Dialects
Shipibo has three attested dialects: * Shipibo and Konibo (Conibo), which have merged * Kapanawa of the Tapiche River, which is obsolescent Extinct Xipináwa (Shipinawa) is thought to have been a dialect as well, but there is no linguistic data.Phonology
Vowels
* and are lower than their cardinal counterparts (in addition to being more front in the latter case): , , is more front than cardinal : , whereas is more close and more central than cardinal . The first three vowels tend to be somewhat more central in closed syllables, whereas before coronal consonants (especially ) can be as central as . * In connected speech, two adjacent vowels may be realized as a rising diphthong.Nasal
* The oral vowels are phonetically nasalized after a nasal consonant, but the phonological behaviour of these allophones is different from the nasal vowel phonemes . * Oral vowels in syllables preceding syllables with nasal vowels are realized as nasal, but not when a consonant other than intervenes.Unstressed
* The second one of the two adjacent unstressed vowels is often deleted. * Unstressed vowels may be devoiced or even elided between two voiceless obstruents.Consonants
* are Bilabial consonant, bilabial, whereas is Labialized velar consonant, labialized velar. ** is most typically a fricative , but other realizations (such as an approximant , a stop and an affricate ) also appear. The stop realization is most likely to appear in word-initial stressed syllables, whereas the approximant realization appears most often as onsets to non-initial unstressed syllables. * are alveolar , whereas is dental . * The distinction can be described as an apical–laminal one. * is Velar consonant, velar, whereas is Palatal consonant, palatal. * Before nasal vowels, are Nasalization, nasalized and may be even realized close to nasal stops . * is realized as before , as before and as before . It does not occur before . * is a very variable sound: ** Intervocalically, it is realized either as continuant, with or without weak frication ( or ). ** Sometimes (especially in the beginning of a stressed syllable) it can be realized as a postalveolar affricate , or a stop-approximant sequence . ** It can also be realized as a postalveolar flap .References
Bibliography
* Campbell, Lyle. (1997). ''American Indian languages: The historical linguistics of Native America''. New York: Oxford University Press. . * Elias-Ulloa, Jose (2000). El Acento en Shipibo (Stress in Shipibo). Thesis. Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos, Lima - Peru. * Elias-Ulloa, Jose (2005). Theoretical Aspects of Panoan Metrical Phonology: Disyllabic Footing and Contextual Syllable Weight. Ph.D. Dissertation. Rutgers University. ROA 80External links