Simony () is the act of selling church offices and roles or sacred things. It is named after Simon Magus, who is described in the

Acts of the Apostles The Acts of the Apostles ( grc-koi, Πράξεις Ἀποστόλων, ''Práxeis Apostólōn''; la, Actūs Apostolōrum) is the fifth book of the New Testament; it tells of the founding of the Christian Church and the spread of its messag ...

as having offered two disciples of Jesus payment in exchange for their empowering him to impart the power of the

Holy Spirit In Judaism, the Holy Spirit is the divine force, quality, and influence of God over the Universe or over his creatures. In Nicene Christianity, the Holy Spirit or Holy Ghost is the third person of the Trinity. In Islam, the Holy Spirit acts as ...

to anyone on whom he would place his hands. The term extends to other forms of trafficking for money in "spiritual things".

Origin

The purchase or sale of ecclesiastical office was condemned from the fifth century, but it was only in the sixth century that it was associated with the figure of Simon Magus in the

Book of Acts The Acts of the Apostles ( grc-koi, Πράξεις Ἀποστόλων, ''Práxeis Apostólōn''; la, Actūs Apostolōrum) is the fifth book of the New Testament; it tells of the founding of the Christian Church and the spread of its message ...

. Key in making this association was Pope Gregory I, who labelled such exchanges as the "simoniac heresy".

Simony in the Middle Ages

Although considered a serious offense against canon law, simony is thought to have become widespread in the Catholic Church during the 9th and 10th centuries. In the eleventh century, it was the focus of a great deal of debate. Central to this debate was the validity of simoniacal orders: that is, whether a cleric who had obtained their office through simony was validly ordained. In the , the and the Decretals of Gregory IX dealt with the subject. The offender, whether (the perpetrator of a simoniacal transaction) or (the beneficiary of a simoniacal transaction), was liable to deprivation of his benefice and deposition from orders if a

secular priest In Christianity, the term secular clergy refers to deacons and priests who are not monastics or otherwise members of religious life. A secular priest (sometimes known as a diocesan priest) is a priest who commits themselves to a certain geogra ...

, or to confinement in a stricter monastery if a regular. No distinction seems to have been drawn between the sale of an immediate and of a reversionary interest. The innocent was, apart from dispensation, liable to the same penalties as though he were guilty. In 1494, a member of the

Carmelite , image = , caption = Coat of arms of the Carmelites , abbreviation = OCarm , formation = Late 12th century , founder = Early hermits of Mount Carmel , founding_location = Mount Car ...

order, Adam of Genoa, was found murdered in his bed with twenty wounds after preaching against the practice of simony. File:Abbé pratiquant la simonie.jpg, Abbot practising simony (France, 12th century) File:Tizian 109.jpg, Girolamo and cardinal Marco Corner investing Marco, abbot of Carrara, with his benefice, Titian,

In literature

In the 14th century, Dante Alighieri depicted the punishment of many "clergymen, and popes and cardinals" in hell for being avaricious or miserly. He also criticised certain popes and other simoniacs:

Roman Catholic Church

Simony remains prohibited in Roman Catholic canon law. In the Code of Canon Law, Canon 149.3 notes that "Provision of an office made as a result of simony is invalid by the law itself."

Church of England

The Church of England struggled with the practice after its separation from Rome. For the purposes of

English law English law is the common law legal system of England and Wales, comprising mainly criminal law and civil law, each branch having its own courts and procedures. Principal elements of English law Although the common law has, historically, be ...

, simony is defined by William Blackstone as "obtain ngorders, or a licence to preach, by money or corrupt practices" or, more narrowly, "the corrupt presentation of any one to an ecclesiastical

benefice A benefice () or living is a reward received in exchange for services rendered and as a retainer for future services. The Roman Empire used the Latin term as a benefit to an individual from the Empire for services rendered. Its use was adopted by ...

for gift or reward". While English law recognized simony as an offence, it treated it as merely an ecclesiastical matter, rather than a crime, for which the punishment was forfeiture of the office or any advantage from the offence and severance of any patronage relationship with the person who bestowed the office. Both Edward VI and Elizabeth I promulgated statutes against simony, in the latter case through the Simony Act 1588. The cases of Bishop of St. David's Thomas Watson in 1699 and of Dean of York William Cockburn in 1841 were particularly notable.'' The Times'', 10 April 1841, p. 6 col.b, reprinted from the ''Cambridge Advertiser'' By the

Benefice A benefice () or living is a reward received in exchange for services rendered and as a retainer for future services. The Roman Empire used the Latin term as a benefit to an individual from the Empire for services rendered. Its use was adopted by ...

s Act 1892, a person guilty of simony is guilty of an offence for which he may be proceeded against under the Clergy Discipline Act 1892. An innocent clerk is under no disability, as he might be by the canon law. Simony may be committed in three ways – in promotion to orders, in presentation to a benefice, and in resignation of a benefice. The common law (with which the canon law is incorporated, as far as it is not contrary to the common or statute law or the prerogative of the Crown) has been considerably modified by statute. Where no statute applies to the case, the doctrines of the canon law may still be of authority. , simony remains an offence. An unlawfully bestowed office can be declared void by the Crown, and the offender can be disabled from making future appointments and fined up to £1000. Clergy are no longer required to make a declaration as to simony on ordination, but offences are now likely to be dealt with under the

Clergy Discipline Measure 2003 __NOTOC__ This is a list of Church of England Measures, which are the legislation of the Church of England. Some of these measures may have been repealed. Since 1970, Measures have been made by the General Synod; prior to then they were made by i ...

,2003 No.3 r.8.

Notes

References

* * "Ecclesiastical Law", 832 'Penalties and disability on simony'; 1359 'Simony' (see also current updates) * Attribution: *

External links

* * *{{cite web, ref=none , author=Thomas Aquinas , author-link=Thomas Aquinas , title=Summa Theologica: Simony (Secunda Secundae Partis, Q. 100) , website=New Advent , url=http://www.newadvent.org/summa/3100.htm , access-date=21 June 2020 Canon law of the Anglican Communion Christian terminology Common law Corruption English law Legal history Penal canon law