The ''Commentary on the Apocalypse'' (Commentaria in Apocalypsin) is a Latin commentary on the biblical ''

Book of Revelation The Book of Revelation, also known as the Book of the Apocalypse or the Apocalypse of John, is the final book of the New Testament, and therefore the final book of the Bible#Christian Bible, Christian Bible. Written in Greek language, Greek, ...

'' written around 776 by the Spanish monk and

theologian Theology is the study of religious belief from a religious perspective, with a focus on the nature of divinity. It is taught as an academic discipline, typically in universities and seminaries. It occupies itself with the unique content of ...

Beatus of Liébana Beatus of Liébana (; ) was a monk, theologian, and author of the '' Commentary on the Apocalypse'', mostly a compendium of previous authorities' views on the biblical '' Book of Revelation'' or ''Apocalypse of John''. This had a local influenc ...

(c. 730–after 785).Williams (2017), 22 The surviving texts differ somewhat, and the work is mainly famous for the spectacular illustrations in a group of

illustrated manuscript An illuminated manuscript is a formally prepared document where the text is decorated with flourishes such as borders and miniature illustrations. Often used in the Roman Catholic Church for prayers and liturgical books such as psalters and ...

s, mostly produced on the

Iberian Peninsula The Iberian Peninsula ( ), also known as Iberia, is a peninsula in south-western Europe. Mostly separated from the rest of the European landmass by the Pyrenees, it includes the territories of peninsular Spain and Continental Portugal, comprisin ...

over the following five centuries. There are 29 surviving illustrated manuscripts (many incomplete or fragments) dating from the 9th to the 13th centuries,Williams (2017), 26 as well as other unillustrated and later manuscripts. Significant copies include the

Morgan Morgan may refer to: Arts and entertainment * ''Morgan – A Suitable Case for Treatment'', also called ''Morgan!'', a 1966 comedy film * ''Morgan'' (2012 film), an American drama * ''Morgan'' (2016 film), an American science fiction thriller * ...

Saint-Sever Saint-Sever (, Gascon ''Sent Sever'' ) is a commune in the Landes department in Nouvelle-Aquitaine in southwestern France. History and geography Saint-Sever stands on an eminence. It is south of Mont-de-Marsan, on the left bank of th ...

, Gerona, Osma, Madrid (Vitr 14-1), and Tábara Beatus codices. Beatus map

Most unusually for a theological work, the imagery seems to have been included from the start, and is considered to be the work of Beatus himself, although the earliest surviving manuscripts date from about a century after he wrote the book. After about another century, around 950, the size and number of illustrations was expanded. Manuscripts of the work are typically referred to just as a Beatus. They included a

Beatus map The Beatus map or Beatine map is one of the most significant cartographic works of the European Early Middle Ages. It was originally drawn by the Spanish monk Beatus of Liébana, based on the accounts given by Isidore of Seville, Ptolemy and ...

, a version of the medieval type of world map called the

T and O map A T and O map or O–T or T–O map (''orbis terrarum'', orb or circle of the lands; with the letter T inside an O), also known as an Isidoran map, is a type of early world map that represents the Afro-Eurasian landmass as a circle (= O) divid ...

with added details; this is supposed to have been created by Beatus. It has only survived in some copies. Considered together, the Beatus codices are among the most important Spanish manuscripts and have been the subject of extensive scholarly and antiquarian enquiry. The illuminated versions now represent the best known works of

Mozarabic art Mozarabic art is an early Middle Ages, medieval artistic style that is part of the Pre-Romanesque art and architecture, pre-Romanesque style and emerged in al-Andalus and in the kingdom of León. It's named after the Mozarabs (from ''musta'rab'' ...

, and had some influence on the

medieval art The medieval art of the Western world covers a vast scope of time and place, with over 1000 years of art in Europe, and at certain periods in Western Asia and Northern Africa. It includes major art movements and periods, national and regional ar ...

of the rest of Europe. Among modern painters, Pablo Picasso's painting Guernica was inspired by the

Saint-Sever Beatus The Saint-Sever Beatus, also known as the Apocalypse of Saint-Sever (Paris, Bibliothèque Nationale, MS lat. 8878), is a Romanesque Illuminated manuscript from the 11th century. The manuscript was made at Saint-Sever Abbey, then in the Duchy of G ...

. The Morgan Beatus (in New York City's Morgan Library) inspired the artist Fernand Lége

The text was not printed until 1770, and later translated into Spanish for a side-by-side edition, but despite modern Latin critical editions, it has had little influence on biblical studies after the Middle Ages.

The text

We know very little about Beatus' life. The leading expert John Williams (art historian), John Williams writes: "We even lack proof of his responsibility for the Commentary on the Apocalypse. Nowhere does it carry his name..." The work as it has come down to us in the Beatus manuscripts consists of several prologues (which differ among the manuscripts) and one long summary section (the "Summa Dicendum") before the first book, an introduction to the second book, and 12 books of commentary, some long and some very short. Beatus states in its dedication to his friend Bishop Etherius (like Beatus, an "

Adoptionist Adoptionism, also called dynamic monarchianism, is an early Christian nontrinitarian theological doctrine, subsequently revived in various forms, which holds that Jesus was adopted as the Son of God at his baptism, his resurrection, or his asc ...

" in terms of church doctrine) that states the work is meant to educate his brother monks. This dedication is the best evidence of Beatus as the author. Beatus divided the biblical text into 68 sections or ''storiae'', of around a dozen verses. The

Vulgate The Vulgate () is a late-4th-century Bible translations into Latin, Latin translation of the Bible. It is largely the work of Saint Jerome who, in 382, had been commissioned by Pope Damasus I to revise the Gospels used by the Diocese of ...

text was written out, then followed by an illustration, after which came his commentary on the section. It is now generally agreed that the illustrations were included from Beatus's original version(s) onwards, although only later manuscripts have survived. This includes the map, though it is an exception, as it illustrates no biblical passage. The text was evidently read aloud in monastic refectories during meal times; it was usual for various texts to be treated in this way. The commentaries are built around selections from previous Apocalypse commentaries and references by

Ticonius Ticonius, also spelled Tyconius or Tychonius (active 370–390 AD), was a major theologian of 4th-century North African Latin Church, Latin Christianity. He was a Donatist writer whose conception of the City of God influenced St. Augustine of Hippo ...

(now mostly lost), St. Primasius of Hadrumetum, St.

Caesarius of Arles Caesarius of Arles (; 468/470 27 August 542 AD), sometimes called "of Chalon" (''Cabillonensis'' or ''Cabellinensis'') from his birthplace Chalon-sur-Saône, was the foremost ecclesiastic of his generation in Christianity in Merovingian Gaul, Mer ...

, St.

Apringius Apringius of Beja was a sixth-century Latin Church Father who wrote a commentary on the Book of Revelation. Only fragments of his commentary survive.M.L.W. Laistner, ''Thought and Letters in Western Europe: A.D. 500 to 900'', second edition (Itha ...

of Beja, and many others. There are also long extracts from the texts of the

Fathers of the Church The Church Fathers, Early Church Fathers, Christian Fathers, or Fathers of the Church were ancient and influential Christian theologians and writers who established the intellectual and doctrinal foundations of Christianity. The historical per ...

and

Doctors of the Church Doctor of the Church (Latin: ''doctor'' "teacher"), also referred to as Doctor of the Universal Church (Latin: ''Doctor Ecclesiae Universalis''), is a title given by the Catholic Church to saints recognized as having made a significant contribut ...

, especially

Augustine of Hippo Augustine of Hippo ( , ; ; 13 November 354 – 28 August 430) was a theologian and philosopher of Berber origin and the bishop of Hippo Regius in Numidia, Roman North Africa. His writings deeply influenced the development of Western philosop ...

Ambrose Ambrose of Milan (; 4 April 397), venerated as Saint Ambrose, was a theologian and statesman who served as Bishop of Milan from 374 to 397. He expressed himself prominently as a public figure, fiercely promoting Roman Christianity against Ari ...

of Milan,

Irenaeus Irenaeus ( or ; ; ) was a Greeks, Greek bishop noted for his role in guiding and expanding Christianity, Christian communities in the southern regions of present-day France and, more widely, for the development of Christian theology by oppos ...

of Lyons,

Pope Gregory I Pope Gregory I (; ; – 12 March 604), commonly known as Saint Gregory the Great (; ), was the 64th Bishop of Rome from 3 September 590 until his death on 12 March 604. He is known for instituting the first recorded large-scale mission from Ro ...

Saint Jerome Jerome (; ; ; – 30 September 420), also known as Jerome of Stridon, was an early Christian priest, confessor, theologian, translator, and historian; he is commonly known as Saint Jerome. He is best known for his translation of the Bible ...

of Stridon, and

Isidore of Seville Isidore of Seville (; 4 April 636) was a Spania, Hispano-Roman scholar, theologian and Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Seville, archbishop of Seville. He is widely regarded, in the words of the 19th-century historian Charles Forbes René de Montal ...

. From the later 10th century onwards, one "line" of manuscripts adds

Jerome Jerome (; ; ; – 30 September 420), also known as Jerome of Stridon, was an early Christian presbyter, priest, Confessor of the Faith, confessor, theologian, translator, and historian; he is commonly known as Saint Jerome. He is best known ...

's ''Commentary on the Book of Daniel'', and a large

genealogy of Christ The New Testament provides two accounts of the genealogy of Jesus, one in the Gospel of Matthew and another in the Gospel of Luke. Matthew starts with Abraham and works forwards, while Luke works back in time from Jesus to Adam. The lists of na ...

, both illustrated (see below), and sometimes also a commentary on the books of

Ezekiel Ezekiel, also spelled Ezechiel (; ; ), was an Israelite priest. The Book of Ezekiel, relating his visions and acts, is named after him. The Abrahamic religions acknowledge Ezekiel as a prophet. According to the narrative, Ezekiel prophesied ...

, but these are not strictly part of the Beatus. The creative character of the commentary comes from Beatus' writing of a wide-ranging catena of verses from nearly every book of the Bible, quotes of patristic commentary from many little known sources, and interstitial original comments by Beatus. His attitude is one of realism about church politics and human pettiness, hope and love towards everyday life even when it is difficult, and many homely similes from his own time and place. (For example, he compares evangelization to lighting fires for survival when caught far from home by a sudden mountain blizzard, and the Church to a Visigothic army with both generals and muleskinners.) His work is also a fruitful source for Spanish linguistics, as Beatus often alters words in his African Latin sources to the preferred synonyms in Hispanic Latin.

Illustrations

Illustrations are believed to been included in the earliest manuscripts of the work, now lost. Williams cautions against talking of a consistent style in the manuscripts; though the subjects and often compositions remain much the same, the artistic style tends to follow wider developments across southern Europe, with a clear Romanesque style in later manuscripts. This is especially the case with the depiction of figures. The features most associated with ''Beatus'' manuscripts are whole page and double spread illustrations with backgrounds in broad strips of bright, flat, primary colours. These are not found in earlier manuscripts, where illustrations often occupy less than the width of a page, and figures have a blank background within a simple border. The

San Millán Beatus The San Millán Beatus is an illuminated manuscript now held in the Royal Academy of History in Madrid as Cod. Emil. 33. It measures 35.5 cm by 23 cm and is a copy of the Commentary on the Apocalypse by Beatus of Liébana. Its illuminations are inc ...

was illustrated in two phases, over a century apart, and shows this stylistic progression within a single manuscript. It is thought that a significant development in the illustrations took place in the mid-10th century at the San Salvador de Tábara Monastery, whose remains are now the church of Santa Maria, in

Tábara Tábara is a municipality located in the province of Zamora, Castile and León, Spain. According to the 2004 census ( INE), the municipality has a population of 950 inhabitants. Tábara is the capital of the Tierra de Tábara comarca. Tábara ...

Zamora, Spain Zamora () is a city and municipality of Spain located in the autonomous community of Castile and León. It is the capital of the province of Zamora. The city straddles the Duero river. With its 24 characteristic Romanesque style churches of the ...

, probably led by the monk-painter Magius. An effusive tribute to Magius by his pupil Emeterius is written in the fragmentary Tábara Beatus (only 8 miniatures surviving), which Magius left unfinished at his death in 968, and Emeterius completed. The Morgan Beatus (c. 945) is thought to be all by Magius, and the Gerona Beatus by Emeterius and the nun

Ende Ende may refer to Places *Ende Regency, a regency (second level subdivision) of Indonesia *Ende (town), the seat (capital) of Ende Regency People * Ende (artist), 10th-century Spanish manuscript illuminator * Erik Ende, a leader of Scouting in ...

, who signed it; this was finished in 975. Apart from these three surviving MS made by the Tábara team, there are thought, on the basis of textual analysis, to have been three others, now lost. Genealogie-du-Christ medium

The innovations at Tábara included new subjects, and a move to miniatures that occupied a full page, or spread across two pages, this last being something not known from any earlier books. The "polychromatic striped backgrounds that characterize the so-called Mozarabic style of illumination" now appear; the Morgan Beatus is nearly complete, with 68 full-page miniatures, and 48 smaller, and so the best exemplar of this phase. Magius was probably influenced by his contemporary Florentius of Valeránica, who worked about 150 miles away to the east, borrowing both some images and some of his prefactory text from the León Bible of 960, illustrated by Florentius and an assistant.Williams (2017), 34 Images new to Beatus manuscripts found in the Beatus and clearly taken from the León Bible of 960 (or a very similar MS) include a set of

Evangelist portrait Evangelist portraits are a specific type of miniature included in ancient and mediaeval illuminated manuscript Gospel Books, and later in Bibles and other books, as well as other media. Each Gospel of the Four Evangelists, the books of Matthew, ...

s of a distinctive type, the text and decorative illumination of an extensive

(over fourteen pages with about 600 names), and a set of images illustrating

's ''Commentary on the

Book of Daniel The Book of Daniel is a 2nd-century BC biblical apocalypse with a 6th-century BC setting. It is ostensibly a narrative detailing the experiences and Prophecy, prophetic visions of Daniel, a Jewish Babylonian captivity, exile in Babylon ...

'', the text of which was also included.The Morgan ''Adoration of the Lamb'' also takes distinctive features of the León ''

Christ in Majesty Christ in Majesty or Christ in Glory () is the Western Christian image of Christ seated on a throne as ruler of the world, always seen frontally in the centre of the composition, and often flanked by other sacred figures, whose membership change ...

''. By the time of later manuscripts such as the

, probably from around 1150, the decorated initials and similar elements of ornament were in a clearly Romanesque style, and figures were rather better drawn, but the old compositions and features such as the large coloured bands persisted. In the Portuguese

Apocalypse of Lorvão ''The Apocalypse of Lorvão'' is an illuminated manuscript from Lorvão, Portugal containing the ''Commentary on the Apocalypse'' of Beatus of Liébana, Beatus of Santo Toribio de Liébana, Liébana Monastery, Spain. It is currently kept at the T ...

, dated 1189, many illustrations are once again less than a full page. File:FOLIO.BEATO-CIRUEÑA.25.jpg, Page from the Silos fragment, the earliest survival, c. 885. ''Opening of the Fifth Seal'' File:Emetrius (Meister der Schule von Távara) 001.jpg, Unusual miniature from the Tábara Beatus, c. 970; the monastery tower there, with three people working in the

scriptorium A scriptorium () was a writing room in medieval European monasteries for the copying and illuminating of manuscripts by scribes. The term has perhaps been over-used—only some monasteries had special rooms set aside for scribes. Often they ...

File:B Pierpont 154v.jpg, ''The Ascension of the Two Witnesses'', Morgan Beatus (c. 945) File:Beato de Gerona. Fº 131v.jpg, ''Opening of the Sixth Seal'', Gerona Beatus, by 975 File:ApocalypseStSeverFol026vJohnRecievesRev.jpg, Angel transmitting the revelation of the apocalypse to

John John is a common English name and surname: * John (given name) * John (surname) John may also refer to: New Testament Works * Gospel of John, a title often shortened to John * First Epistle of John, often shortened to 1 John * Second E ...

, 12th century

Context

The Kingdom of Toledo fell in 711, leaving most of the

in the hands of Muslim conquerors. Christians under Pelayo managed to establish the

Kingdom of Asturias The Kingdom of Asturias was a kingdom in the Iberian Peninsula founded by the nobleman Pelagius who traditionally has been described as being of Visigothic stock. Modern research is leaning towards the view that Pelagius was of Hispano-Roman ...

on the northern coast, protected by the

Cantabrian Mountains The Cantabrian Mountains or Cantabrian Range () are one of the main systems of mountain ranges in Spain. They stretch for over 300 km (180 miles) across northern Spain, from the western limit of the Pyrenees to the Galician Massif ...

, initially the only Christian state on the peninsula. Beautus lived in the Cantabrian valley of

Liébana Liébana is a '' comarca'' of Cantabria (Spain). It covers 575 square kilometres and is located in the far southwest of Cantabria, bordering Asturias, León and Palencia. It is made up of the municipalities of: Cabezón de Liébana, Camaleño ...

. With the recent conquest of the Iberian Peninsula, the

Apocalypse Apocalypse () is a literary genre originating in Judaism in the centuries following the Babylonian exile (597–587 BCE) but persisting in Christianity and Islam. In apocalypse, a supernatural being reveals cosmic mysteries or the future to a ...

and the

symbolism Symbolism or symbolist may refer to: *Symbol, any object or sign that represents an idea Arts *Artistic symbol, an element of a literary, visual, or other work of art that represents an idea ** Color symbolism, the use of colors within various c ...

in it took on a different meaning. The beast, which had previously been believed to represent the

Roman Empire The Roman Empire ruled the Mediterranean and much of Europe, Western Asia and North Africa. The Roman people, Romans conquered most of this during the Roman Republic, Republic, and it was ruled by emperors following Octavian's assumption of ...

, for Iberian believers now became the

Caliphate A caliphate ( ) is an institution or public office under the leadership of an Islamic steward with Khalifa, the title of caliph (; , ), a person considered a political–religious successor to the Islamic prophet Muhammad and a leader of ...

, and

Babylon Babylon ( ) was an ancient city located on the lower Euphrates river in southern Mesopotamia, within modern-day Hillah, Iraq, about south of modern-day Baghdad. Babylon functioned as the main cultural and political centre of the Akkadian-s ...

was no longer Rome, but

Córdoba Córdoba most commonly refers to: * Córdoba, Spain, a major city in southern Spain and formerly the imperial capital of Islamic Spain * Córdoba, Argentina, the second largest city in Argentina and the capital of Córdoba Province Córdoba or Cord ...

. ''Revelation'' is a book about the Church's problems throughout all ages, not about history per se. In the middle of Book 4 of 12, Beatus does state his guess about the end-date of the world as 801 AD, from the number of the Holy Spirit plus Alpha, as well as a few other calculations, although he warns people that it is folly to try to guess a date that even Jesus in the Bible claimed not to know. This expected date, or 800 AD, was shared by many Christians at the time, although the papacy and church authorities discouraged such speculations. Probably dying in the last years of the century, but after 785, Beatus did not quite live to see his guess disproved, but in the next century the approach of the year 1000 raised widespread concern across Europe that this would see the start of the events prophesied in ''Revelation''; there is a particular concentration of Beatus manuscripts dated to about 950 to 975. After the millennium failed to produce, some 11th-century forecasters switched to 1033, as being 1000 years after the death and

Resurrection of Jesus The resurrection of Jesus () is Christianity, Christian belief that God in Christianity, God Resurrection, raised Jesus in Christianity, Jesus from the dead on the third day after Crucifixion of Jesus, his crucifixion, starting—or Preexis ...

. In continuity with previous commentaries written in the Tyconian tradition, and in continuity with St. Isidore of Seville and St. Apringius of Beja from just a few centuries before him, Beatus' ''Commentary on the Apocalypse'' focuses on the sinless beauty of the eternal Church, and on the

tares Tare or Tares may refer to: * Tare (armour), a leg and groin protector used in a number of Japanese martial arts * Tare (legume), several plants of the legume family * Tare (surname), a surname * Tare (tufted grass), a genus of nine species of ...

growing among the wheat in the Church on Earth. Persecution from outside forces like pagan kings and heretics is mentioned, but it is persecution from fellow members of the Church that Beatus spends hundreds of pages on. Anything critical of the Jews in the Bible is specifically said to have contemporary effect as a criticism of Christians, and particularly of monks and other religious, and a good deal of what is said about pagans is stated as meant as a criticism of Christians who worship their own interests more than God. Muslims are barely mentioned, except as references to Christian heresies include them.

Copies of the manuscript

There are 35 surviving copies, 27 of which are tabled below. Williams (building on the work of other scholars, especially Wilhelm Neuss) estimates there were once about a hundred illustrated copies, and the "family tree" he illustrates shows divergence into two, then three, branches before 900, with differences both in the text and the artistic style. The earliest surviving fragment, at the abbey of

Santo Domingo de Silos Santo Domingo de Silos is a municipality and town located in the province of Burgos, Castile and León, Spain. According to the 2004 census ( INE), the municipality had a population of 292 inhabitants. The heritage listing of '' conjunto hist� ...

, is already from about a century after the work was written. Two were produced in modern

Portugal Portugal, officially the Portuguese Republic, is a country on the Iberian Peninsula in Southwestern Europe. Featuring Cabo da Roca, the westernmost point in continental Europe, Portugal borders Spain to its north and east, with which it share ...

(one is the

dated 1189) and the

in southern France, near the modern Spanish border. There appear to have been three manuscripts made in southern Italy in the 11th century.

Illustrated in the Iberian Peninsula

9th through 11th centuries

12th and 13th centuries

Not illustrated

*''Beatus of Alcobaça''. ALC. 247 Not illustrated. *''Beato ACA''. Not Illustrated. *''Beato de Sahagún''. Fragments. Not illustrated.

Copied in South Italy

Copied in Southwestern France

*''

''. (''Beatus of Saint-Sever''). Illustrated by Stephanus Garsia (and other unnamed). Kept at the Bibliothèque Nationale de France, Paris. C. 1038. Alternate dates include 1060–1070. Ms. Lat. 8878.

Influence

The ''Commentary on the Apocalypse'' strongly influenced the ''

Guernica Guernica (, ), officially Gernika () in Basque, is a town in the province of Biscay, in the Autonomous Community of the Basque Country, Spain. The town of Guernica is one part (along with neighbouring Lumo) of the municipality of Gernika-Lumo ...

'' of Picasso. (citing Klein, Peter K., ''The Saint-Sever Beatus and its influence on Picasso's Guernica'', 2017)

Gallery

File:Beato Vitr14-1 Fol130r.jpg, Emilianense Codice. The seven angels and the seven plagues Image:B Escorial 108v.jpg, Escorial Beatus, f. 108v: Worship of

the beast The Beast may refer to: Religion * The Beast (Revelation), one of three beasts described in the New Testament ''Book of Revelation'' Fictional characters * The Beast, imaginary monster in William Golding's novel ''Lord of the Flies'' (1954) * ...

and dragon Image:B Osma 139.jpg, Osma Beatus, f. 139: The Frogs Image:B Urgell 82v.jpg, Urgell Beatus, f. 82v:

Noah Noah (; , also Noach) appears as the last of the Antediluvian Patriarchs (Bible), patriarchs in the traditions of Abrahamic religions. His story appears in the Hebrew Bible (Book of Genesis, chapters 5–9), the Quran and Baháʼí literature, ...

's Ark Image:B Valladolid 120.jpg, Valladolid Beatus, f. 120: The Angel of the Fifth Trumpet: ''"And the fifth angel sounded, and I saw a star fall from heaven unto the earth: and to him was given the key of the bottomless pit"'' (Revelation, 9.1) Image:B Facundus 205.jpg, Facundus Beatus, page 410: Adoration of the Mystical Lamb on Mount Zion: ''A lamb stood on the Mount Zion and to one-hundred-forty-four thousand, having

cythara The cythara is a wide group of stringed instruments of medieval and Renaissance Europe, including not only the lyre and harp but also necked, string instruments. In fact, unless a medieval document gives an indication that it meant a necked inst ...

s'' Image:B Facundus 224vdét.jpg, Facundus Beatus, f. 224 (detail): ''"And the woman was arrayed in purple and scarlet, and decked with gold and precious stone and pearls, having in her hand a golden cup full of abominations, even the unclean things of her fornication, and upon her forehead a name written: «Mystery, Babylon the Great, the mother of the harlots and of the abominations of earth.»"'' (Revelation, 17.4–5) Image:B Facundus 240.jpg, Facundus Beatus, f. 240: ''"And I saw heaven opened, and behold a white horse; and he that sat upon him was called «Faithful» and «True», and in righteousness he doth judge and make war. His eyes were as a flame of fire, and on his head were many crowns; and he had a name written, that no man knew, but he himself. And he was clothed with a vesture dipped in blood: and his name is called The Word of God."'' (Revelation, 19.11–13) Image:B Osma 151.jpg, Osma Beatus, f. 151 The victorious Christ File:Gerona Beatus, evil loosed on Earth.jpg, Gerona Beatus File:Gerona Beatus.jpg, Gerona Beatus File:Gerona Beatus, artwork.jpg, Gerona Beatus File:Gerona Beatus, Giving praise to the Lamb of God.jpg, Gerona Beatus. Giving praise to the Lamb of God image:B_Facundus_43v.jpg, Facundus Beatus, f°43v, The great Theophany image:B_Urgell_198v_199.jpg, Urgell Beatus, f°198v–199 The

new Jerusalem In the Book of Ezekiel in the Hebrew Bible, New Jerusalem (, ''YHWH šāmmā'', YHWH sthere") is Ezekiel's prophetic vision of a city centered on the rebuilt Holy Temple, to be established in Jerusalem, which would be the capital of the ...

, the river of life image:B_Facundus_253v.jpg, Facundus Beatus, f°253v The new Jerusalem image:B_Valladolid_93.jpg, Beatus de Valladolid, f°93 The four horsemen image:B_Facundus_135.jpg, Facundus Beatus, f°135 The four horsemen image:B_Facundus_171v.jpg, Facundus Beatus, f°171v The monstrous beasts image:B Facundus 145.jpg, Facundus Beatus, f°145 The elect and the angels restraining the winds

Notes

References

* * * * * Williams, John, ''The Illustrated Beatus'': a corpus of the illustrations of the commentary on the Apocalypse. 5 Volumes. Harvey Miller and Brepols, 1994, 1998, 2000. Art books attempting to document all the Beatus illustrations in all surviving manuscripts. Due to expense, most illustrations are reproduced in black and white. Unfortunately, Williams was uninterested in Beatus' text, and thus spread some misconceptions about it, but his art scholarship and tenacity are amazing. His books' influence on most of this Wikipedia article is strong. * Williams, John (2017), “Visions of the End in Medieval Spain: Introductory Essay.” In ''Visions of the End in Medieval Spain'', edited by Therese Martin, 21–66. Amsterdam University Press, 2017
JSTOR free access
This is Williams' final summary, several years after his main work.

Printed editions

*''Commentarius in Apocalypsin''. Ed. Henry A. Sanders. Papers and monographs of the American Academy in Rome 7 (Rome: American Academy in Rome, 1930). The first critical edition of the commentary. Latin. *''Beati Liebanensis Tractatus de Apocalipsin''. Ed. Roger Gryson. Corpus Christianorum: Series Latina 107 B-C (Turnhout: Brepols, 2012). Two volumes of a new, improved and up-to-date critical edition of the commentary's text. Latin and French. *''Commentary on the Apocalypse - Part I''. Trans. M.S. O'Brien. (2013). English translation of Books I and II. Includes many sources and quotes not noted in Gryson.

External links

*
In Apocalypsin
1770 edition of the Commentary. Latin.

advertisement for facsimile editions
Illuminations of BeatusWorks of Beatus

Links to specific manuscripts

Arroyo BeatusArroyo Beatus
Another way to view
Ms. 33 Beato de San Millan de la Cogolla.
* ttp://bvpb.mcu.es/es/consulta/resultados_navegacion.cmd?busq_autoridadesbib=BVPB20110371760 Ms. 33 (black and white images)br>Ms. Cod. & II.5 Escorial Beatus of San Millán.Ms 644 Morgan Beatus.
Click on image to access all pages.
Ms 1097 B Beatus of San Salvador de Távara.
Click on image to access all pages.

Beatus of Tábara

Beato de Lorvão
Ms. 433 Beatus of Valcavado
Click on image to access all pages.
Ms. 26 Urgell Beatus.
Click on image to access all pages.
Ms. 7 Gerona Beatus (Girona Beatus)
Click on image to access all pages.
Vit. 14-1
''Beati in Apocalipsin libri duodecim''. (''Emilianenses Codice'')
VITR 14.2(pdf)
'Beato of Liébana: Codice of Fernando I and Dña. Sancha''. (''Facundo''/''Facundus'')
Add MS 11695
British Library access to Beatus of Santo Domingo de Silos.
Add MS 11695 Beatus of Santo Domingo de Silos.
Click on image to access all pages.
Ms. lat. 357 Geneva Beatus.Miniatures from the Rylands Beatus

Ms. 2.
Cardeñas Beatus Some of the 135 folios online at the Museo Arqueólogico Nacional
Cardeñas Beatus
15 folios at the Metropolitan Museum of Art

Beatus of Alcobaça. Not illustrated.

Not Illustrated.

Not illustrated.
MS 429
Huelgas Apocalypse
MS 429
Huelgas Apocalypse {{Authority control Christian apocalyptic writings Illuminated beatus manuscripts Mozarabic art and architecture Types of illuminated manuscript