The Sind River or the Sindh River is a
river
A river is a natural stream of fresh water that flows on land or inside Subterranean river, caves towards another body of water at a lower elevation, such as an ocean, lake, or another river. A river may run dry before reaching the end of ...
in the
Ganderbal district of the union territory of
Jammu and Kashmir,
India
India, officially the Republic of India, is a country in South Asia. It is the List of countries and dependencies by area, seventh-largest country by area; the List of countries by population (United Nations), most populous country since ...
. It is a major tributary of the
Jhelum River and is long.
Geography

The Sind River forms the
Sind Valley. The
source of the river lies in the
Machoi Glacier at an elevation of , east of the
Amarnath temple
Amarnath Temple is a Hindu shrine located in the Pahalgam tehsil of the Anantnag district of Jammu and Kashmir (union territory), Jammu and Kashmir, India. It is a cave situated at an altitude of , about 168 km from Anantnag, Anantnag cit ...
and south of the
Zoji La.
It flows through Panjtarni (a camping site of
Amarnath yatra
Amarnath Temple is a Hindu shrine located in the Pahalgam tehsil of the Anantnag district of Jammu and Kashmir (union territory), Jammu and Kashmir, India. It is a cave situated at an altitude of , about 168 km from Anantnag, Anantnag cit ...
) southwards up to Domail where it joins a tributary which doubles its flow from the
Kolhoi Glacier. It then flows mostly westwards along the
NH 1D and is fed by many glacial streams on its way to
Ganderbal town. At Kichpora Preng it is fed by the Wangath river which flows down from the
Gangabal Lake, which is considered the source of the river per tradition. The major tributaries of the river are: the Amarnath stream, Kolhoi Grar, Shitkadi Nallah, Gund Nallah, Surfraw Nallah and Wangath Nallah.
Surfraw Nallah is a big Nallah which joins the Sind river at Surfraw (Soraf raw). This Nallah is also known for its beauty and fish. The Sind river is navigable from
Ganderbal town. It joins the
Jhelum River at Shadipora, 17 kilometres northwest of
Srinagar
Srinagar (; ) is a city in Indian-administered Jammu and Kashmir in the disputed Kashmir region.The application of the term "administered" to the various regions of Kashmir and a mention of the Kashmir dispute is supported by the tertiary ...
. The river also passes through the famous alpine hill station
Sonamarg where river
rafting
Rafting and whitewater rafting are recreational outdoor activities which use an inflatable raft to navigate a river or other body of water. This is often done on whitewater or different degrees of rough water. Dealing with risk is often a ...
tournaments are organised annually by the Tourism Department of Jammu and Kashmir. The Sind River is also the only river in Jammu and Kashmir on which three
hydroelectric
Hydroelectricity, or hydroelectric power, is Electricity generation, electricity generated from hydropower (water power). Hydropower supplies 15% of the world's electricity, almost 4,210 TWh in 2023, which is more than all other Renewable energ ...
power plants are functional. The waters of the river are used for
irrigation
Irrigation (also referred to as watering of plants) is the practice of applying controlled amounts of water to land to help grow crops, landscape plants, and lawns. Irrigation has been a key aspect of agriculture for over 5,000 years and has bee ...
by way of different canals and for domestic use.
Ecology
Fishing
The Sind River is the natural habitat of
trout
Trout (: trout) is a generic common name for numerous species of carnivorous freshwater ray-finned fishes belonging to the genera '' Oncorhynchus'', ''Salmo'' and ''Salvelinus'', all of which are members of the subfamily Salmoninae in the ...
, and various other fish. The most famous among them are:
brown trout
The brown trout (''Salmo trutta'') is a species of salmonid ray-finned fish and the most widely distributed species of the genus ''Salmo'', endemic to most of Europe, West Asia and parts of North Africa, and has been widely introduced globally ...
, (''Salmo trutta'')
rainbow trout
The rainbow trout (''Oncorhynchus mykiss'') is a species of trout native to cold-water tributary, tributaries of the Pacific Ocean in North America and Asia. The steelhead (sometimes called steelhead trout) is an Fish migration#Classification, ...
(''Oncorynchus mykiss''), snow trout (''Schizothorax plagiostomus''), Shuddgurn and Anyour.
Issues
Trout
Trout (: trout) is a generic common name for numerous species of carnivorous freshwater ray-finned fishes belonging to the genera '' Oncorhynchus'', ''Salmo'' and ''Salvelinus'', all of which are members of the subfamily Salmoninae in the ...
and hence
trout fishing are at risk along the Sind river. This is for several reasons.
The
extraction of sand/bajri by engagement of heavy machines is
destroying the natural habitat of trout and other fish. Waste from the use of
pesticides
Pesticides are substances that are used to pest control, control pest (organism), pests. They include herbicides, insecticides, nematicides, fungicides, and many others (see table). The most common of these are herbicides, which account for a ...
,
DDT and
insecticides
Insecticides are pesticides used to kill insects. They include ovicides and larvicides used against insect eggs and larvae, respectively. The major use of insecticides is in agriculture, but they are also used in home and garden settings, in ...
by farmers kills many fish every day. The change in
topography
Topography is the study of the forms and features of land surfaces. The topography of an area may refer to the landforms and features themselves, or a description or depiction in maps.
Topography is a field of geoscience and planetary sci ...
leads to the destruction of aquatic fauna of the river.
In various riverine villages people catch fish through the conventional way of angling and using nets. These methods are replaced today by resorting to unconventional and illegal methods. The most ecologically destructive method is using
bleaching powder, procured from officials of the PHE department. Bleaching powder not only kills fish but other aquatic life as well. This process is very common during summers, especially in the Wayil catchment area.
The Fisheries Department and other government agencies have not been able to effectively intervene. Mismanagement of water diversion to power canals is another concern for the survival of fish.
Infrastructure
Dams
From east to west:
* Upper Sind Hydroelectric Power Project 2nd at Kangan.
* Lower Sind Hydroelectric Power project at Ganderbal.
* Upper Sind Hydroelectric Power project 1st at Sumbal.
Water treatment plants
*
Rangil water treatment plant.
Bridges
Major bridges in Ganderbal district are:
* Wayil Road Bridge of
NH 1D. It is a steel structure bridge for two way vehicular traffic at a time.
* Shithkadi Bridge of
NH 1D. It is a steel structure bridge for two way vehicular traffic at a time.
* Hariganiwan Link Road Bridge. It is one of the major steel bridge on River Sind for two way Vehicular traffic at time.
* Ramwari Gund Link Road Bridge is another steel bridge on River Sind & The Construction work is in progress.
* Duderhama Road Bridge, connecting
Ganderbal town.
* Gadoora Bridge, connecting District Ganderbal with Srinagar via Umerhaira-Gadoora Rd.
* Bamloora-Fatehpura Bridge connecting Saloora, Bamloora and adjacent villages to Fatehpura, Kujjar & District Hospital.
* Syed Kadal at Pati-Bamloora connecting adjacent villages with Kujjar, Fatehpur & Gadoora.
* Gundrehman Bridge connecting villages of Sherpathri with Gadoora & Srinagar.
*
Paribal Shallabugh-Takenwari Bridge (under construction) connecting Ganderbal District with Srinagar and Bandipora.
* Gundroshan Bridge connecting Rabitar village with Gundroshan and Pati Shallabugh and Narayan Bagh.
* Nayaran Bagh Bridge connecting Ganderbal District with Shadipora Town.
See also
*
Rivers of Jammu and Kashmir
*
Dams and hydroelectric projects on Chenab
*
Dams and hydroelectric projects on Jhelum
*
Manasbal Lake
Manasbal Lake is the deepest freshwater lake found in Safapora, the Safapora area of Ganderbal District, Ganderbal district of Jammu and Kashmir (union territory), Jammu and Kashmir, India. Nmed after the sacred Lake Manasarovar, Manasarovar.h ...
References
{{Hydrography of Jammu and Kashmir
Indus basin
Rivers of Jammu and Kashmir
Geography of Ganderbal district