Showa Denko

{{Infobox company
, name = Resonac K.K.
, native_name = レゾナック株式会社
, native_name_lang = ja
, romanized_name = Rezonakku kabushiki gaisha
, logo = Resonac logo.svg
, type = Public
, traded_as = {{tyo, 4004
, hq_location_city = Tokyo
, hq_location_country = Japan
, key_people = Mitsuo Ohashi (chairman)
Hideo Ichikawa (president & CEO)
, industry = Chemicals
, products = {{unbulleted list, Inorganics, Aluminium, Electronics, Chemicals
, operating_income = JPY 76.7 billion (2007)
, net_income = JPY 1,023.2 billion (2007)
, num_employees = 15,778 (2008)
, homepage = {{URL, resonac.com}

{{Nihongo, Resonac, レゾナック株式会社, Rezonakku Kabushiki-gaisha}, formerly {{Nihongo, Showa Denko K. K., 昭和電工株式会社, Shōwa Denkō Kabushiki-gaisha, abbreviated as SDK, is a Japanese chemical company producing chemical products and industrial materials. It was founded in 1939 by the merger of Nihon Electrical Industries and Showa Fertilizers, both established by a Japanese entrepreneur Nobuteru Mori.

Resonac's products serve a wide array of fields ranging from heavy industry to the electronic and computer industries. The company is divided in five business sectors: petrochemicals (olefins, organic chemicals, plastic products), aluminum (aluminum cans, sheets, ingots, foils), electronics (semiconductors, ceramic materials, hard disk drive platters), chemicals (industrial gases, ammonia, agrochemicals), and inorganic materials (ceramics, graphite electrodes). Showa Denko has more than 180 subsidiaries and affiliates. The company has vast overseas operations and a joint venture with Netherlands-based Montell and Nippon Petrochemicals to make and market polypropylenes. In March 2001, Resonac merged with Showa Denko Aluminum Corporation to strengthen the high-value-added fabricated aluminum products operations, and is today developing next-generation optical communications-use wafers.

Showa Denko is a member of the Mizuho keiretsu.

History

* Dec 1908 : Sobo Marine Products K.K. was established by Showa Denko (SDK) founder, Nobuteru Mori, to manufacture and sell iodine in Chiba Prefecture. Sobo Marine Products subsequently developed into Nihon Iodine K.K.
* Oct 1926 : Nihon Iodine K.K. was established.
* Apr 1928 : {{nihongo, Showa Fertilizer K.K., 昭和肥料, Shōwa Hiryō was established, also by Nobuteru Mori.
* Apr 1931 : Showa Fertilizers opened the first ammonium sulfate factory in Japan.
* Mar 1934 : Nihon Iodine K.K. was renamed as Nihon Electrical Industries K.K.
* Jun 1939 : Nihon Electrical Industries and Showa Fertilizers merged to form Showa Denko K.K.
* May 1949 : SDK was listed on Tokyo Stock Exchange.
* Sept 1951 : SDK was awarded the first Deming Prize.
* 1968 : Dumped mercury in the Agano River, which caused widespread mercury poisoning
* Apr 1969 : Oita Petrochemical Complex started commercial operation.
* Mar 1977 : Second expansion project of ethylene production capacity was completed at SDK Oita Petrochemical Complex.
* Feb 1986 : SDK withdrew from its domestic aluminum smelting business.
* Nov 1989 : Hard Disk Plant No 1 completed in Chiba.
* Jan 1995 : Omachi Works obtained ISO 9001 certification.
* May 1997 : Production Technology Center obtained ISO 14001 certification.
* Mar.2001 : SDK merged with Showa Aluminum Corporation.
* Sept.2003 : Japan Polyolefins Co., Ltd. and Japan Polychem Corporation integrated the polyethylene businesses and established a new joint venture company.
* Jul.2004 : Trace Strage Technology Corp., become a consolidated subsidiary.
* Nov.2004 : SDK announced to produce high-power blue LED chips.
* Mar 2005 : SDK sold shares in SDS Biotech K.K. via management buyout scheme.
* Jul 2005 : SDK started production of world's first perpendicular magnetic recording technology HD media.
* Jan 2006 : SDK opened new medium-term consolidated business plan "PASSION Project" for the 2006-2008 period.
* Sept 2006 : SDK opened new aluminum cylinders plant in Oita.
* Dec 2006 : SDK opened new hard disk media plant in Singapore.
* Feb 2007 : SDK develops new crystal growth technology for GaN-based blue/white LEDs.
* Sept 2007 : SDK opened its second neodymium-based alloys plant in China.
* Jun 2008 : Showa Tansan Co., Ltd. become a consolidated subsidiary.
* Dec 2019 : SDK acquired Hitachi Chemical for US$8.8 billion to scale up the lithium-ion battery and advanced materials businesses.
* June 2020 : Hitachi Chemical was renamed as Showa Denko Materials.
* Jan 2023 : Showa Denko K.K. and Showa Denko Materials Co., Ltd. merge to form Resonac.{{Cite web , title=Showa Denko reborn as Resonac , url=https://www.resonac.com/corporate/name-change.html , access-date=2023-03-23 , website=www.resonac.com

Group companies

Hard Disc Media
* Showa Denko HD Pte., Ltd.

Petrochemicals
* Showa Highpolymer Co., Ltd.

Chemicals
* GMM Nonstick Coatings
* Nippon Polytech Corp.

Inorganics
* Showa Titanium Co., Ltd.
* Showa Denko Kenso Co., Ltd.
* Tohoku Metal Chemical Co., Ltd.

Aluminum
* Showa Aluminum Can Corp.
* Showa Denko Aluminum Trading K.K.
* Showa Denko Packaging Co., Ltd.

Electronics, other
* Showa Engineering Co., Ltd.
* Showa Denko Kenzai K.K.
* Shoko Co., Ltd.
* Fuyo Perlite Co., Ltd.
* Union Showa K.K.

Petrochemicals sector

The Petrochemicals Sector supports the growth of Showa Denko's basic business through the manufacture and sales of organic chemicals, olefins and specialty polymers.

SDK is the leader of the Asian ethyl acetate market. The Oita Plant, the main manufacturing base, supplies SDK and other chemical companies with the basic materials for making acetyl derivatives, synthetic resin, synthetic rubber, and styrene monomers.

Innovative products include a new heat-resistant, transparent sheet and film that can be used in flexible displays such as electronic paper and organic EL displays.

Chemicals sector

Originally focused on general-purpose industrial gases, medical gases, and industrial chemicals, SDK now provides a variety of products including high-purity gases and chemicals for the semiconductor industry. As the semiconductor industry shifted to other Asian locations, SDK established overseas specialty gases production sites in Shanghai and Singapore.

The company also offers an array of technologies and products covering various fields, including food additives, feed additives, cosmetic ingredients, medical and agricultural intermediates, optical-function materials, information-recording materials, functional polymeric materials, differentiated composite material, and liquid chromatography equipment ( Shodex).

SDK recently launched an environmental initiative to reduce waste and encourage chemical recycling. In 2016 Showa Denko acquired GMM Nonstick Coatings, one of the world's largest nonstick coatings companies founded in 2007 by Ravin Gandhi. Clients included companies in the American housewares industry including KitchenAid and Calphalon, in addition to foreign markets.

Electronics sector

The Electronics Sector includes compound semiconductors, rare-earth magnetic alloys, solid aluminum capacitors, and hard disks.

The compound semiconductors business deals with the crystal growth process, providing a wide range of products including Ultrabright LED Chips as well as blue LED Chips.

The solid aluminum capacitor business relies on conductive polymers, a combination of inorganic aluminum materials with organic polymers. The products offer with high heat resistance and high capacitance.

The electronics sector also produces aluminum-based and glass-based hard disks as well as aluminum substrates for hard disks. In September 2008 SDK announced a consolidation their hard disk (HD) media operations by establishing a joint venture with Hoya corporation in January 2009. The joint venture was to be owned about 75% by SDK and about 25% by HOYA. However, this joint venture ended in March 2009 due to the rapid deterioration of the global economy in the Hard Disk Sector.

Inorganics sector

The Inorganics Sector consists of the Ceramics Division, Carbons Division and Fine Carbon Department.

*Ceramics Division

SDK's Ceramics products are used in a wide range of fields, including chemical products, refractory products, ceramics, paper manufacture, plastics and electronics. Key products include alumina hydroxide, alumina, and high-purity alumina. SDK also produces fused alumina abrasive grains, silicon carbide and boron nitride.

*Carbons Division

SDK produces artificial graphite electrodes, an indispensable material for the recycling of steel. Other products include fine carburizing agents for iron casting.

*Fine Carbon Department

In addition to VGCF carbon nanofibers and fuel battery materials already on the market, SDK is focusing R&D efforts on high-functionality carbon products, including battery materials, electronics materials, and materials for alternative energy solutions.{{buzzword inline, date=September 2019

Aluminium sector

SDK produces heat exchangers, beverage cans, and other high value-added fabricated products from aluminum materials (including rolled, extruded and forged products).

Controversy

Niigata Minamata disease

{{Further, Niigata Minamata disease

The company is known for causing the second outbreak of Minamata disease (a type of severe mercury poisoning) in Kanose, currently part of Aga-machi, Niigata Prefecture, through the release of organomercury compounds into the Agano River.

Tryptophan contamination

In the 1980s Showa Denko applied genetic engineering to the bacteria it used in the fermentation through which it manufactured tryptophan so that the bacteria would be more efficient. At the same time, they also changed the technique used to purify the tryptophan.Edward A Belongia, MD. Toxic Tryptophan? Investigating the Eosinophila Myalgia Syndrome in Minnesota. Chapter 26 i
Cases in Field Epidemiology: A Global Perspective
Ed Mark Dworkin. Jones & Bartlett Learning, 2011{{rp, 327–328 Multiple epidemiological studies{{cite journal , vauthors=Slutsker L, Hoesly FC, Miller L, Williams LP, Watson JC, Fleming DW , title = Eosinophilia-myalgia syndrome associated with exposure to tryptophan from a single manufacturer , journal = JAMA , volume = 264 , issue = 2 , pages = 213–7 , year = 1990 , pmid = 2355442, doi = 10.1001/jama.264.2.213 {{cite journal , vauthors=Back EE, Henning KJ, Kallenbach LR, Brix KA, Gunn RA, Melius JM , title = Risk factors for developing eosinophilia myalgia syndrome among L-tryptophan users in New York , journal = J. Rheumatol. , volume = 20 , issue = 4 , pages = 666–72 , year = 1993 , pmid = 8496862 {{cite journal , vauthors=Kilbourne EM, Philen RM, Kamb ML, Falk H , title = Tryptophan produced by Showa Denko and epidemic eosinophilia-myalgia syndrome , journal = The Journal of Rheumatology. Supplement , volume = 46 , pages = 81–8; discussion 89–91 , year = 1996 , pmid = 8895184 traced an outbreak of eosinophilia-myalgia syndrome (EMS) to L-tryptophan supplied by Showa Denko, which resulted in 37 deaths.U. S. Food and Drug Administration
Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, Office of Nutritional Products, Labeling, and Dietary Supplements. February 200
FDA Information Paper on L-tryptophan and 5-hydroxy-L-tryptophan
/ref> It was further hypothesized that one or more trace impurities produced during the manufacture of tryptophan may have been responsible for the EMS outbreak.{{cite journal , vauthors=Mayeno AN, Lin F, Foote CS, Loegering DA, Ames MM, Hedberg CW, Gleich GJ , title = Characterization of "peak E," a novel amino acid associated with eosinophilia-myalgia syndrome , journal = Science , volume = 250 , issue = 4988 , pages = 1707–8 , year = 1990 , pmid = 2270484 , doi = 10.1126/science.2270484 , bibcode = 1990Sci...250.1707M {{cite journal , vauthors=Ito J, Hosaki Y, Torigoe Y, Sakimoto K , title = Identification of substances formed by decomposition of peak E substance in tryptophan , journal = Food Chem. Toxicol. , volume = 30 , issue = 1 , pages = 71–81 , year = 1992 , pmid = 1544609 , doi = 10.1016/0278-6915(92)90139-C The fact that the Showa Denko facility used genetically engineered bacteria to produce L-tryptophan gave rise to speculation that genetic engineering was responsible for such impurities.{{cite journal , vauthors=Mayeno AN, Gleich GJ , title = Eosinophilia-myalgia syndrome and tryptophan production: a cautionary tale , journal = Trends Biotechnol. , volume = 12 , issue = 9 , pages = 346–52 , date=September 1994 , pmid = 7765187 , doi = 10.1016/0167-7799(94)90035-3 However, the methodology used in the initial epidemiological studies has been criticized.{{cite journal , author = Shapiro S , title = Epidemiologic studies of the association of L-tryptophan with the eosinophilia-myalgia syndrome: a critique , journal = The Journal of Rheumatology. Supplement , volume = 46 , pages = 44–58; discussion 58–9 , year = 1996 , pmid = 8895181 {{cite journal , vauthors=Horwitz RI, Daniels SR , title = Bias or biology: evaluating the epidemiologic studies of L-tryptophan and the eosinophilia-myalgia syndrome , journal = The Journal of Rheumatology. Supplement , volume = 46 , pages = 60–72 , year = 1996 , pmid = 8895182 An alternative explanation for the 1989 EMS outbreak is that large doses of tryptophan produce metabolites which inhibit the normal degradation of histamine and excess histamine in turn has been proposed to cause EMS.{{cite journal , vauthors=Smith MJ, Garrett RH , title = A heretofore undisclosed crux of eosinophilia-myalgia syndrome: compromised histamine degradation , journal = Inflamm. Res. , volume = 54 , issue = 11 , pages = 435–50 , year = 2005 , pmid = 16307217 , doi = 10.1007/s00011-005-1380-7 , s2cid = 7785345 Once the link between EMS and Showa Denko's tryptophan had been established, chemical analyses of the tryptophan was performed by researchers at the Mayo Clinic, the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA), the Centers for Disease Control (CDC) and the Japanese National Institute of Hygienic Sciences to determine if any contaminants were associated with EMS. Showa Denko reportedly destroyed the GM bacterial stocks after the EMS cases began to emerge. In 2017, the last of the 6 contaminant associated with the 1989 EMS disease outbreak, labelled ''Peak AAA'', has been identified using high-resolution mass spectroscopy.{{cite journal, journal=Toxicology Letters, title=Structure determination of disease associated peak AAA from l-Tryptophan implicated in the eosinophilia-myalgia syndrome, year=2017, volume=282, pages=71–80, number=5, author=Klaus Klarskov & Al., doi=10.1016/j.toxlet.2017.10.012, pmid=29037509

References

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Chemical companies based in Tokyo
Defense companies of Japan
Conglomerate companies based in Tokyo
Fuyo Group
Japanese companies established in 1939
Chemical companies established in 1939
Companies listed on the Tokyo Stock Exchange
Companies in the Nikkei 225