''Simpsonichthys'' is a

genus Genus ( plural genera ) is a taxonomic rank used in the biological classification of living and fossil organisms as well as viruses. In the hierarchy of biological classification, genus comes above species and below family. In binomial n ...

killifish A killifish is any of various oviparous (egg-laying) cyprinodontiform fish (including families Aplocheilidae, Cyprinodontidae, Fundulidae, Profundulidae and Valenciidae). All together, there are 1,270 species of killifish, the biggest famil ...

from the

family Family (from la, familia) is a group of people related either by consanguinity (by recognized birth) or affinity (by marriage or other relationship). The purpose of the family is to maintain the well-being of its members and of society. Idea ...

Rivulidae The Rivulidae are a family of killifishes in the order Cyprinodontiformes. They are commonly known as rivulids, South American killifish or New World killifish. The latter names are slightly misleading, however, as they are neither restricted to ...

the species of which are

endemic Endemism is the state of a species being found in a single defined geographic location, such as an island, state, nation, country or other defined zone; organisms that are indigenous to a place are not endemic to it if they are also found els ...

to temporary freshwater habitats like ponds in the upper Paraná, upper Araguaia, upper

Jequitinhonha Jequitinhonha is a Brazilian municipality located in the northeast of the state of Minas Gerais. Location The population was estimated to be 25,474 people living in a total area of 3,518 km². The city belongs to the mesoregion of Jequitin ...

and São Francisco basins on the central Brazilian Plateau. They are small annual

that reach up to in

standard length Fish measurement is the measuring of individual fish and various parts of their anatomies. These data are used in many areas of ichthyology, including taxonomy and fisheries biology. Overall length * Standard length (SL) is the length of a fish ...

Species

As delineated by

Fishbase FishBase is a global species database of fish species (specifically finfish). It is the largest and most extensively accessed online database on adult finfish on the web.

the following species are included within the genus ''Simpsonichthys'': * ''

Simpsonichthys alternatus ''Simpsonichthys alternatus'' is a species of killifish from the family Rivulidae. It is found in the São Francisco River basin, Brazil in South America South America is a continent entirely in the Western Hemisphere and mostly in th ...

'' ( W. J. E. M. Costa & G. C. Brasil, 1994) * '' Simpsonichthys boitonei'' A. L. de Carvalho, 1959 (Lyrefin pearlfish) * '' Simpsonichthys bokermanni'' (Carvalho, da & Cruz, 1987) * ''

Simpsonichthys cholopteryx ''Simpsonichthys cholopteryx'' is a species of killifish from the family Rivulidae. It is found in Brazil in South America South America is a continent entirely in the Western Hemisphere and mostly in the Southern Hemisphere, with a ...

'' W. J. E. M. Costa, C. L. R. Moreira & F. C. T. Lima, 2003 * ''

Simpsonichthys constanciae ''Simpsonichthys constanciae'' is a species of killifish from the family Rivulidae that is endemic to Brazil. It is restricted to temporary freshwater habitats (like ponds) in the São João basin in Rio de Janeiro, while all other species in ...

'' ( G. S. Myers), 1942 (Featherfin pearlfish) * ''

Simpsonichthys delucai ''Simpsonichthys delucai'' is a species of killifish from the family Rivulidae. It is found in Brazil in South America South America is a continent entirely in the Western Hemisphere and mostly in the Southern Hemisphere, with a rela ...

'' Costa, 2003 * '' Simpsonichthys espinhacensis'' Nielsen, Pessali & Dutra, 2017 Abstract * ''

Simpsonichthys fasciatus ''Simpsonichthys fasciatus'' is a species of killifish from the family Rivulidae. It is found in the Rio Paracatu drainage of the Rio São Francisco basin, Brazil. in South America South America is a continent entirely in the Western ...

'' Costa & Brasil, 2006 * ''

Simpsonichthys gibberatus ''Simpsonichthys gibberatus'' is a species of killifish from the family Rivulidae. It is found in the Rio Paracatu drainage of the Rio São Francisco basin, Brazil. in South America South America is a continent entirely in the Western ...

'' Costa & Brasil, 2006 * '' Simpsonichthys margaritatus'' Costa, 2012 * ''

Simpsonichthys marginatus ''Simpsonichthys marginatus'' is a species of killifish from the family Rivulidae. It is found in the São Francisco River basin, Brazil in South America. This species reaches a length of . References *Costa, W.J.E.M., 2003. Rivulidae (South ...

'' Costa & Brasil, 1996 * '' Simpsonichthys multiradiatus'' Costa & Brasil, 1994 * '' Simpsonichthys nielseni'' Costa, 2005 * ''

Simpsonichthys nigromaculatus ''Simpsonichthys nigromaculatus'' is a species of killifish in the family Rivulidae. It is found in the seasonal canals of floodplains of the Rio da Pratain in the Rio Aporé drainage in the upper Paraná basin, Brazil. Description ''Simps ...

'' Costa, 2007 * ''

Simpsonichthys ocellatus ''Simpsonichthys ocellatus'' is a species of killifish from the family Rivulidae. It is found in the Jequitinhonha River basin in Brazil. Description ''Simpsonichthys ocellatus'' reaches a standard length Fish measurement is the measuring ...

'' Costa, Nielsen &

de Luca DeLuca, also spelled Deluca or De Luca, is an Italian-language surname. People with the surname include: People * Adrian Deluca (born 1982), former Australian rules footballer * Alby De Luca (1908–1978), Australian rules footballer * Anthony ...

2001 * ''

Simpsonichthys parallelus ''Simpsonichthys parallelus'' is a species of killifish in the family Rivulidae. It is found in the Paraná River basin of Brazil. Description ''Simpsonichthys parallelus'' reaches a standard length Fish measurement is the measuring of in ...

'' Costa, 2000 * '' Simpsonichthys perpendicularis'' Costa, Nielsen, de & Luca, 2001 * ''

Simpsonichthys punctulatus ''Simpsonichthys punctulatus'' is a species of killifish in the Family (biology), family Rivulidae. It is found in temporary canals of the upper Paracatu River, Paracatu drainage, in the São Francisco River basin, Brazil. Description ''Simps ...

'' Costa & Brasil, 2007 * '' Simpsonichthys rosaceus'' Costa, Nielsen, de & Luca, 2001 * '' Simpsonichthys rufus'' Costa, Nielsen, de & Luca, 2001 * ''

Simpsonichthys santanae ''Simpsonichthys santanae'' is a species of killifish from the family Rivulidae native to the Paraná River basin in South America. This species reaches a length of . References *Costa, W.J.E.M., 2003. Rivulidae (South American Annual F ...

'' ( Shibatta & Garavello, 1992) * '' Simpsonichthys similis'' Costa & Hellner, 1999 * ''

Simpsonichthys stellatus ''Simpsonichthys stellatus'' is a species of killifish from the family Rivulidae. It is found in the middle São Francisco River basin in Brazil. Description ''Simpsonichthys stellatus'' reaches a standard length Fish measurement is the mea ...

'' (Costa & Brasil, 1994) * '' Simpsonichthys suzarti'' ''Costa, 2004'' * '' Simpsonichthys trilineatus'' (Costa & Brasil, 1994) * '' Simpsonichthys virgulatus'' (Costa & Brasil, 2006) * '' Simpsonichthys zonatus'' (Costa & Brasil, 1990) ''Simpsonichthys'' ''

sensu lato ''Sensu'' is a Latin word meaning "in the sense of". It is used in a number of fields including biology, geology, linguistics, semiotics, and law. Commonly it refers to how strictly or loosely an expression is used in describing any particular c ...

'' was formerly one of the larger genera in the

, but four former

subgenera In biology, a subgenus (plural: subgenera) is a taxonomic rank directly below genus. In the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature, a subgeneric name can be used independently or included in a species name, in parentheses, placed betwee ...

were elevated to full genera in 2010: '' Hypsolebias'', ''

Ophthalmolebias ''Ophthalmolebias ilheusensis'' is a killifish from the family Rivulidae which is endemic to Brazil where it is only known from river floodplains near Ilhéus in Bahia. Fishbase has this as the only species in the genus ''Opthamolebias'' with ...

'', ''

Spectrolebias ''Spectrolebias'' is a genus of killifish in the family (biology), family Rivulidae. These annual killifish are Endemism, endemic to seasonal waters (like pools) in the Paraguay River, Paraguay, Tocantins River, Tocantins–Araguaia River, Aragua ...

'' and ''

Xenurolebias ''Xenurolebias'' is a genus of fish in the family Rivulidae. These annual killifish are endemic to temporary pools in the Atlantic forest near the coast in southeast Bahia and Espírito Santo, Brazil.Costa, W.J.E.M. & Amorim, P.F. (2014): Integra ...

''. Some uncertainty remains, with one genetic study supporting them, while another genetic study indicates that ''Simpsonichthys'' (''

sensu stricto ''Sensu'' is a Latin word meaning "in the sense of". It is used in a number of fields including biology, geology, linguistics, semiotics, and law. Commonly it refers to how strictly or loosely an expression is used in describing any particular c ...

''), ''Hypsolebias'' and ''Spectrolebias'' are not

monophyletic In cladistics for a group of organisms, monophyly is the condition of being a clade—that is, a group of taxa composed only of a common ancestor (or more precisely an ancestral population) and all of its lineal descendants. Monophyletic ...

. With these as separate genera, there are currently 9 recognized species in ''Simpsonichthys'': * ''Simpsonichthys boitonei'' * ''Simpsonichthys cholopteryx'' * ''Simpsonichthys espinhacensis'' * ''Simpsonichthys margaritatus'' * ''Simpsonichthys nigromaculatus'' * ''Simpsonichthys parallelus'' * ''Simpsonichthys punctulatus'' * ''Simpsonichthys santanae'' * ''Simpsonichthys zonatus'' The name of this genus is a compound of the name of a friend of Antenor Leitão de Carvalho's, Charles J. Simpson of San Francisco, and the

Greek Greek may refer to: Greece Anything of, from, or related to Greece, a country in Southern Europe: *Greeks, an ethnic group. *Greek language, a branch of the Indo-European language family. **Proto-Greek language, the assumed last common ancestor ...

for fish, ''ichthys''.

References

Rivulidae Freshwater fish genera {{Cyprinodontiformes-stub