History
When completed, Site C will be the third of four major dams on the Peace River initially proposed in the mid-twentieth century. The first project was the flagship W. A. C. Bennett Dam 19 kilometers west of Hudson's Hope. The Bennett Dam began operation in 1968 and formed Williston Reservoir, which is the third largest man-made lake in North America, spanning 250 kilometers north-south and 150 kilometers east-west. The lake is 95% larger than the Site C reservoir will become. The second dam, Peace Canyon Dam, was completed in 1980 at a point 23 km downstream of the W. A. C. Bennett dam. The third dam, "Site C", was also proposed for 83 km downriver of the Peace Canyon dam, or approximately 7 km southwest of Fort St. John. Site C would flood an 83 km length of the Peace River valley, widening the river by up to three times, as well as a 10 km length of the Moberly River valley and 14 km of the Halfway River valley. The fourth proposed dam on the British Columbia segment of the Peace River, Site E, near the BC–Alberta border, was removed from the planning process during hearings in 1982.Utilities Commission 2017 review
BC's oppositionConstruction
In August 2024, BC Hydro began filling the reservoir, and stated it would take between 2 and 4 months to complete. BC Hydro issued a warning to stay away from the reservoir for at least a year, citing concerns of possible unstable terrain and floating debris. In November 2024, the reservoir was announced to be full with the first generating unit being operational. The remaining 5 generating units are to start operation between fall 2024 and fall 2025. With an estimate once fully operational the dam will increase the province's power production capacity by about 8%.Cost
Legality
Members of the Treaty 8 First Nations boycotted the official Site C announcement ceremony at the Bennett Dam in April 2010, and the West Moberly First Nation publicly stated that it was considering legal action to oppose the dam. In April 2016, a group of landowners and farmers from BC's Peace River Valley launched a legal challenge to the project. The landowners' case states that the Provincial government ignored concerns about the project raised by the Joint Review Panel, including its cost, failure to demonstrate the need for the project, and lack of evaluation of alternatives. Also in April 2016, BC Treaty 8 First Nations filed a legal challenge in the Supreme Court of BC. The Peace Valley Landowners’ Association, BC Treaty 8 First Nations, Alberta Treaty 8 First Nations, and Blueberry River First Nation were pursuing actions in federal court. As of December 2016, five judicial reviews of Site C's environmental approvals have been dismissed. These include two challenges from the Peace Valley Landowner Association in the B.C. Supreme Court and the Federal Court of Appeal, as well as a pair of challenges against the project's federal and provincial environmental approvals from the West Moberly and Prophet River First Nations. On 23 January 2017, the sixth legal challenge was dismissed, involving Treaty 8 First Nations, which was in the federal court.Scholars' concerns
In May 2016 a group of over 200 Canadian scholars signed a letter raising serious concerns about the process used to approve the Site C dam. TheAgricultural land impacts
The making of Williston Reservoir affected many parts of the neighbouring environment. In “This Was Our Valley,” authors Shirlee Smith Matheson and pioneer poet Earl Pollon describe BC Hydro’s hopes for the reservoir, thinking it would bring new chances for forests, minerals, and easier fishing and hunting access. Just a few miles away from the reservoir the town Hudson’s Hope was thought to become a Canyon City, a center for business and industry. But the water rose faster than expected, causing trouble for wildlife like moose. Around 12,500 moose died because of the flooding. The reservoir covered over 1,770 square kilometres of land, lake, and river, held back by tall dam walls. Despite what was hoped, building the Williston Lake reservoir has made big changes to the environment, affecting the natural homes and systems in the area. The Site C project will result in the largest exclusion of land in the 40-year history of BC's Agricultural Land Reserve (ALR). Of the land to be flooded, there are of Class 2 ALR land within the project activity zone. Permanent losses are estimated at of currently cultivated land and of land under grazing licence or lease areas. In all, of land will be removed from the ALR for the project. The Joint Review Panel accepted BC Hydro's assessment that "production from the Peace River bottom lands is small and is certainly not important in the context of B.C." The Panel's assessment of earning potential in the next several decades led them to conclude: "The highest and best use of the Peace River valley would appear to be as a reservoir." Professional agrologist Wendy Holm, past president of the B.C. Institute of Agrologists, noted that flooding agricultural land in the Peace River valley is a bad idea, because it is "the only large tract of land for future horticultural expansion in the province." She notes that much of B.C.'s produce is imported from California, and growing food locally would increase food security for the province. According to David Suzuki, flooding valuable farmland to build the dam will undermine Canada's international commitments under theProposed benefits
In April 2015, the federal and provincial governments named a Joint Review Panel to hold a public hearing on Site C. In addition to a long list of recommended changes, their assessment stated: "Despite high initial costs, and some uncertainty about when the power would be needed, the Project would provide a large and long-term increment of firm energy and capacity at a price that would benefit future generations. It would do this in a way that would produce a vastly smaller burden of greenhouse gases than any alternative save nuclear power, which B.C. has prohibited." At the time the report was released, the panel added, "Site C would be the least expensive of the alternatives, and its cost advantages would increase with the passing decades as inflation makes alternatives more costly." In reference to the Paris climate accord, Site C is predicted to prevent approximately 30 to 70 million tonnes of carbon dioxide from being generated in the atmosphere. Ottawa has discussed a new electricity inter-tie to move Site C power between BC and Alberta. Justin Trudeau commented "I think anything we can work together inter-provincially or nationally o getemissions down, emphasizing hydroelectricity, creating opportunities to get off coal, to get off natural gas, where possible, is good for the country. It’s good for our emissions profile; it’s good for the economy we need to build,"Impacts to Surrounding Indigenous Nations
For countless generations, First Nations peoples of the Peace River region have inhabited the lands that surround the Site C Dam. They explain, “In the Northeast region of British Columbia descendants of the Dane-zaa peoples, the Doig River First Nation (DRFN), known as Tsááʔ ché ne dane, have resided in the Peace River region spanning from British Columbia to Alberta for thousands of years. The community was initially recognized as the Fort St. John Beaver Band following the arrival of colonizers in 1794, who came with the fur trade. In 1900, the headman of the community signed Treaty 8, securing their rights to hunt, trap, and coexist peacefully with newcomers. However, it wasn’t until after the decline of the fur trade, as late as 1952, that they were forced to settle on reserves. Then in 1977, the Department of Indian Affairs divided their ancestors, the Fort St. John Beaver Band, into two distinct Nations: the Doig River First Nation and the Blueberry River First Nation”. The land the Site C Dam project is located on is Doig River First Nation land, which impacts the tribes way of life and their ancestry. They have been impacted by infrastructure projects before, such as the W.A.C. Bennett Dam which is on the same river as Site C. Members of the community believe that one key element shared between both dams is the potential combining effect, which will leave an impact on the DRFN’s Treaty rights throughout the territory. Additionally, they argue that the effects of industrial development may cause long-lasting problems with the surrounding ecosystem.Kinship Relations
It is feared that the construction of the Site C Dam has altered the Indigenous ways of life, primarily, the Kinship relations between the DRFN community and the Peace River beavers: “(originally named the Beaver River in the Early 1950s)”. Beavers hold significant cultural importance for the Doig River Nation (DRFN), underscoring the essential relationship between the two entities. The DRFN states that “Beavers are very important to our culture and, we must ensure that sufficient Beaver populations and Beaver habitat are maintained in our territory, in order to sustain our way of life.” “Within the DRFN culture, beavers are regarded as kin, symbolizing a shared existence with nonhuman beings”. The construction and management of hydroelectric dams, such as the WAC Bennett Dam, Site C Dam, and the Peace RiverCanyon Dam, have significantly impacted beaver populations. For instance, the release of water from those dams disrupts the beaver’s habitats by washing away their food sources and dams downstream. In October 2014, the DRFN put forward an application to the Peace Region Fish and Wildlife Program toconduct a study on the local Beavers: “The application focused on the effects that the construction of the WAC Bennett Dam, The Site C Dam, and the Peace Canyon Dam have had on Beaver habitat and populations. This study aims to address the cultural significance of beavers to the DRFN community and protect Treaty Rights, emphasizing the potential cumulative adverse effects of various resource sectors, including hydroelectric dams, within Treaty 8 territory.” In November of 2023, Doig River First Nation elders led a burial ceremony for ancestral remains exhumed from the Site C reservoir flooding zone. Despite DRFN Elders expressing concerns over the environmental impacts of the Site C project, BC Hydro proceeded with its construction. The reburial was first of its kind in DRFN history, and goes against the traditional beliefs and practices of the community, as Attachie states “We respect the grave. We don’t believe in cremation, we’ve never done it before. And so, it’s totally different for us to move a grave, but we don’t want it rowningunderwater.” Attachie's sentiments show how the ceremony's implications as a departure from cultural norms.Treaty 8 First Nations
The Peace River Valley falls within the bounds of Treaty 8, which recognizes First Nations’ right to hunt, trap,and fish throughout the region. According to Indigenous activist Helen Knott, “If the valley is flooded, then the promise of that treaty will be violated." "The Treaty 8 First Nations are opposed to the proposed Site C Project for several reasons, including the estimated $8-billion cost to ratepayers, the environmental impacts, and the loss of sacred archeological, burial and sites, as well as the impacts on Treaty rights. We have already felt the adverse impacts of two major dams on the Peace River. The WAC Bennett and Peace Canyon Dams and their reservoirs have altered the landscape in the region, imposing significant environmental impacts that have not been addressed to this day. The Peace River Valley is a special and unique place and cannot be replaced. The impacts of the project are significant, and far-reaching, and cannot be mitigated. Therefore, Treaty 8’s position is that this project is unacceptable and that alternative solutions to meeting the province’s energy needs must be assessed in a meaningful way”.Impacts to wildlife
Bear relocation
The proposed flood zone will flood the Peace River Valley, a biodiverse area where four ecosystem zones meet that is home to a significant number of bears. In order to mitigate impacts on wildlife, BC Hydro has proposed trapping, tranquilizing, and relocating the bears prior to the dam being filled. A permit to relocate the bears was filed on October 16, 2023, requesting permission to move the bears starting November 1, 2023. The permit application seeks to relocate the bears to artificially constructed bear dens made of straw bales while the bears are hibernating. The proposed relocation strategy has been criticised as being dangerous for the bears and people moving them and for being untested.Endangered and threatened species
B.C Hydro’s proposal to leave 45 structures of construction debris on the bottom of the Peace River upon flooding has raised serious questions about the well-being of fish and their ecosystem within the community. The company argues that removing these structures could potentially harm fish and their habitat. However, residents, such as Wayne Sawchuk and Caitlin Vince, emphasize the importance of maintaining the reservoir’s cleanliness before inundation. Additionally, Vince, a long-term resident of Hudson’s Hope, says that the lack of awareness among residents about the proposal and the opportunity to provide input indicates a gap in community engagement and transparency.Alternatives
BC Hydro achieved savings at $20/MWh, while the estimated savings were at $30/MWh. Columbia Treaty and non-treaty power now sold to the US, is available at approximately $30/MWh, equivalent to Site C quantities. BC Hydro determined in the 2013 Integrated Resource Plan, DSM 5, that more than double the amount of power from Site C could be obtained from conservation at up to $45/MWh. In 2017, Alberta received quotations for 600 MW of wind power at $37/MWh. When BC Hydro buys power from independent power producers they set a price as low as $76.20 per megawatt hour for intermittent power from wind farms, and as high as $133.80 for firm hydro power. The average price paid, as of 2010, was $100 per megawatt hour. Site C is expected to cost $83 per megawatt hour for firm hydro power. British Columbia has committed to reducing greenhouse gases to 33 per cent below 2007 levels by 2020; however, the province is far short of that goal, only achieving a 6.5% reduction as of 2015. Although the Site C dam is expected to have a large initial electricity surplus, the province has proposed to sell this power rather than choosing to reduce fossil fuel consumption in the province. In 1983 the B.C. Utilities Commission recommended the province to explore geothermal as a potential alternative to Site C. As the Site C Joint Review Panel noted in its final report on the project, the province put virtually no effort into exploring alternatives.See also
* New hydro projects in Canada * List of generating stations in British ColumbiaReferences
External links