''Siphoviridae'' was a family of double-stranded

DNA Deoxyribonucleic acid (; DNA) is a polymer composed of two polynucleotide chains that coil around each other to form a double helix. The polymer carries genetic instructions for the development, functioning, growth and reproduction of al ...

viruses A virus is a submicroscopic infectious agent that replicates only inside the living cells of an organism. Viruses infect all life forms, from animals and plants to microorganisms, including bacteria and archaea. Viruses are found in almo ...

in the order ''

Caudovirales ''Caudoviricetes'' is a class of viruses known as tailed viruses and head-tail viruses (''cauda'' is Latin for "tail"). It is the sole representative of its own phylum, ''Uroviricota'' (from ''ouros'' (ουρος), a Greek word for "tailed" + ...

''. The family ''Siphoviridae'' and order ''

'' have now been abolished, with the term siphovirus now used to refer to the morphology of viruses in this former family. Bacteria and archaea serve as natural hosts. The family had 1,166 species, assigned to 366 genera and 22 subfamilies. The characteristic structural features are a non-enveloped head and non-contractile tail.

Structure

Viruses in the former family ''Siphoviridae'' are non-enveloped, with icosahedral and head-tail geometries (

morphotype In biology, polymorphism is the occurrence of two or more clearly different morphs or forms, also referred to as alternative ''phenotypes'', in the population of a species. To be classified as such, morphs must occupy the same habitat at the s ...

B1) or a

prolate A spheroid, also known as an ellipsoid of revolution or rotational ellipsoid, is a quadric surface obtained by rotating an ellipse about one of its principal axes; in other words, an ellipsoid with two equal semi-diameters. A spheroid has circu ...

capsid (morphotype B2), and T=7 symmetry. Their diameters are around 60 nm. Members of this family are also characterized by their filamentous, cross-banded, non-contractile tails, usually with short terminal and subterminal fibers. Genomes are double stranded and linear, around 50 kb in length.

Life cycle

Viral replication is cytoplasmic. Entry into the host cell is achieved by adsorption into the host cell. Replication follows the replicative transposition model. DNA-templated transcription is the method of transcription. Translation takes place by -1

ribosomal frameshifting Ribosomal frameshifting, also known as translational frameshifting or translational recoding, is a biological phenomenon that occurs during translation that results in the production of multiple, unique proteins from a single mRNA. The process can ...

, and +1 ribosomal frameshifting. The virus exits the host cell by

lysis Lysis ( ; from Greek 'loosening') is the breaking down of the membrane of a cell, often by viral, enzymic, or osmotic (that is, "lytic" ) mechanisms that compromise its integrity. A fluid containing the contents of lysed cells is called a ...

, and

holin Holins are a diverse group of small proteins produced by dsDNA bacteriophages in order to trigger and control the degradation of the host's cell wall at the end of the lytic cycle. Holins form pores in the host's cell membrane, allowing lysins t ...

endolysin Lysins, also known as endolysins or murein hydrolases, are hydrolytic enzymes produced by bacteriophages in order to cleave the host's cell wall during the final stage of the lytic cycle. Lysins are highly evolved enzymes that are able to target ...

, or spanin proteins. Bacteria and archaea serve as the natural host. Transmission routes are passive diffusion.

Taxonomy

The following subfamilies are recognized: * '' Arquatrovirinae'' ** '' Arquatrovirus'' ** '' Camvirus'' ** '' Likavirus'' * '' Azeredovirinae'' ** '' Dubowvirus'' ** '' Phietavirus'' * '' Bclasvirinae'' ** '' Acadianvirus'' ** '' Coopervirus'' ** '' Pregunavirus'' ** '' Pipefishvirus'' ** '' Rosebushvirus'' * '' Bronfenbrennervirinae'' ** '' Biseptimavirus'' ** '' Peevelvirus'' * '' Chebruvirinae'' ** '' Brujitavirus'' * '' Dclasvirinae'' ** '' Hawkeyvirus'' ** '' Plotvirus'' * '' Deejayvirinae'' ** '' Kenoshvirus'' ** '' Secretariavirus'' ** '' Tanisvirus * '' Dolichocephalovirinae'' ** '' Berteleyvirus'' ** '' Colossusvirus'' ** '' Poidextervirus'' ** '' Spirovirus'' * '' Gochnauervirinae'' ** '' Dragolirvirus'' ** '' Harrisonvirus'' ** '' Vegavirus'' ** '' Wandersvirus'' * '' Guernseyvirinae'' ** '' Cornelivirus'' ** '' Jerseyvirus'' ** '' Kagunavirus'' * '' Gutmannvirinae'' ** '' Carmenvirus'' ** '' Pobcunavirus'' * '' Hendrixvirinae'' ** '' Brynievirus'' ** '' Cauhtlivirus'' ** '' Kwaitsingvirus'' ** '' Nochtlivirus'' ** '' Sainkungvirus'' ** '' Shamshuipovirus'' ** '' Wainchavirus'' ** '' Wongtaivirus'' ** '' Yautsimvirus'' * '' Langleyhallvirinae'' ** '' Getalongvirus'' ** '' Horusvirus'' ** '' Phystavirus'' * '' Mccleskeyvirinae'' ** '' Limdunavirus'' ** '' Unaquatrovirus'' * '' Mclasvirinae'' ** '' Bongovirus'' ** '' Reyvirus'' * '' Nclasvirinae'' ** '' Bettesrvirus'' ** '' Charlievirus'' ** '' Redivirus'' * '' Nymbaxtervirinae'' ** '' Baxtervirus'' ** '' Nymphaduravirus'' * '' Pclasvirinae'' ** '' Bignuzvirus'' ** '' Fisburnevirus'' ** '' Phayoncevirus'' * '' Queuovirinae'' ** '' Amoyvirus'' ** '' Nipunavirus'' ** '' Nonagvirus'' ** '' Seuratvirus'' * '' Skryabinvirinae'' ** '' Bambunaquatrovirus'' ** '' Puchinovirus'' * '' Trabyvirinae'' ** '' Jelitavirus'' ** '' Slepowrronvirus * '' Tybeckvirinae'' ** '' Douglasvirus'' ** '' Lenusvirus'' ** '' Lideunavirus'' ** '' Maenadvirus'' The following genera are unassigned to a subfamily: * '' Abbeymikolonvirus'' * '' Abidjanvirus'' * '' Agmunavirus'' * '' Aguilavirus'' * '' Ahduovirus'' * '' Alachuavirus'' * '' Alegriavirus'' * '' Amigovirus'' * '' Anatolevirus'' * '' Andrewvirus'' * '' Andromedavirus'' * '' Annadreamyvirus'' * '' Appavirus'' * '' Apricotvirus'' * '' Arawnvirus'' * '' Armstrongvirus'' * '' Ashduovirus'' * '' Attisvirus'' * '' Attoomivirus'' * '' Audreyjarvisvirus'' * '' Austintatiousvirus'' * '' Avanivirus'' * '' Bantamvirus'' * '' Barnyardvirus'' * '' Beceayunavirus'' * '' Beetrevirus'' * '' Behunavirus'' * '' Bernalvirus'' * '' Betterkatzvirus'' * '' Bievrevirus'' * '' Bingvirus'' * '' Bowservirus'' * '' Bridgettevirus'' * '' Britbratvirus'' * '' Bronvirus'' * '' Brussowvirus'' * '' Camtrevirus'' * '' Casadabanvirus'' * '' Cbastvirus'' * '' Cecivirus'' * '' Ceduovirus'' * '' Ceetrepovirus'' * '' Cequinquevirus'' * '' Chenonavirus'' * '' Cheoctovirus'' * '' Chertseyvirus'' * '' Chivirus'' * '' Chunghsingvirus'' * '' Cimpunavirus'' * '' Cinunavirus'' * '' Coetzeevirus'' * '' Colunavirus'' * '' Coralvirus'' * '' Corndogvirus'' * '' Cornievirus'' * '' Coventryvirus'' * '' Cronusvirus'' * '' Cukevirus'' * '' Daredevilvirus'' * '' Decurrovirus'' * '' Delepquintavirus'' * '' Demosthenesvirus'' * '' Detrevirus'' * '' Deurplevirus'' * '' Dhillonvirus'' * '' Dinavirus'' * '' Dismasvirus'' * '' Doucettevirus'' * '' Edenvirus'' * '' Efquatrovirus'' * '' Eiauvirus'' * '' Eisenstarkvirus'' * '' Elerivirus'' * '' Emalynvirus'' * '' Eyrevirus'' * '' Fairfaxidumvirus'' * '' Farahnazvirus'' * '' Fattrevirus'' * '' Feofaniavirus'' * '' Fernvirus'' * '' Fibralongavirus'' * '' Fowlmouthvirus'' * '' Franklinbayvirus'' * '' Fremauxvirus'' * '' Fromanvirus'' * '' Gaiavirus'' * '' Galaxyvirus'' * '' Galunavirus'' * '' Gamtrevirus'' * '' Gesputvirus'' * '' Getseptimavirus'' * '' Ghobesvirus'' * '' Gilesvirus'' * '' Gillianvirus'' * '' Gilsonvirus'' * '' Glaedevirus'' * '' Godonkavirus'' * '' Goodmanvirus'' * '' Gordonvirus'' * '' Gordtnkvirus'' * '' Gorganvirus'' * '' Gorjumvirus'' * '' Gustavvirus'' * '' Halcyonevirus'' * '' Hattifnattvirus'' * '' Hedwigvirus'' * '' Helsingorvirus'' * '' Hiyaavirus'' * '' Hnatkovirus'' * '' Holosalinivirus'' * '' Homburgvirus'' * '' Hubeivirus'' * '' Iaduovirus'' * '' Ikedavirus'' * '' Ilzatvirus'' * '' Incheonvirus'' * '' Indlulamithivirus'' * '' Inhavirus'' * '' Jacevirus'' * '' Jarrellvirus'' * '' Jenstvirus'' * '' Jouyvirus'' * '' Juiceboxvirus'' * '' Junavirus'' * '' Kairosalinivirus'' * '' Kamchatkavirus'' * '' Karimacvirus'' * '' Kelleziovirus'' * '' Kilunavirus'' * '' Klementvirus'' * '' Knuthellervirus'' * '' Kojivirus'' * '' Konstantinevirus'' * '' Korravirus'' * '' Kostyavirus'' * '' Krampusvirus'' * '' Kryptosalinivirus'' * '' Kuleanavirus'' * '' Labanvirus'' * '' Lacnuvirus'' * '' Lacusarxvirus'' * '' Lafunavirus'' * '' Lambdavirus'' * '' Lambovirus'' * '' Lanavirus'' * '' Larmunavirus'' * '' Laroyevirus'' * '' Latrobevirus'' * '' Leicestervirus'' * '' Lentavirus'' * '' Liebevirus'' * '' Liefievirus'' * '' Lillamyvirus'' * '' Lokivirus'' * '' Lomovskayavirus'' * '' Luckybarnesvirus'' * '' Luckytenvirus'' * '' Lughvirus'' * '' Lwoffvirus'' * '' Magadivirus'' * '' Majavirus'' * '' Manhattanvirus'' * '' Mapvirus'' * '' Mardecavirus'' * '' Marienburgvirus'' * '' Marvinvirus'' * '' Maxrubnervirus'' * '' Mementomorivirus'' * '' Metamorphoovirus'' * '' Minunavirus'' * '' Moineauvirus'' * '' Montyvirus'' * '' Mudcatvirus'' * '' Mufasoctovirus'' * '' Muminvirus'' * '' Murrayvirus'' * '' Nanhaivirus'' * '' Nazgulvirus'' * '' Neferthenavirus'' * '' Nesevirus'' * '' Nevevirus'' * '' Nickievirus'' * '' Nonanavirus'' * '' Nyceiraevirus'' * '' Oengusvirus'' * '' Omegavirus'' * '' Oneupvirus'' * '' Orchidvirus'' * '' Oshimavirus'' * '' Pahexavirus'' * '' Pamexvirus'' * '' Pankowvirus'' * '' Papyrusvirus'' * '' Patiencevirus'' * '' Pepyhexavirus'' * '' Phifelvirus'' * '' Picardvirus'' * '' Pikminvirus'' * '' Pleeduovirus'' * '' Pleetrevirus'' * '' Poushouvirus'' * '' Predatorvirus'' * '' Priunavirus'' * '' Psavirus'' * '' Psimunavirus'' * '' Pulverervirus'' * '' Questintvirus'' * '' Quhwahvirus'' * '' Radostvirus'' * '' Raleighvirus'' * '' Ravarandavirus'' * '' Ravinvirus'' * '' Rerduovirus'' * '' Rigallicvirus'' * '' Rimavirus'' * '' Rockefellervirus'' * '' Rockvillevirus'' * '' Rogerhendrixvirus'' * '' Ronaldovirus'' * '' Roufvirus'' * '' Rowavirus'' * '' Ruthyvirus'' * '' Samistivirus'' * '' Samunavirus'' * '' Samwavirus'' * '' Sandinevirus'' * '' Sanovirus'' * '' Sansavirus'' * '' Saphexavirus'' * '' Sashavirus'' * '' Sasvirus'' * '' Saundersvirus'' * '' Sawaravirus'' * '' Scapunavirus'' * '' Schnabeltiervirus'' * '' Schubertvirus'' * '' Seongbukvirus'' * '' Septimatrevirus'' * '' Seussvirus'' * '' Sextaecvirus'' * '' Skunavirus'' * '' Slashvirus'' * '' Sleepyheadvirus'' * '' Smoothievirus'' * '' Sonalivirus'' * '' Soupsvirus'' * '' Sourvirus'' * '' Sozzivirus'' * '' Sparkyvirus'' * '' Spbetavirus'' * '' Spizizenvirus'' * '' Squashvirus'' * '' Squirtyvirus'' * '' Stanholtvirus'' * '' Steinhofvirus'' * '' Sukhumvitvirus'' * '' Tandoganvirus'' * '' Tankvirus'' * '' Tantvirus'' * '' Terapinvirus'' * '' Teubervirus'' * '' Thetabobvirus'' * '' Tigunavirus'' * '' Timquatrovirus'' * '' Tinduovirus'' * '' Titanvirus'' * '' Tortellinivirus'' * '' Triavirus'' * '' Trigintaduovirus'' * '' Trinavirus'' * '' Trinevirus'' * '' Triplejayvirus'' * '' Unahavirus'' * '' Uwajimavirus'' * '' Vashvirus'' * '' Vedamuthuvirus'' * '' Vendettavirus'' * '' Vhulanivirus'' * '' Vidquintavirus'' * '' Vieuvirus'' * '' Vividuovirus'' * '' Vojvodinavirus'' * '' Waukeshavirus'' * '' Wbetavirus'' * '' Weaselvirus'' * '' Whackvirus'' * '' Whiteheadvirus'' * '' Wildcatvirus'' * '' Wilnyevirus'' * '' Wizardvirus'' * '' Woesvirus'' * '' Woodruffvirus'' * '' Xiamenvirus'' * '' Xipdecavirus'' * '' Yangvirus'' * '' Yonseivirus'' * '' Yuavirus'' * '' Yvonnevirus'' * '' Zetavirus''

References

External links

Viralzone: Siphoviridae

ICTV

Complete Genomes of Siphoviridae
{{Use dmy dates, date=April 2017 Virus families