Sir William Segar (c. 1554–1633) was a

portrait A portrait is a painting, photograph, sculpture, or other artistic representation of a person, in which the face is always predominant. In arts, a portrait may be represented as half body and even full body. If the subject in full body better r ...

painter and

officer of arms An officer of arms is a person appointed by a sovereign or state with authority to perform one or more of the following functions: * to control and initiate armorial matters; * to arrange and participate in ceremonies of state; * to conserve ...

to the court of

Elizabeth I of England Elizabeth I (7 September 153324 March 1603) was Queen of England and Ireland from 17 November 1558 until her death in 1603. She was the last and longest reigning monarch of the House of Tudor. Her eventful reign, and its effect on history ...

; he became

Garter King of Arms Garter Principal King of Arms (also Garter King of Arms or simply Garter) is the senior king of arms and officer of arms of the College of Arms, the heraldic authority with jurisdiction over England, Wales and Northern Ireland. The position ha ...

under

James I James I may refer to: People *James I of Aragon (1208–1276) * James I of Sicily or James II of Aragon (1267–1327) * James I, Count of La Marche (1319–1362), Count of Ponthieu * James I, Count of Urgell (1321–1347) *James I of Cyprus (1334� ...

. Like other

artists of the Tudor court The artists of the Tudor court are the Painting, painters and Illuminated manuscript, limners engaged by the monarchs of Kingdom of England, England's Tudor dynasty and their courtiers between 1485 and 1603, from the reign of Henry VII of England ...

, Segar was active in more than one medium, painting portraits of luminaries of the court in addition to his duties in the

College of Arms The College of Arms, or Heralds' College, is a royal corporation consisting of professional Officer of Arms, officers of arms, with jurisdiction over England, Wales, Northern Ireland and some Commonwealth realms. The heralds are appointed by the ...

. He painted Elizabeth's

favourite A favourite was the intimate companion of a ruler or other important person. In Post-classical Europe, post-classical and Early modern Europe, early-modern Europe, among other times and places, the term was used of individuals delegated signifi ...

the

Earl of Essex Earl of Essex is a title in the Peerage of England which was first created in the 12th century by King Stephen of England. The title has been recreated eight times from its original inception, beginning with a new first Earl upon each new cre ...

in his "Sable sad" (black) armour for the

Accession Day tilt The Accession Day tilts were a series of elaborate festivities held annually at the court of Elizabeth I of England to celebrate her Accession Day, 17 November, also known as Queene's Day. The tilts combined theatre, theatrical elements w ...

of 1590. The famous "Ermine Portrait" of Elizabeth is sometimes attributed to Segar.

Personal life

William Segar may have been the son of one Nicholas Segar or of Francis Nycholson, alias Seager, who became a freeman of the

Stationers' Company The Worshipful Company of Stationers and Newspaper Makers (until 1937 the Worshipful Company of Stationers), usually known as the Stationers' Company, is one of the livery companies of the City of London. The Stationers' Company was formed in 1 ...

in 1557. Once thought to be of Dutch origin, Segar is now believed to have been born in England of an English mother. Segar stated his age as "fifty or thereabouts" in a document dated 13 September 1604. By 1584 William had married Helen Somers, and had three sons and three daughters. By 1596 Segar was married to Maria Browne and had four sons, including Thomas Segar who later became

Bluemantle Pursuivant Bluemantle Pursuivant of Arms in Ordinary is a junior Officer of Arms, officer of arms of the College of Arms in London. The office is reputed to have been created by Henry V of England, Henry V to serve the Order of the Garter, but there is no ...

, and three daughters. In December 1616 one of Segar's rivals, York Herald

Ralph Brooke Ralph Brooke (1553–1625) was an English Officer of Arms in the reigns of Elizabeth I and James I. He is known for his critiques of the work of other members of the College of Arms, most particularly in ''A Discoverie of Certaine Errours P ...

, tricked him into confirming foreign royal arms to Gregory Brandon, a common hangman of London who was masquerading as a

gentleman ''Gentleman'' (Old French: ''gentilz hom'', gentle + man; abbreviated ''gent.'') is a term for a chivalrous, courteous, or honorable man. Originally, ''gentleman'' was the lowest rank of the landed gentry of England, ranking below an esquire ...

. Brooke then reported him to James I, who imprisoned both Brooke and Segar in

Marshalsea The Marshalsea (1373–1842) was a notorious prison in Southwark, just south of the River Thames. Although it housed a variety of prisoners—including men accused of crimes at sea and political figures charged with sedition—it became known, ...

. They were released a few days later and the Lord Chamberlain hoped that the experience would make Brooke more honest and Segar more wise.

Heraldic career

Segar was trained as a

scrivener A scrivener (or scribe) was a person who, before the advent of compulsory education, could literacy, read and write or who wrote letters as well as court and legal documents. Scriveners were people who made their living by writing or copying w ...

and found employment with Sir

Thomas Heneage Sir Thomas Heneage PC (1532 – 17 October 1595) was an English politician and courtier at the court of Elizabeth I. Early and personal life Thomas Heneage the Younger was born at Copt Hall, Epping, Essex, the son of Sir Robert Heneage and Lu ...

, vice-chamberlain to Queen Elizabeth. Through Heneage's influence, Segar was admitted to the College of Arms in June 1585. Moule, Thomas, ''Bibliotheca heraldica Magnæ Britanniæ'', 1822, a
Google Books
retrieved 7 December 2007Sir William Segar: Information and Much More from Answers.com
/ref>Strong 1969, ''English Icon'', p. 17-18 While serving as

Portcullis Pursuivant Portcullis Pursuivant of Arms in Ordinary is a junior officer of arms at the College of Arms in London. The office is named after the ''Portcullis chained Or'' badge of the Beauforts, which was a favourite device of Henry VII. King Henry's mot ...

, he "reluctantly" accompanied

Robert Dudley, Earl of Leicester Robert Dudley, 1st Earl of Leicester (24 June 1532 – 4 September 1588) was an English statesman and the favourite of Elizabeth I from her accession until his death. He was a suitor for the queen's hand for many years. Dudley's youth was ove ...

on his 1586 expedition to the

Netherlands , Terminology of the Low Countries, informally Holland, is a country in Northwestern Europe, with Caribbean Netherlands, overseas territories in the Caribbean. It is the largest of the four constituent countries of the Kingdom of the Nether ...

to serve as the Master of ceremonies for the

St. George's Day Saint George's Day is the feast day of Saint George, celebrated by Christian churches, countries, regions, and cities of which he is the patron saint, including Albania, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Bulgaria, England, Ethiopia, Greece, Georgia, Port ...

festivities in

Utrecht Utrecht ( ; ; ) is the List of cities in the Netherlands by province, fourth-largest city of the Netherlands, as well as the capital and the most populous city of the Provinces of the Netherlands, province of Utrecht (province), Utrecht. The ...

. A description of this festival in

John Stow John Stow (''also'' Stowe; 1524/25 – 5 April 1605) was an English historian and antiquarian. He wrote a series of chronicles of History of England, English history, published from 1565 onwards under such titles as ''The Summarie of Englyshe C ...

's ''Annales'' is based on "the true and faithful description by one William Segar, alias Portclose ortcullis an officer of arms in that service." Segar was promoted to

Somerset Herald Somerset Herald of Arms in Ordinary is an Officer of Arms, officer of arms at the College of Arms in London. In the year 1448 Somerset Herald is known to have served Edmund Beaufort, 1st Duke of Somerset, but by the time of the coronation of Henr ...

in 1589 and to

Norroy King of Arms Norroy and Ulster King of Arms is the provincial King of Arms at the College of Arms with jurisdiction over England north of the River Trent, Trent and Northern Ireland. The two offices of Norroy and Ulster were formerly separate. Norroy King of ...

in 1593. During his tenure as Norroy, Robert Cooke,

Clarenceux King of Arms Clarenceux King of Arms, historically often spelled Clarencieux (both pronounced ), is an Officer of Arms, officer of arms at the College of Arms in London. Clarenceux is the senior of the two provincial King of Arms, kings of arms and his juri ...

, was encroaching on the traditional privileges of Garter King of Arms, Sir William Dethick. In 1595 Segar sided with Dethick, criticising Cooke for his inability to write clearly and for making many grants of arms to "base and unworthy persons for his private gaine onely." In 1596, Segar accompanied the

Earl of Shrewsbury Earl of Shrewsbury () is a hereditary title of nobility created twice in the Peerage of England. The second earldom dates to 1442. The holder of the Earldom of Shrewsbury also holds the title of Earl of Waterford (1446) in the Peerage of Ireland ...

to invest

Henry IV of France Henry IV (; 13 December 1553 – 14 May 1610), also known by the epithets Good King Henry (''le Bon Roi Henri'') or Henry the Great (''Henri le Grand''), was King of Navarre (as Henry III) from 1572 and King of France from 1589 to 16 ...

with the

Order of the Garter The Most Noble Order of the Garter is an order of chivalry founded by Edward III of England in 1348. The most senior order of knighthood in the Orders, decorations, and medals of the United Kingdom, British honours system, it is outranked in ...

, witnessing Henry's famed

Royal entry The ceremonies and festivities accompanying a formal entry by a ruler or their representative into a city in the Middle Ages and early modern period in Europe were known as the royal entry, triumphal entry, or Joyous Entry. The entry centred on ...

into

Rouen Rouen (, ; or ) is a city on the River Seine, in northwestern France. It is in the prefecture of Regions of France, region of Normandy (administrative region), Normandy and the Departments of France, department of Seine-Maritime. Formerly one ...

As Norroy, Segar carried the

Sword of state A sword of state is a sword, used as part of the regalia, symbolising the supreme power of a monarch, given by God, to use the infinite might of the state to deter its enemies by use of deadly warfare, if thus dire, to maintain order in the r ...

in the funeral procession of Elizabeth I (1603). A contemporary

manuscript A manuscript (abbreviated MS for singular and MSS for plural) was, traditionally, any document written by hand or typewritten, as opposed to mechanically printed or reproduced in some indirect or automated way. More recently, the term has ...

shows Segar in the black

gown A gown, from the Latin word, ''gunna'', is a usually loose outer garment from knee-to-full-length worn by people of both sexes in Europe from the Early Middle Ages to the 17th century, and continuing today in certain professions; later, the t ...

and

hood Hood may refer to: Covering Apparel * Hood (headgear), type of head covering ** Article of academic dress ** Bondage hood, sex toy * Hoodie, hooded sweatshirt Anatomy * Clitoral hood, a hood of skin surrounding the clitoris * Hood, a flap of ...

with

liripipe A liripipe ()Also spelled liri-, lerri-, lyri- lirry- leery- leerepoop(e)/ pope, liri-, lyri-, luri-, leripup, lirripippes, liripipy, liripipion, and liripion. is an element of clothing, the tail of a hood or cloak, or a long-tailed hood. The mode ...

of Tudor court

mourning Mourning is the emotional expression in response to a major life event causing grief, especially loss. It typically occurs as a result of someone's death, especially a loved one. The word is used to describe a complex of behaviors in which t ...

worn with his herald's

tabard A tabard is a type of short coat that was commonly worn by men during the late Middle Ages and early modern period in Europe. Generally worn outdoors, the coat was either sleeveless or had short sleeves or shoulder pieces. In its more developed ...

(image, left). That same year, Segar was made deputy Garter to invest

Christian IV of Denmark Christian IV (12 April 1577 – 28 February 1648) was King of Denmark and King of Norway, Norway and List of rulers of Schleswig-Holstein, Duke of Holstein and Schleswig from 1588 until his death in 1648. His reign of 59 years and 330 days is th ...

with the Order of the Garter in place of the unpopular Dethick. He was appointed as Garter by a signet bill in January 1604, although Dethick (who now described Segar as "a poor, base, beggarly painter, and an ignorant peasant") refused to resign until December 1606. Segar obtained a great seal patent, confirming him as Garter, on 17 January 1607. In 1612 he invested

Maurice, Prince of Orange Maurice of Orange (; 14 November 1567 – 23 April 1625) was ''stadtholder'' of all the provinces of the Dutch Republic except for Lordship of Frisia, Friesland from 1585 at the earliest until his death on 23 April 1625. Before he became P ...

, with the Garter, and the same year was granted arms. He was knighted on 5 November 1616. Segar was the author of ''The Booke of Honour and Armes'' which was published anonymously in 1590. An expanded and illustrated version was published as ''Honour Military and Civil'' 1602; some editions had an

engraved Engraving is the practice of incising a design on a hard, usually flat surface by cutting grooves into it with a burin. The result may be a decorated object in itself, as when silver, gold, steel, or glass are engraved, or may provide an inta ...

frontispiece by Francis Delaram (image, above right).

Court painter

Francis Meres Francis Meres (1565/1566 – 29 January 1647) was an English churchman and author. His 1598 commonplace book includes the first critical account of poems and plays by Shakespeare. Career Francis Meres was born in 1565 at Kirton Meres in the par ...

in his ''Palladia Tamia'' (1598) lists "William and Francis Segar brethren" among famous painters of the day. Little is known about Francis, who was residing abroad by 1605. Segar's first documented activity is an illumination of Dean Colet in the Statute Book of St. Paul's School, for which payment is recorded in the accounts for 1585/86. The "Ermine Portrait" of Elizabeth I is dated to the same period. Segar was heavily patronised by Essex in the early 1590s, and also painted portraits of Leicester, Sir

Francis Drake Sir Francis Drake ( 1540 – 28 January 1596) was an English Exploration, explorer and privateer best known for making the Francis Drake's circumnavigation, second circumnavigation of the world in a single expedition between 1577 and 1580 (bein ...

, and other members of the court. The last recorded payment to Segar as a painter is for a portrait of the queen in 1597. Two

sonnet A sonnet is a fixed poetic form with a structure traditionally consisting of fourteen lines adhering to a set Rhyme scheme, rhyming scheme. The term derives from the Italian word ''sonetto'' (, from the Latin word ''sonus'', ). Originating in ...

s by one "Ch.M." in honour of his lady Oriana were addressed to Segar, who seems to have been painting her portrait; these probably date to the 1590s.

Jane Segar

William Segar had a brother Francis Segar, and a sister Jane Segar, who were also artists. Jane Segar, who sometimes spelled her surname "Seagar", made a manuscript of poems in 1589, giving it the title, ''The Prophecies of the Ten Sibills upon the Birth of Christ''. She made covers for her manuscript from glass decorated with the ''

verre églomisé ''Verre églomisé'' is a French term referring to the process of applying both a design and gilding onto the rear face of glass to produce a mirror finish. The name is derived from the 18th-century French decorator and art-dealer Jean-Baptiste ...

'' technique. The work was apparently intended as a gift to Elizabeth I to gain her royal patronage and further commissions. She acknowledged her debt to Timothie Bright, a contemporary writing master and inventor of a form of

shorthand Shorthand is an abbreviated symbolic writing method that increases speed and brevity of writing as compared to Cursive, longhand, a more common method of writing a language. The process of writing in shorthand is called stenography, from the Gr ...

with an anagram. Apart from this manuscript, comparable with the works of

Esther Inglis Esther Inglis ( or ) (1571–1624) was a skilled member of the artisan class, as well as a Portrait miniature, miniaturist, who possessed several skills in areas such as calligraphy, writing, and embroidering. She was born in 1571 in either L ...

, little is known of her career. William Segar wrote that she married a Lionel Plumtree, perhaps a man connected with the Muscovy trade, and that she was in Russia in 1603.Susan Frye, ''Pins and Needles: Women's Textualities in Early Modern England'' (Philadelphia, 2010), pp. 76, 87–102.

Portraits by William Segar

File:Portrait of Robert Dudley Earl of Leicester (1532-1588).jpg, Robert Dudley, Earl of Leicester, 1587 File:Devereaux essex4.jpg, Robert Devereux, Earl of Essex, c. 1590 File:Elizabeth1England.jpg, Queen Elizabeth, the "Ermine Portrait" (attributed) File:UnknownLady Segar.jpg, Unknown Lady, c. 1595 (attributed) File:Sir William Hickman.jpg, Sir William Hickman Knight

Arms

Notes

References

* "Sir William Segar." ''The Concise Grove Dictionary of Art.'' Oxford University Press, Inc., 2002. Answers.com, retrieved 8 December 2007. http://www.answers.com/topic/sir-william-segar-2 * Hayward, Maria: ''Dress at the Court of King Henry VIII'', Maney Publishing, 2007, * Hearn, Karen, ed. ''Dynasties: Painting in Tudor and Jacobean England 1530–1630''. New York: Rizzoli, 1995. . * Marks, Richard, and Anne Payne, eds.:''British Heraldry, from its origins to c. 1800'', British Museum Publications, 1978. * Moule, Thomas, ''Bibliotheca heraldica Magnæ Britanniæ,'' 1822, at Google Books, retrieved 7 December 2007 * Noble, Mark, ''A History of The College of Arms and the Lives of all the Kings, Heralds, and Pursuivants, from the Reign of Richard III Founder of the College until the Present Time'', London: T. Egerton, 1805. * Strong, Roy: ''The Cult of Elizabeth'', 1977, Thames and Hudson, London, (Strong 1977) * Strong, Roy: ''The English Icon: Elizabethan and Jacobean Portraiture'', 1969, Routledge & Kegan Paul, London (Strong 1969) * Strong, Roy: ''Gloriana: The Portraits of Queen Elizabeth I'', Thames and Hudson, 1987, (Strong 1987) * Wagner, Anthony: ''Heralds of England: A History of the Office and College of Arms'', London: HMSO, 1967.

External links

* * {{DEFAULTSORT:Segar, William 1550s births 1633 deaths English officers of arms Court painters English portrait painters 16th-century English painters English male painters 17th-century English painters Garter Principal Kings of Arms