Sinixt (''snsəlxcín'') is one of multiple distinct dialects of the

Colville-Okanagan language Okanagan, Colville-Okanagan, or Nsyilxcən (n̓səl̓xcin̓ or n̓syilxčn̓) is a Salish language which arose among the Indigenous peoples of the southern Interior Plateau region based primarily in the Okanagan River Basin and the Columbia R ...

. It is part of the Southern Interior Salish sub-grouping of the Salishan Language family. Traditionally spoken among the Sinixt People of the southern

Interior Plateau The Interior Plateau comprises a large region of the Interior of British Columbia, and lies between the Cariboo and Monashee Mountains on the east, and the Hazelton Mountains, Coast Mountains and Cascade Range on the west.''Landforms of Bri ...

region and based primarily in the Columbia River Basin, it is closely related to other Interior Salish languages and dialects.

Naming

Names for the different Salishan plateau languages are based in the land on which they are spoken, and, since colonization and the relocation of Interior Salish families, the differences between these languages are not as well-known today, and a more generalized language has come into use." However, the Sinixt state on their website that they wish to preserve their language, with its unique dialectic differences, as exactly as possible, no matter how insignificant the pronunciation differences may be between the various dialects. They also "encourage people working to save the language to respect these dialects whenever possible and to honor them." The Sinixt Nation website also states that "(o)riginally there were two versions of the language for Sinixt peoples, one for the men (''snskəlxʷcín'' or language of humans) and one for the women (''snsəlxcín'' or language of water). Both of these dialects were understood by all Sinixt people but reserved for speaking only by the determined sex." The language used today "is a combination of the two." Anthropologist

James Teit James Alexander Teit (15 April 1864 — 30 October 1922) was an anthropologist, photographer and guide who worked with Franz Boas to study Interior Salish First Nations peoples in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. He led expeditions throu ...

noted in 1909 that the Sinixt dialect was distinguished from other plateau Salishan dialects by the slow and measured manner in which it was spoken. It is unknown how many fluent speakers of the Sinixt language there are at this time although the Sinixt Nation website states that it is an endangered language "at risk of being lost forever if serious initiatives are not undertaken."

Written record

Randy Bouchard and Dorothy Kennedy record fur trader Alexander Ross as the first person "to record an identification of the Lakes (Sinixt) people" by a transcription of their name, in September 1821." Anthropologists

Franz Boas Franz Uri Boas (July 9, 1858 – December 21, 1942) was a German-American anthropologist and ethnomusicologist. He was a pioneer of modern anthropology who has been called the "Father of American Anthropology". His work is associated with the mov ...

and Verne Ray, and explorers

George Mercer Dawson George Mercer Dawson (August 1, 1849 – March 2, 1901) was a Canadian geologist and surveyor. He performed many early explorations in western North America and compiled numerous records of the native peoples. Biography He was born in ...

, James Turnbull, and Walter Moberly (engineer) all added to the extant written record of Sinixt words and place names.Pearkes, Eileen Delehanty. The Geography of Memory. Kutenai House Press, 2001. ISBN , p18 James Teit's information was recorded in consultation with Antoinette Christian and her family, who lived at kp̓íƛ̓ls (Brilliant, B.C.). Verne Ray spoke with James Bernard, who was chief of the Sinixt up to 1934.First Nations Aboriginal Interests and Traditional Use in the Waneta Hydroelectric Expansion Project Area. Bouchard, Randy and Kennedy, Dorothy. 2004, p14 William Elmendorf, whose findings are not published, consulted with Nancy Wynecoop, who was born around 1865. According to anthropologist Paula Pryce, the categorization of the Sinixt Dialect "shows a kind of academic chaos" with an inconsistency of terminology "caus(ing) disarray not only for anthropologists and historians, but also for governments and for the public..." Some of this confusion is the direct result of changing practices in documentation, particularly in respect to Teit's research, which often utilized inconsistent

orthography An orthography is a set of convention (norm), conventions for writing a language, including norms of spelling, punctuation, Word#Word boundaries, word boundaries, capitalization, hyphenation, and Emphasis (typography), emphasis. Most national ...

and

typography Typography is the art and technique of Typesetting, arranging type to make written language legibility, legible, readability, readable and beauty, appealing when displayed. The arrangement of type involves selecting typefaces, Point (typogra ...

during the early years of his documentation, but became more standardized later on. In many cases, the confusion also stems from various researchers, including Boas and Teit having had difficulty distinguishing certain sounds (and how they were created) from each other. It is the opinion of historian Eileen Delehanty Pearkes that the mapping and renaming of geographical features by Europeans has "helped erase the presence of Aboriginal human culture which thrived in the Columbia Basin for thousands of years." Pearkes further states that "(i)n some cases, even place names which are anglicized versions of Sinixt Interior Salish dialect words (E.g. Nakusp, Slocan, Comaplix) are not recognized by most contemporary residents as being linked to the region's First People."

Revitalization

The Sinixt Nation website states that they "aim to create teaching aids and activity books for children and adults which will be accessible to all" on their website. In 2021, Smum iem and Maa Press Publishing and Distribution created a map of Sinixt təmxʷúlaʔxʷ (territory) with place names labeled in Snsəlxcín Maa Press
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References

External links

Sinixt Nation

Endangered Languages Website page for nsəlxcin

Sinixt elder Eva Orr tells the land survival story of the Sinixt in the sn-selxcin dialectSinixt Nation Language PageSn-selxcin map
{{Languages of Canada Syilx Interior Salish languages Indigenous languages of the North American Plateau Indigenous languages of Washington (state) First Nations languages in Canada Native American language revitalization