Silverbell

''Halesia'', also known as silverbell or snowdrop tree, is a small genus of four or five species of deciduous large shrubs or small trees in the family Styracaceae.

Range

They are native to eastern Asia (southeast China) and eastern North America (southern Ontario, Canada south through Florida and eastern Texas, United States).

Description

They grow to tall (rarely to ), and have alternate, simple ovate leaves 5–16 cm long and 3–8 cm broad. The flowers are pendulous, white or pale pink, produced in open clusters of 2–6 flowers, each flower being 1–3 cm long. The fruit is a distinctive, oblong dry drupe 2–4 cm long. All species except ''H. diptera'' have four narrow longitudinal ribs or wings on fruit; ''diptera'' only has two, making it the most distinctive of the group.

Species

*'' Halesia carolina'' L.; little silverbell – eastern North America (syn. ''H. parviflora'' Michx. or ''H. tetraptera'' var. ''parviflora'' (Michx.) Schelle)
*'' Halesia diptera'' Ellis; two-wing silverbell – southeastern North America
*'' Halesia macgregorii'' Chun; Chinese silverbell or Macgregor's silverbell – eastern China
*'' Halesia tetraptera'' L.; common silverbell – eastern North America;
which includes a variety treated by some as a full species:
*'' Halesia monticola'' (Rehd.) Sarg.; mountain silverbell – southern Appalachians and southwards (syn. ''H. carolina'' var. ''monticola'' Rehder; ''H. carolina'' subsp. ''monticola'' (Rehder) A.E.Murray; ''H. tetraptera'' var. ''monticola'' (Rehder) Reveal & Seldin)^''cf.''

''Halesia monticola'' is the largest of the genus, with specimens up to tall known in the Great Smoky Mountains National Park in North Carolina; the second-largest is ''H. macgregorii'', reaching in China. The others rarely exceed tall. ''H. monticola'' is considered by some to be a subspecies of ''H. carolina'' (aka ''H. tetraptera''). However, there appears to be a consistent size difference between the two taxa.

Taxonomy

The taxonomy and naming of the American species is confused and extensively disputed. The first dispute is over the exact identity of the specimen first named by Linnaeus as ''H. carolina''; some contend that it is the same as ''H. parviflora'',Germplasm Resources Information Network
''Halesia''
while others say it is the same as ''H. tetraptera''. The second dispute is over whether ''H. monticola'' is sufficiently distinct from the other species to merit specific recognition or not (with its varietal placing depending on the above question, too). Neither question has yet been conclusively answered. The treatment here includes both ''H. carolina'' (small) and ''H. monticola'' (large).

A phylogenetic study suggests that ''Halesia'' is not monophyletic and as a result, the Chinese species ''Halesia macgregorii'' has been transferred into a new genus '' Perkinsiodendron,'' named after American botanist and Styracaceae expert Janet Russell Perkins.

The genus was named after Stephen Hales by John Ellis, publishing the name in the tenth edition of Linnaeus's ''Systema Naturae'' in 1759. The name is conserved as the same name had been used in an obscure earlier publication in 1756 for a different plant.

Fossil record

One fossil endocarp of †''Halesia crassa'' has been described from a middle Miocene stratum of the Fasterholt area near Silkeborg in Central Jutland, Denmark.Angiosperm Fruits and Seeds from the Middle Miocene of Jutland (Denmark) by Else Marie Friis, The Royal Danish Academy of Sciences and Letters 24:3, 1985

Cultivation and uses

Silverbells are popular ornamental plants in large gardens, grown for their delicate pendant flowers in late spring.

References

{{Taxonbar, from=Q2719926

Ericales genera
Trees of the Eastern United States
Flora of the Appalachian Mountains
Trees of the Southeastern United States