''Simpsonichthys'' is a

genus Genus (; : genera ) is a taxonomic rank above species and below family (taxonomy), family as used in the biological classification of extant taxon, living and fossil organisms as well as Virus classification#ICTV classification, viruses. In bino ...

killifish A killifish is any of various oviparous (egg-laying) cyprinodontiform fish, including families Aplocheilidae, Pantanodontidae, Cyprinodontidae, Fundulidae, Nothobranchiidae, Profundulidae, Aphaniidae and Valenciidae. All together, there ar ...

from the

family Family (from ) is a Social group, group of people related either by consanguinity (by recognized birth) or Affinity (law), affinity (by marriage or other relationship). It forms the basis for social order. Ideally, families offer predictabili ...

Rivulidae The Rivulidae are a family (biology), family of killifishes in the order (biology), order Cyprinodontiformes. They are commonly known as rivulids, South American killifish or New World killifish. The latter names are slightly misleading, however, ...

the species of which are

endemic Endemism is the state of a species being found only in a single defined geographic location, such as an island, state, nation, country or other defined zone; organisms that are indigenous to a place are not endemic to it if they are also foun ...

to temporary freshwater habitats like ponds in the upper

Paraná Paraná, Paranã or Parana may refer to: Geology * Paraná Basin, a sedimentary basin in South America Places In Argentina *Paraná, Entre Ríos, a city * Paraná Department, a part of Entre Ríos Province In Brazil *Paraná (state), a state ...

, upper Araguaia, upper

Jequitinhonha Jequitinhonha () is a Brazilian municipality located in the northeast of the state of Minas Gerais. Geography The population was estimated to be 25,474 people living in a total area of 3,518 km². The city belongs to the mesoregion of Jequ ...

and São Francisco basins on the central

Brazilian Plateau The Brazilian Highlands or Brazilian Plateau () is an extensive geographical region covering most of the eastern, southern and central portions of Brazil, in all some 4,500,000 km2 (1,930,511 sq mi) or approximately half of the country's la ...

. They are small annual

that reach up to in

standard length Fish measurement is the measuring of individual fish and various parts of fish anatomy, their anatomies, for data used in many areas of ichthyology, including Taxonomy (biology), taxonomy and fishery biology. Overall length Standard length (SL) is ...

Species

As delineated by

Fishbase FishBase is a global species database of fish species (specifically finfish). It is the largest and most extensively accessed online database on adult finfish on the web.

the following species are included within the genus ''Simpsonichthys'': * ''

Simpsonichthys alternatus ''Simpsonichthys alternatus'' is a species of killifish in the family Rivulidae. It is found in the São Francisco River basin, Brazil. Description ''Simpsonichthys alternatus'' reaches a standard length Fish measurement is the measuring of i ...

'' ( W. J. E. M. Costa & G. C. Brasil, 1994) * ''

Simpsonichthys boitonei ''Simpsonichthys boitonei'', the Brasília lyrefin, is a species of fish in the family Rivulidae. It is endemic to Brazil Brazil, officially the Federative Republic of Brazil, is the largest country in South America. It is the world's List ...

'' A. L. de Carvalho, 1959 (Lyrefin pearlfish) * ''

Simpsonichthys bokermanni ''Simpsonichthys'' is a genus of killifish from the Family (biology), family Rivulidae the species of which are Endemism, endemic to temporary freshwater habitats like ponds in the upper Paraná River, Paraná, upper Araguaia River, Araguaia, upp ...

'' (Carvalho, da & Cruz, 1987) * ''

Simpsonichthys cholopteryx ''Simpsonichthys cholopteryx'' is a species of killifish in the family Rivulidae The Rivulidae are a family (biology), family of killifishes in the order (biology), order Cyprinodontiformes. They are commonly known as rivulids, South American ...

'' W. J. E. M. Costa, C. L. R. Moreira & F. C. T. Lima, 2003 * ''

Simpsonichthys constanciae ''Simpsonichthys constanciae'' is a species of killifish from the family Rivulidae that is endemic to Brazil. It is restricted to temporary freshwater habitats (like ponds) in the São João basin in Rio de Janeiro, while all other species in th ...

'' ( G. S. Myers), 1942 (Featherfin pearlfish) * ''

Simpsonichthys delucai ''Simpsonichthys delucai'' is a species of killifish in the family Rivulidae. It is found in Brazil. Description ''Simpsonichthys delucai'' reaches a standard length Fish measurement is the measuring of individual fish and various parts of fi ...

'' Costa, 2003 * ''

Simpsonichthys espinhacensis ''Simpsonichthys espinhacensis'' is a species of killifish from the family Rivulidae. It is found in the upper Jequitinhonha River basin in Minas Gerais, eastern Brazil. The specific name refers to the Espinhaço Mountains where the known range o ...

'' Nielsen, Pessali & Dutra, 2017 Abstract * ''

Simpsonichthys fasciatus ''Simpsonichthys fasciatus'' is a species of killifish in the family Rivulidae. It is found in the Paracatu River drainage of the São Francisco River The São Francisco River (, ) is a large Rivers of Brazil, river in Brazil. With a lengt ...

'' Costa & Brasil, 2006 * ''

Simpsonichthys gibberatus ''Simpsonichthys gibberatus'' is a species of killifish in the family Rivulidae. It is found in the Paracatu River drainage of the São Francisco River The São Francisco River (, ) is a large Rivers of Brazil, river in Brazil. With a leng ...

'' Costa & Brasil, 2006 * ''

Simpsonichthys margaritatus ''Simpsonichthys margaritatus'' is a species of killifish from the family Rivulidae The Rivulidae are a family (biology), family of killifishes in the order (biology), order Cyprinodontiformes. They are commonly known as rivulids, South Americ ...

'' Costa, 2012 * ''

Simpsonichthys marginatus ''Simpsonichthys marginatus'' is a species of killifish from the family Rivulidae. It is found in the São Francisco River basin, Brazil. Description ''Simpsonichthys marginatus'' reaches a standard length Fish measurement is the measuring of ...

'' Costa & Brasil, 1996 * '' Simpsonichthys multiradiatus'' Costa & Brasil, 1994 * '' Simpsonichthys nielseni'' Costa, 2005 * '' Simpsonichthys nigromaculatus'' Costa, 2007 * '' Simpsonichthys ocellatus'' Costa, Nielsen &

de Luca DeLuca, also spelled Deluca or De Luca, is an Italian-language surname. People with the surname include: People * Adrian Deluca (born 1982), former Australian rules footballer * Alby De Luca (1908–1978), Australian rules footballer * Anthon ...

2001 * '' Simpsonichthys parallelus'' Costa, 2000 * '' Simpsonichthys perpendicularis'' Costa, Nielsen, de & Luca, 2001 * '' Simpsonichthys punctulatus'' Costa & Brasil, 2007 * '' Simpsonichthys rosaceus'' Costa, Nielsen, de & Luca, 2001 * '' Simpsonichthys rufus'' Costa, Nielsen, de & Luca, 2001 * '' Simpsonichthys santanae'' ( Shibatta & Garavello, 1992) * '' Simpsonichthys similis'' Costa & Hellner, 1999 * '' Simpsonichthys stellatus'' (Costa & Brasil, 1994) * '' Simpsonichthys suzarti'' ''Costa, 2004'' * '' Simpsonichthys trilineatus'' (Costa & Brasil, 1994) * '' Simpsonichthys virgulatus'' (Costa & Brasil, 2006) * '' Simpsonichthys zonatus'' (Costa & Brasil, 1990) ''Simpsonichthys'' ''

sensu lato ''Sensu'' is a Latin word meaning "in the sense of". It is used in a number of fields including biology, geology, linguistics, semiotics, and law. Commonly it refers to how strictly or loosely an expression is used in describing any particular co ...

'' was formerly one of the larger genera in the

, but four former

subgenera In biology, a subgenus ( subgenera) is a taxonomic rank directly below genus. In the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature, a subgeneric name can be used independently or included in a species name, in parentheses, placed between the ge ...

were elevated to full genera in 2010: '' Hypsolebias'', '' Ophthalmolebias'', '' Spectrolebias'' and ''

Xenurolebias ''Xenurolebias'' is a genus of fish in the family Rivulidae. These annual killifish are endemic to temporary pools in the Atlantic forest near the coast in southeast Bahia and Espírito Santo, Brazil.Costa, W.J.E.M. & Amorim, P.F. (2014): Integr ...

''. Some uncertainty remains, with one genetic study supporting them, while another genetic study indicates that ''Simpsonichthys'' (''

sensu stricto ''Sensu'' is a Latin word meaning "in the sense of". It is used in a number of fields including biology, geology, linguistics, semiotics, and law. Commonly it refers to how strictly or loosely an expression is used in describing any particular c ...

''), ''Hypsolebias'' and ''Spectrolebias'' are not

monophyletic In biological cladistics for the classification of organisms, monophyly is the condition of a taxonomic grouping being a clade – that is, a grouping of organisms which meets these criteria: # the grouping contains its own most recent co ...

. With these as separate genera, there are currently 9 recognized species in ''Simpsonichthys'': * ''Simpsonichthys boitonei'' * ''Simpsonichthys cholopteryx'' * ''Simpsonichthys espinhacensis'' * ''Simpsonichthys margaritatus'' * ''Simpsonichthys nigromaculatus'' * ''Simpsonichthys parallelus'' * ''Simpsonichthys punctulatus'' * ''Simpsonichthys santanae'' * ''Simpsonichthys zonatus'' The name of this genus is a compound of the name of a friend of Antenor Leitão de Carvalho's, Charles J. Simpson of San Francisco, and the

Greek Greek may refer to: Anything of, from, or related to Greece, a country in Southern Europe: *Greeks, an ethnic group *Greek language, a branch of the Indo-European language family **Proto-Greek language, the assumed last common ancestor of all kno ...

for fish, ''ichthys''.

References

Rivulidae Freshwater fish genera {{Rivulidae-stub