic: 1600-1725''. Funk & Wagnalls, New York, 1967. * Mathisen, Trygve (1952). ''Fra Bondeoppbud til Legdshær''. Guldendal Norsk Forlag, 1952. * Moberg, Vilhelm (1971).
History of the Swedish People Vol. 2: From Renaissance to Revolution
'. Transl. Paul Britten Austin, University of Minnesota Press, 2005, . (Swedish original: ''Min Svenska Historia II''. Nordstedt & Söners Förlag, 1971). * Olsson, Sven-Olof (1995)
''Medeltida danskt järn, framställning av och handel med järn i Skåneland och Småland under medeltiden''
Halmstad University. . * Østergård, Uffe (1997).
The Geopolitics of Nordic Identity – From Composite States to Nation States
. ''The Cultural Construction of Norden''. Øystein Sørensen and Bo Stråth (eds.), Oslo: Scandinavian University Press 1997, 25–71. *
Peasant Rebellion
. In ''The Agricultural Revolution''. Educational material for Scanian and Danish highschools, produced by Oresundstid. * Petrén, Birgitta (1995).
Ett liv fyllt av skandaler
. ''Populär Historia'' 2/1995. * Roslund, Carl-Axel (2003)
Motion Skånsk historia
2003/04:Ub277. (In Swedish). * * Sawyer, P.H. (1982). ''Kings and Vikings''. Routledge, 1982. * Saxo Grammaticus.
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'. Det Kongelige Bibliotek, Denmark. * Scott, Franklin D. (1988). ''Sweden; the Nation's History''. Southern Illinois Press, 1988. *
Skånelandskapen
(2008). In ''Nationalencyclopedin''. *

(1917). In ''Nordisk Familjebok''. *

" (2008). In ''Svenska Akademiens Ordbok'' (SAOB) * Skansjö, Sten (1997). ''Skånes historia''. Lund, . * Stiles, Andrina (1992). ''Sweden and the Baltic, 1523 - 1721''. Hodder & Stoughton, 1992. . * Svensson, Sixten (2005). ''Sanningen om Snapphanelögnen''. . * Thurston, Tina L. (2001). ''Landscapes of Power, Landscapes of Conflict: State Formation in the South Scandinavian Iron Age.'' Kluwer Academic, NY, . * Thurston, Tina L. (1999).

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External links

Scania
- Scania Future Foundation, a regionalist organization in Scania
Föreningen Skånelands Framtid
- a cultural, regionalist organization in Scania
Skaansk Fremtid
- a cultural, regionalist organization in Denmark {{DEFAULTSORT:Skaneland Historical regions Blekinge Halland Scania Götaland Historical geography of Sweden