''Silaum'' is a

genus Genus ( plural genera ) is a taxonomic rank used in the biological classification of living and fossil organisms as well as viruses. In the hierarchy of biological classification, genus comes above species and below family. In binomial n ...

flowering plant Flowering plants are plants that bear flowers and fruits, and form the clade Angiospermae (), commonly called angiosperms. They include all forbs (flowering plants without a woody stem), grasses and grass-like plants, a vast majority of ...

s in the carrot/parsley

family Family (from la, familia) is a group of people related either by consanguinity (by recognized birth) or affinity (by marriage or other relationship). The purpose of the family is to maintain the well-being of its members and of society. Idea ...

Apiaceae Apiaceae or Umbelliferae is a family of mostly aromatic flowering plants named after the type genus '' Apium'' and commonly known as the celery, carrot or parsley family, or simply as umbellifers. It is the 16th-largest family of flowering plant ...

. There are currently ten species placed into the genus, a list of which is provided below.

Description

Plants in the genus ''Silaum'' have

umbels In botany, an umbel is an inflorescence that consists of a number of short flower stalks (called pedicels) that spread from a common point, somewhat like umbrella ribs. The word was coined in botanical usage in the 1590s, from Latin ''umbella'' "p ...

which are characteristic of plants in the family Apiaceae (they are ''umbelliferous'', "umbel-bearing"); the umbels in ''Silaus'' species tend to lack

bracts In botany, a bract is a modified or specialized leaf, especially one associated with a reproductive structure such as a flower, inflorescence axis or cone scale. Bracts are usually different from foliage leaves. They may be smaller, larger, or o ...

. ''Silaum'' species also tend to have a few

umbellules In botany, an umbel is an inflorescence that consists of a number of short flower stalks (called pedicels) that spread from a common point, somewhat like umbrella ribs. The word was coined in botanical usage in the 1590s, from Latin ''umbella'' "p ...

(secondary umbels of compound umbels), and these umbellules have several small bracts called

bractlets In botany, a bract is a modified or specialized leaf, especially one associated with a reproductive structure such as a flower, inflorescence axis or cone scale. Bracts are usually different from foliage leaves. They may be smaller, larger, or of ...

. Remains of dead leaves can often be found at the base of the plant; plants in ''Silaum'' are richly branched. The

fruits In botany, a fruit is the seed-bearing structure in flowering plants that is formed from the ovary after flowering. Fruits are the means by which flowering plants (also known as angiosperms) disseminate their seeds. Edible fruits in particul ...

of ''Silaum'' species have a carpophore, a supporting slender stalk for each half of a gape or burst open ( dehisced) fruit - these are common throughout the family Apiaceae; the carpophore is thread or filament-shaped (

filiform Filiform, thread or filament like, can refer to: * Filiform, a common term used in botany to describe a thread-like shape *Filiform, or filiform catheter, a medical device whose component parts or segments are all cylindrical and more or less un ...

). In addition, ''Silaum'' fruits are elongated, divided and not flattened. The

mericarp A schizocarp is a dry fruit that, when mature, splits up into mericarps. There are different definitions: * Any dry fruit composed of multiple carpels that separate. : Under this definition the mericarps can contain one or more seeds (the m ...

s (one

carpel Gynoecium (; ) is most commonly used as a collective term for the parts of a flower that produce ovules and ultimately develop into the fruit and seeds. The gynoecium is the innermost whorl of a flower; it consists of (one or more) '' pistils' ...

of umbelliferous fruit) have acute edges and five, rather low ridges. Plants in ''Silaus'' also have an oil tube in the fruit, called a vitta - there is one vitta per every ridge of furrow (a vallecula), but are indistinct at maturity. The

petals Petals are modified leaves that surround the reproductive parts of flowers. They are often brightly colored or unusually shaped to attract pollinators. All of the petals of a flower are collectively known as the ''corolla''. Petals are usuall ...

that surround the

flowers A flower, sometimes known as a bloom or blossom, is the reproductive structure found in flowering plants (plants of the division Angiospermae). The biological function of a flower is to facilitate reproduction, usually by providing a mechani ...

are yellow.

Taxonomy and naming

''Silaum'' was first formally described in 1754 by the Scottish botanist in charge of the

Chelsea Physic Garden The Chelsea Physic Garden was established as the Apothecaries' Garden in London, England, in 1673 by the Worshipful Society of Apothecaries to grow plants to be used as medicines. This four acre physic garden, the term here referring to the s ...

Philip Miller Philip Miller FRS (1691 – 18 December 1771) was an English botanist and gardener of Scottish descent. Miller was chief gardener at the Chelsea Physic Garden for nearly 50 years from 1722, and wrote the highly popular ''The Gardeners Dicti ...

; this description was published in his own reference series,

The Gardeners Dictionary ''The Gardeners Dictionary'' was a widely cited reference series, written by Philip Miller (1691–1771), which tended to focus on plants cultivated in England. Eight editions of the series were published in his lifetime. After his death, it was ...

(abr., ed. 4 (1754)). The

etymology Etymology () The New Oxford Dictionary of English (1998) – p. 633 "Etymology /ˌɛtɪˈmɒlədʒi/ the study of the class in words and the way their meanings have changed throughout time". is the study of the history of the form of words ...

of ''Silaum '' was not explicitly offered by Miller, who applied a plant name used by

Pliny Pliny may refer to: People * Pliny the Elder (23–79 CE), ancient Roman nobleman, scientist, historian, and author of ''Naturalis Historia'' (''Pliny's Natural History'') * Pliny the Younger (died 113), ancient Roman statesman, orator, ...

Pliny the Elder Gaius Plinius Secundus (AD 23/2479), called Pliny the Elder (), was a Roman author, naturalist and natural philosopher, and naval and army commander of the early Roman Empire, and a friend of the emperor Vespasian. He wrote the encyclopedic ...

, ''

Naturalis Historia The ''Natural History'' ( la, Naturalis historia) is a work by Pliny the Elder. The largest single work to have survived from the Roman Empire to the modern day, the ''Natural History'' compiles information gleaned from other ancient authors. ...

'', Book XXVI, chapter lvi, § 88, the sole mention of ''Silaus'': ''silaus nascitur glariosis et perennibus rivis, cubitalis apii similitudine...'' though it may refer to the mountainous plateau

La Sila La Sila, also simply Sila, is the name of the mountainous plateau and historic region located in Calabria, southern Italy. The Sila National Park is known to have the purest air in Europe. Geography The Sila occupies part of the provinces of Co ...

in southern

Italy Italy ( it, Italia ), officially the Italian Republic, ) or the Republic of Italy, is a country in Southern Europe. It is located in the middle of the Mediterranean Sea, and its territory largely coincides with the homonymous geographical ...

Species

The

Global Biodiversity Information Facility The Global Biodiversity Information Facility (GBIF) is an international organisation that focuses on making scientific data on biodiversity available via the Internet using web services. The data are provided by many institutions from around ...

(GBIF) lists ten species that are currently placed in the genus ''Silaum'': *''

Silaum besseri ''Silaum'' is a genus of flowering plants in the carrot/parsley family, Apiaceae. There are currently ten species placed into the genus, a list of which is provided below. Description Plants in the genus ''Silaum'' have umbels which are characte ...

'' (

DC. Augustin Pyramus (or Pyrame) de Candolle (, , ; 4 February 17789 September 1841) was a Swiss botanist. René Louiche Desfontaines launched de Candolle's botanical career by recommending him at a herbarium. Within a couple of years de Candolle ...

) Galushko *''

Silaum foliosum ''Silaum'' is a genus of flowering plants in the carrot/parsley family, Apiaceae. There are currently ten species placed into the genus, a list of which is provided below. Description Plants in the genus ''Silaum'' have umbels which are characte ...

'' (

Sommier A bressummer, breastsummer, summer beam (somier, sommier, sommer, somer, cross-somer, summer, summier, summer-tree, or dorman, dormant tree) is a load-bearing beam in a timber-framed building. The word ''summer'' derived from sumpter or French s ...

Levier Levier () is a commune in the Doubs department in the Bourgogne-Franche-Comté region in eastern France. On 1 January 2017, the former commune of Labergement-du-Navois was merged into Levier.Grossh. Alexander Alfonsovich Grossheim (6 March 1888 – 4 December 1948) was a Soviet botanist of German descent. He traveled widely over the Caucasus region collecting and studying various different plant life. He is most known for Pteridophytes and ...

*''

Silaum perfoliatum ''Silaum'' is a genus of flowering plants in the carrot/parsley family, Apiaceae. There are currently ten species placed into the genus, a list of which is provided below. Description Plants in the genus ''Silaum'' have umbels which are characte ...

'' ( Pharm. ex Wehmer)

M.Hiroe Minosuke Hiroe ( 廣江美之助; 7 June 1914 – 12 January 2000) was a Japanese botanist. His main works are on the Umbelliferae, from which family he described many new species. His work has been criticized by Lincoln Constance Lincoln Consta ...

*''

Silaum peucedanoides ''Silaum'' is a genus of flowering plants in the carrot/parsley family, Apiaceae. There are currently ten species placed into the genus, a list of which is provided below. Description Plants in the genus ''Silaum'' have umbels which are characte ...

'' (

M.Bieb. Baron Friedrich August Marschall von Bieberstein (30 July 1768 in Stuttgart – 28 June 1826 in Merefa) was an early explorer of the flora and archeology of the southern portion of Imperial Russia, including the Caucasus and Novorossiya. He comp ...

) M.Hiroe *''

Silaum popovii ''Silaum'' is a genus of flowering plants in the carrot/parsley family, Apiaceae. There are currently ten species placed into the genus, a list of which is provided below. Description Plants in the genus ''Silaum'' have umbels which are characte ...

'' (

Korovin Korovin (russian: Коровин), or Korovina (feminine; Коровина), is a Russian last name, which is derived from the Russian word ''korova'' (корова, or cow). Notable persons with that surname include: *Hal Korovin (born 1925), Ame ...

) M.Hiroe *'' Silaum saxatilis'' Bajtenov *''

Silaum serotinum ''Silaum'' is a genus of flowering plants in the carrot/parsley family, Apiaceae. There are currently ten species placed into the genus, a list of which is provided below. Description Plants in the genus ''Silaum'' have umbels which are characte ...

'' ( Pers.) M.Hiroe *''

Silaum silaus ''Silaum silaus'', commonly known as pepper-saxifrage, is a perennial plant in the family Apiaceae (Umbelliferae) (the carrot family) found across south-eastern, central, and western Europe, including the British Isles. It grows in damp grassla ...

'' ( L.)

Schinz Schinz is a Swiss surname. Notable people with the surname include: * Albert Schinz (1870–1943), Swiss-born U.S. editor and academic *Hans Schinz (1858–1941), Swiss explorer and botanist *Heinrich Rudolf Schinz Heinrich Rudolf Schinz (30 Marc ...

& Thell. *''

Silaum tenellum ''Silaum'' is a genus of flowering plants in the carrot/parsley family, Apiaceae. There are currently ten species placed into the genus, a list of which is provided below. Description Plants in the genus ''Silaum'' have umbels which are characte ...

'' ( Velen.) M.Hiroe *''

Silaum tenuifolium ''Silaum'' is a genus of flowering plants in the carrot/parsley family, Apiaceae. There are currently ten species placed into the genus, a list of which is provided below. Description Plants in the genus ''Silaum'' have umbels which are characte ...

'' (

Poir. Jean Louis Marie Poiret (11 June 1755 in Saint-Quentin7 April 1834 in Paris) was a French clergyman, botanist, and explorer. From 1785 to 1786, he was sent by Louis XVI to Algeria to study the flora. After the French Revolution, he became ...

) Reduron

References

{{Taxonbar, from=Q743050 Apioideae genera Taxa named by Philip Miller