Shenyang J-15
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The Shenyang J-15 ( Chinese: 歼-15), also known as ''Flying Shark'' (; NATO reporting name: Flanker-X2, Flanker-K) is a Chinese all-weather, twin-engine,
carrier-based A carrier-based aircraft (also known as carrier-capable aircraft, carrier-borne aircraft, carrier aircraft or aeronaval aircraft) is a naval aircraft designed for operations from aircraft carriers. Carrier-based aircraft must be able to launch ...
4.5 generation multirole
fighter aircraft Fighter aircraft (early on also ''pursuit aircraft'') are military aircraft designed primarily for air-to-air combat. In military conflict, the role of fighter aircraft is to establish air supremacy, air superiority of the battlespace. Domina ...
developed by the Shenyang Aircraft Corporation (SAC) and the 601 Institute, specifically for the People's Liberation Army Naval Air Force (PLANAF) to serve on
People's Liberation Army Navy The People's Liberation Army Navy, also known as the People's Navy, PLA Navy or simply Chinese Navy, is the naval warfare military branch, branch of the People's Liberation Army, the national military of the People's Republic of China. It i ...
's (PLAN)
aircraft carriers An aircraft carrier is a warship that serves as a seagoing airbase, equipped with a full-length flight deck and hangar facilities for supporting, arming, deploying and recovering shipborne aircraft. Typically it is the capital ship of a fl ...
. The aircraft entered active service with the PLAN in 2013. An improved variant, named J-15T, incorporating CATOBAR launch capability, modern fifth-generation avionics, entered active service in the South China Sea in October 2024. The J-15 is to be replaced by the naval variant of the fifth-generation fighter Shenyang J-35.


Development

In 2001, the T-10K-3, an unfinished prototype of the
Su-33 The Sukhoi Su-33 (-33; NATO reporting name: Flanker-D) is a Soviet/Russian all-weather Carrier-based aircraft, carrier-based twinjet, twin-engine air superiority fighter designed by Sukhoi and manufactured by Komsomolsk-on-Amur Aircraft Produ ...
, was acquired by SAC from
Ukraine Ukraine is a country in Eastern Europe. It is the List of European countries by area, second-largest country in Europe after Russia, which Russia–Ukraine border, borders it to the east and northeast. Ukraine also borders Belarus to the nor ...
and is claimed to have been studied extensively and reverse-engineered, with development on the J-15 beginning immediately afterward. China had sought to purchase
Su-33 The Sukhoi Su-33 (-33; NATO reporting name: Flanker-D) is a Soviet/Russian all-weather Carrier-based aircraft, carrier-based twinjet, twin-engine air superiority fighter designed by Sukhoi and manufactured by Komsomolsk-on-Amur Aircraft Produ ...
s from Russia on several occasions—an unsuccessful offer was made as late as March 2009—but negotiations collapsed in 2006 after it was discovered that China had developed a modified version of the
Sukhoi Su-27 The Sukhoi Su-27 (; NATO reporting name: Flanker) is a Soviet Union, Soviet-origin twinjet, twin-engine supersonic Supermaneuverability, supermaneuverable fighter aircraft designed by Sukhoi. It was intended as a direct competitor for the lar ...
SK, designated the Shenyang J-11B, in violation of
intellectual property Intellectual property (IP) is a category of property that includes intangible creations of the human intellect. There are many types of intellectual property, and some countries recognize more than others. The best-known types are patents, co ...
agreements. However, according to Chinese sources, the reason China withdrew from talks was that Russia wanted large payments to re-open Su-33 production lines and insisted on a Chinese purchase of at least 50 Su-33s, about which China was reluctant, as it believed the aircraft would become outdated in a few years. China hence decided on an indigenous variant instead of continuing to assemble the J-11, the licensed Chinese version of Su-27. The J-15 program was officially started in 2006 with the codename Flying Shark. The program goal was to develop a naval-capable fighter aircraft from the
Shenyang J-11 The Shenyang J-11 ( Chinese: 歼-11; NATO reporting name: Flanker-B+/Flanker-L), also known as Yinglong ( zh, s=应龙, t=應龍, p=yìnglóng, l=responsive dragon). is a 4th generation twin-engine jet fighter of the People's Republic of China ...
, with technologies reverse-engineered from T-10K-3, a Soviet Su-33 prototype that had been acquired from
Ukraine Ukraine is a country in Eastern Europe. It is the List of European countries by area, second-largest country in Europe after Russia, which Russia–Ukraine border, borders it to the east and northeast. Ukraine also borders Belarus to the nor ...
. The first J-15 prototype made its
maiden flight The maiden flight, also known as first flight, of an aircraft is the first occasion on which it leaves the ground under its own power. The same term is also used for the first launch of rockets. In the early days of aviation it could be dange ...
on August 31, 2009, believed to have been powered by Russian-supplied Saturn AL-31 turbofan engines. Video and still images of the flight were released in July 2010, showing the same basic airframe design as the Su-33. On May 7, 2010, the aircraft conducted its first
takeoff Takeoff is the phase of flight in which an aerospace vehicle leaves the ground and becomes airborne. For aircraft traveling vertically, this is known as liftoff. For aircraft that take off horizontally, this usually involves starting with a tr ...
from a simulated ski-jump on land. On November 25, 2012, the aircraft successfully performed its first
takeoff and landing Aircraft have different ways to take off and land. Conventional airplanes accelerate along the ground until reaching a speed that is sufficient for the airplane to takeoff and climb at a safe speed. Some airplanes can take off at low speed, this b ...
on , China's first operational
aircraft carrier An aircraft carrier is a warship that serves as a seagoing airbase, equipped with a full-length flight deck and hangar facilities for supporting, arming, deploying and recovering carrier-based aircraft, shipborne aircraft. Typically it is the ...
. The twin-seat variant, J-15S, made its maiden flight on November 4, 2012. After conclusion of the flight-test phase, in 2013 the first 24 J-15 aircraft were delivered to the Naval Aviation’s Carrier Fighter Group. In 2016, the new and updated J-15T prototype of the J-15 with added CATOBAR capability began test flight at PLAN land-based catapult facilities. The twin-seat electronic warfare variant, similar to the role of
United States Navy The United States Navy (USN) is the naval warfare, maritime military branch, service branch of the United States Department of Defense. It is the world's most powerful navy with the largest Displacement (ship), displacement, at 4.5 millio ...
's
EA-18G Growler The Boeing EA-18G Growler is an American aircraft carrier, carrier-based electronic warfare aircraft, a specialized version of the two-seat Boeing F/A-18E/F Super Hornet, Boeing F/A-18F Super Hornet. The EA-18G replaced the Northrop Grumman EA- ...
, dubbed J-15D, took its maiden flight in 2018. In November 2020, ''
Jane's Janes is a global open-source intelligence company specialising in military, national security, aerospace and transport topics, whose name derives from British author Fred T. Jane. History Jane's Information Group was founded in 1898 by Fred ...
'' reported that SAC had produced a second prototype of the J-15T fighter aircraft. While the J-15 appears to be structurally based on the prototype of Su-33, the fighter features indigenous Chinese technologies as well as
avionics Avionics (a portmanteau of ''aviation'' and ''electronics'') are the Electronics, electronic systems used on aircraft. Avionic systems include communications, Air navigation, navigation, the display and management of multiple systems, and the ...
from the Shenyang J-11B program. In February 2018, discussions about replacing the J-15 appeared in several Chinese media outlets including
Xinhua Xinhua News Agency (English pronunciation: ),J. C. Wells: Longman Pronunciation Dictionary, 3rd ed., for both British and American English or New China News Agency, is the official State media, state news agency of the China, People's Republic ...
and China's main military newspaper, discussing that it belongs to the 4th- or 4.5-generation fighters. Thus, the J-15 was correspondingly viewed as an interim carrier-based fighter until a fifth-generation successor enters service, namely the Shenyang J-35. In 2021, analysts reported work on an upgraded variant, referred to as the "J-15B", with new avionics, engines, and CATOBAR launch capability. The upgrade variant of J-15 is capable of launching newer PL-10 and
PL-15 The PL-15 ( zh, s=霹雳-15, p=Pī Lì-Yāo Wǔ, l=Thunderbolt-15, NATO reporting name: CH-AA-10 Abaddon) is an active radar homing, active radar-guided long-range beyond-visual-range air-to-air missile developed by the People's Republic of Chi ...
missiles. The J-11D upgrade program reportedly contributed to the subsystems of the "J-15B". The J-15B program, often called by this name in the media, was officially given the original name "J-15T" later. In November 2022, a production J-15 powered by the Shenyang WS-10, possibly the WS-10B, appeared in Chinese media. It was the last indigenous Chinese combat aircraft to replace the AL-31; possibly due to navalisation. According to Chinese observers, compared to the AL-31 the WS-10 had superior safety, reliability, and service life, aspects which are magnified by the constraints of carrier aviation.


Design

The airframe of the J-15 is structurally reinforced for carrier landing and launching, with the addition of a tailhook and strengthened landing gears. The aircraft incorporated a higher portion of composite materials than the
Sukhoi Su-33 The Sukhoi Su-33 (-33; NATO reporting name: Flanker-D) is a Soviet/Russian all-weather carrier-based twin-engine air superiority fighter designed by Sukhoi and manufactured by Komsomolsk-on-Amur Aircraft Production Association, derived f ...
to save weight and improve aerodynamic performance, allowing for a slower landing speed compared to Su-33. An article in the ''China SignPost'' believes the J-15 "likely exceeds or matches the
aerodynamic Aerodynamics () is the study of the motion of atmosphere of Earth, air, particularly when affected by a solid object, such as an airplane wing. It involves topics covered in the field of fluid dynamics and its subfield of gas dynamics, and is an ...
capabilities of virtually any fighter aircraft currently operated by regional militaries, except for the
U.S. The United States of America (USA), also known as the United States (U.S.) or America, is a country primarily located in North America. It is a federal republic of 50 states and a federal capital district, Washington, D.C. The 48 contiguous ...
F-22 Raptor The Lockheed Martin/Boeing F-22 Raptor is an American twin-engine, jet-powered, all-weather, supersonic stealth fighter aircraft. As a product of the United States Air Force's Advanced Tactical Fighter (ATF) program, the aircraft was de ...
", alleging that the J-15 likely possesses a 10% greater
thrust-to-weight ratio Thrust-to-weight ratio is a dimensionless ratio of thrust to weight of a rocket, jet engine, propeller engine, or a vehicle propelled by such an engine that is an indicator of the performance of the engine or vehicle. The instantaneous thrust-to-w ...
and 25% lower
wing loading In aerodynamics, wing loading is the total weight of an aircraft or flying animal divided by the area of its wing. The stalling speed, takeoff speed and landing speed of an aircraft are partly determined by its wing loading. The faster an airc ...
than the
F/A-18E/F Super Hornet The Boeing F/A-18E and F/A-18F Super Hornet are a series of American supersonic twinjet, twin-engine, Carrier-based aircraft, carrier-capable, Multirole combat aircraft, multirole fighter aircraft derived from the McDonnell Douglas F/A-18 Ho ...
. However, one of the authors of that same article described the J-15 in another article as no game changer; the reliance on ski-jump launches and lack of Chinese carrier-based
aerial refueling Aerial refueling ( en-us), or aerial refuelling ( en-gb), also referred to as air refueling, in-flight refueling (IFR), air-to-air refueling (AAR), and tanking, is the process of transferring aviation fuel from one aircraft (the tanker) to an ...
capabilities are believed to greatly reduce its effective combat range. In 2014, it was revealed that the J-15 is capable of aerial refueling, using the UPAZ-1 buddy refueling pod, which can be carried by another J-15. Hu Siyuan of the PLA National Defense University said that "the current weak point of the J-15 is its Russian-made AL-31 engines, which are less powerful than that of the American F-35 fighter". The J-15's chief designer, Sun Cong of the National Committee of the Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference, has said that the J-15 could match the F/A-18 in bomb load, combat radius and mobility. However, in a similar statement, he said more work was required on its electronics and combat systems. Rear Admiral Yin Zhuo stated that the aircraft's air combat capabilities were better than that of the F/A-18E/F Super Hornet. However, he also stated that its ability to attack land and sea targets was slightly inferior to the F/A-18E/F; it is also stated that its electronic equipment meets the standards of those on a
fifth-generation fighter A fifth-generation fighter is a Jet fighter generations, jet fighter aircraft classification which includes major technologies developed during the first part of the 21st century. these are the most advanced fighters in operation. The characteri ...
. The J-15 may be operating from the aircraft carriers ''Liaoning'' and ''
Shandong Shandong is a coastal Provinces of China, province in East China. Shandong has played a major role in Chinese history since the beginning of Chinese civilization along the lower reaches of the Yellow River. It has served as a pivotal cultural ...
''. The carriers have two launch positions. The waist position has a runway length of 195 m, and the two forward positions have a runway length of 105 m. The take-off weight of the J-15 depends on the launch position and carrier speed. For ship speed at 28 knots, J-15's maximum take-off weight is 33 tons (with 9 tons of internal fuel and a 6.5-ton external payload) for the waist position. The maximum weight is 28 tons (9-ton internal fuel and 1.5-ton external payload) for the forward position. However, when the carrier moves at 20 knots, MTOW at the waist position is reduced to 31 tons.


Operational history

On 25 November 2012, Chinese media reported that two J-15s had made arrested landings on ''Liaoning''.. The first landing was made by pilot Dai Mingmeng (戴明盟). Luo Yang, the aircraft's head of production and designer, died the same day. ''
PLA Daily The ''People's Liberation Army Daily'' (), or ''PLA Daily'' for short, is the official newspaper of the Chinese People's Liberation Army (PLA). Institutionally, the ''PLA Daily'' is the mouthpiece of and speaks for the Central Military Commission ( ...
'' newspaper indicated that the first five naval pilots (including Dai) conducted J-15 fighter landings and takeoffs. Test and training program officials confirmed the carrier-borne aircraft and special equipment for the landing flight had gone through strict tests, and fighter jets can be deployed on the carrier. In December 2013, Chinese media reported that
mass production Mass production, also known as mass production, series production, series manufacture, or continuous production, is the production of substantial amounts of standardized products in a constant flow, including and especially on assembly lines ...
of J-15s in full operational condition with combat markings had begun. In January 2017, ''Liaoning'' conducted take-off and landing drills with its J-15s in the
South China Sea The South China Sea is a marginal sea of the Western Pacific Ocean. It is bounded in the north by South China, in the west by the Indochinese Peninsula, in the east by the islands of Taiwan island, Taiwan and northwestern Philippines (mainly Luz ...
after its first deployment into the Western Pacific. In July 2018, PLAAF
Lieutenant General Lieutenant general (Lt Gen, LTG and similar) is a military rank used in many countries. The rank traces its origins to the Middle Ages, where the title of lieutenant general was held by the second-in-command on the battlefield, who was norma ...
Zhang Honghe reported that a carrier-based replacement for the J-15 was in development after two crashes and "unpardonable mechanical failures". One issue was the limited payload due to the weight of the aircraft - the empty weight is compared to the F/A-18E/F Super Hornet's 14,600 kg - and operating from a STOBAR carrier. In October 2024, Chinese state media reported the J-15T and J-15D flying with ''Liaoning'' and ''Shandong'' in the South China Sea, suggesting the aircraft had entered service. Both aircraft were officially revealed at the China International Aviation & Aerospace Exhibition in November 2024. A Chinese fighter jet came within about 150 feet of a Japanese naval reconnaissance plane over the 7-8th of June weekend of 2025, the Japanese Defense Ministry said Thursday, an action the US ambassador to Tokyo called “dangerous” and “reckless.”


Accidents

* In April 2016, a J-15 crashed into the ocean after experiencing a flight control system failure. The pilot, Cao Xianjian, ejected shortly before impact, below the altitude needed for the parachute to function; he was severely injured upon landing. * On 27 April 2016, a J-15 crashed during a simulated landing when a flight control system malfunction caused the aircraft to pitch up to 80 degrees. The pilot, Zhang Chao, ejected below the altitude needed for the parachute to function; he eventually died from injuries sustained upon landing, and was posthumously awarded the First Class Order of Heroic Exemplar on 30 November. * In July 2017, a J-15 suffered a left engine fire after ingesting a bird shortly after takeoff. The pilot, Yuan Wei, with the aid of instructions from air traffic controllers, performed an emergency landing and ground crews extinguished the fire. * On 15 March 2025, a J-15 crashed near Jialai Town in the
Hainan Province Hainan is an island province and the southernmost province of China. It consists of the eponymous Hainan Island and various smaller islands in the South China Sea under the province's administration. The name literally means "South of the Sea" ...
of China. The aircraft's nose down, tail up position, along with it flying with gear down at slow speeds indicates that the aircraft was trying to land when the incident happened, however the cause is still being investigated. Reports say that the pilot successfully ejected from the aircraft and no one was harmed in the incident. *


Variants

*J-15 (
NATO reporting name NATO uses a system of code names, called reporting names, to denote military aircraft and other equipment used by post-Soviet states, former Warsaw Pact countries, China, and other countries. The system assists military communications by providi ...
Flanker-X2): Single-seat variant. *J-15S : Two-seat variant, first flown in 2012. *J-15T : Improved variant of J-15 incorporating CATOBAR launch capability, WS-10 engines, modern fifth-generation avionics, AESA radar, new airframes, stealth coatings, and compatibility to launch PL-10 and
PL-15 The PL-15 ( zh, s=霹雳-15, p=Pī Lì-Yāo Wǔ, l=Thunderbolt-15, NATO reporting name: CH-AA-10 Abaddon) is an active radar homing, active radar-guided long-range beyond-visual-range air-to-air missile developed by the People's Republic of Chi ...
missiles. First seen in September 2016, with two prototypes built. In active service as of October 2024. Previously referred to as J-15B in media. *J-15D : Two-seat electronic warfare variant with EW pods and other electronic equipment installed and IRST sensor removed. Began operational testing in December 2018, and entered service by October 2024.


Operators

; * People's Liberation Army Naval Air Force - 60 J-15, 10+ J-15T and 6 J-15D units in service as of 2025. ** Chinese aircraft carrier ''Liaoning'' ** Chinese aircraft carrier ''Shandong'' ** Lingshui Air Base


Specifications (estimated)


See also


References

;Citations ;Bibliography * *


External links


J15 Naval Carrier Based Fighter, PLA Navy
J-15 fighter photos and introductions, AirForceWorld.com
Flying Sharks
a J-15 fighter video. {{Chinese Military Aircraft 2000s Chinese fighter aircraft Carrier-based aircraft Canard aircraft Shenyang aircraft Twinjets Aircraft first flown in 2009 Fourth-generation jet fighters Sukhoi Su-27 family aircraft 4.5-generation jet fighters Aircraft with retractable tricycle landing gear