Judaism
Judaism () is an Abrahamic religions, Abrahamic, Monotheism, monotheistic, ethnic religion that comprises the collective spiritual, cultural, and legal traditions of the Jews, Jewish people. Religious Jews regard Judaism as their means of o ...
prohibits
shaving
Shaving is the removal of hair, by using a razor or any other kind of bladed implement, to slice it down—to the level of the skin or otherwise. Shaving is most commonly practiced by men to remove their facial hair and by women to remove the ...
with a razor on the basis of a rabbinic interpretation of Leviticus 19:27, which states, "Ye shall not round the corners of your heads, neither shalt thou mar the corners of thy beard." The
Mishnah
The Mishnah or the Mishna (; , from the verb ''šānā'', "to study and review", also "secondary") is the first written collection of the Jewish oral traditions that are known as the Oral Torah. Having been collected in the 3rd century CE, it is ...
interprets this as a prohibition on using a razor on the beard.
This prohibition is further expanded upon in
kabbalistic
Kabbalah or Qabalah ( ; , ; ) is an esoteric method, discipline and school of thought in Jewish mysticism. It forms the foundation of mystical religious interpretations within Judaism. A traditional Kabbalist is called a Mekubbal ().
Jewi ...
literature.
In the Torah
The
Book of Leviticus
The Book of Leviticus (, from , ; , , 'And He called'; ) is the third book of the Torah (the Pentateuch) and of the Old Testament, also known as the Third Book of Moses. Many hypotheses presented by scholars as to its origins agree that it de ...
mentions the "corners of the head" and prohibits the "marring" of the "corners of the beard," with particular emphasis on
kohanim
Kohen (, ; , ، Arabic كاهن , Kahen) is the Hebrew word for "priest", used in reference to the Aaronic priesthood, also called Aaronites or Aaronides. They are traditionally believed, and halakhically required, to be of direct patriline ...
not marring the beard; as with many other parts of Leviticus, the
Book of Ezekiel
The Book of Ezekiel is the third of the Nevi'im#Latter Prophets, Latter Prophets in the Hebrew Bible, Tanakh (Hebrew Bible) and one of the Major Prophets, major prophetic books in the Christian Bible, where it follows Book of Isaiah, Isaiah and ...
describes different regulations, stating that the priests should not shave their heads or let their locks grow long.
However, there were exceptions, with the Book of Ezekiel itself adding that priests should keep their hair trimmed,
and Leviticus arguing that, in certain cases of
tzaraath
''Tzaraath'' (Hebrew language, Hebrew: ''ṣāraʿaṯ''), #Name, variously transcribed into English and frequently translated as leprosy (though it is not Hansen's disease, the disease known as "leprosy" in modern times), is a term used in the ...
(skin conditions), the beard and hair should be completely shaved away. Numbers (Ch. 6) additionally requires that
Nazarites shave their heads seven days after any contact with corpses.
Origin
According to biblical scholars, the shaving of hair, particularly of the "corners of the beard", was originally a mourning custom; the behaviour appears, from the
Book of Jeremiah
The Book of Jeremiah () is the second of the Latter Prophets in the Hebrew Bible, and the second of the Prophets in the Christian Old Testament. The superscription at chapter Jeremiah 1#Superscription, Jeremiah 1:1–3 identifies the book as "th ...
, to also have been practiced by other
ancient Semitic-speaking peoples
Ancient Semitic-speaking peoples or Proto-Semitic people were speakers of Semitic languages who lived throughout the ancient Near East and North Africa, including the Levant, Mesopotamia, the Arabian Peninsula and Carthage from the 3rd millenniu ...
. In the
Ugarit
Ugarit (; , ''ủgrt'' /ʾUgarītu/) was an ancient port city in northern Syria about 10 kilometers north of modern Latakia. At its height it ruled an area roughly equivalent to the modern Latakia Governorate. It was discovered by accident in 19 ...
ic
Baal Cycle, for example,
El shaves off his beard in grief on learning that
Baal
Baal (), or Baʻal, was a title and honorific meaning 'owner' or 'lord
Lord is an appellation for a person or deity who has authority, control, or power (social and political), power over others, acting as a master, chief, or ruler. The ...
is dead. However, some ancient manuscripts of Jeremiah read "live in remote places" rather than "clip the corners of their hair." Biblical scholars think that the regulations against shaving hair may be an attack on the practice of offering hair to the dead, which was performed in the belief that it would obtain protection in
Sheol
Sheol ( ; ''Šəʾōl'', Tiberian: ''Šŏʾōl'') in the Hebrew Bible is the underworld place of stillness and darkness which is death.
Within the Hebrew Bible, there are few—often brief and nondescript—mentions of Sheol, seemingly descri ...
;
[''Peake's commentary on the Bible''] Nazirites shaved after
contact with a corpse, captive women shaved after mourning the death of their parents, and the general prohibition in the
Holiness code is immediately followed by a rule against people cutting their bodies for the benefit of the dead.
Textual scholars date the
Priestly source
The Priestly source (or simply P) is perhaps the most widely recognized of the sources underlying the Torah, both stylistically and theologically distinct from other material in it. It is considered by most scholars as the latest of all sources, a ...
, and the Holiness and
Priestly Codes within it, to the late
7th century BCE or later; it appears that before this time, the shaving of the head during mourning was permitted, and even encouraged.
The
Book of Amos
The Book of Amos is the third of the Twelve Minor Prophets in the Christian Old Testament and Jewish Hebrew Bible, Tanakh and the second in the Greek Septuagint. The Book of Amos has nine chapters. According to the Bible, Amos (prophet), Amos was ...
, which textual scholars date to the mid-7th century,
as well as the books
of Isaiah and
of Micah, which textual scholars date to a slightly later period, portray God as instructing the Israelites to shave their head as an act of mourning:
"
God
In monotheistic belief systems, God is usually viewed as the supreme being, creator, and principal object of faith. In polytheistic belief systems, a god is "a spirit or being believed to have created, or for controlling some part of the un ...
... called you to weep and mourn. He told you to shave your heads in sorrow for your sins."
Isaiah 22:12.
The prohibition against cutting the "corners of the beard" may also have been an attempt to distinguish the appearance of Israelites from that of the surrounding nations, and reduce the influence of foreign religions;
[''Jewish Encyclopedia''] Maimonides
Moses ben Maimon (1138–1204), commonly known as Maimonides (, ) and also referred to by the Hebrew acronym Rambam (), was a Sephardic rabbi and Jewish philosophy, philosopher who became one of the most prolific and influential Torah schola ...
criticises it as being the custom of "idolatrous priests:. The
Hittites
The Hittites () were an Anatolian peoples, Anatolian Proto-Indo-Europeans, Indo-European people who formed one of the first major civilizations of the Bronze Age in West Asia. Possibly originating from beyond the Black Sea, they settled in mo ...
and
Elamites were
clean-shaven
Shaving is the removal of hair, by using a razor or any other kind of bladed implement, to slice it down—to the level of the skin or otherwise. Shaving is most commonly practiced by men to remove their facial hair and by women to remove the ...
, and the
Sumer
Sumer () is the earliest known civilization, located in the historical region of southern Mesopotamia (now south-central Iraq), emerging during the Chalcolithic and Early Bronze Age, early Bronze Ages between the sixth and fifth millennium BC. ...
ians were also frequently without a beard;
[''Jewish Encyclopedia'', ''Beard''] conversely, the
ancient Egypt
Ancient Egypt () was a cradle of civilization concentrated along the lower reaches of the Nile River in Northeast Africa. It emerged from prehistoric Egypt around 3150BC (according to conventional Egyptian chronology), when Upper and Lower E ...
ians and
Libyans
Demographics of Libya is the demography of Libya, specifically covering population density, Ethnic group, ethnicity, and Religion in Libya, religious affiliations, as well as other aspects of the Libyan population. All figures are from the Uni ...
shaved the beard into very stylised and elongated
goatee
A goatee is a style of facial hair incorporating hair on the chin entirely. The exact nature of the style has varied according to time and culture.
Description
Until the late 20th century, the term ''goatee'' was used to refer solely to a bear ...
s.
In classical rabbinical literature
The forbidding of shaving the ''corners of the head'' was interpreted by the
Mishnah
The Mishnah or the Mishna (; , from the verb ''šānā'', "to study and review", also "secondary") is the first written collection of the Jewish oral traditions that are known as the Oral Torah. Having been collected in the 3rd century CE, it is ...
as prohibiting the hair at the
temples
A temple (from the Latin ) is a place of worship, a building used for spiritual rituals and activities such as prayer and sacrifice. By convention, the specially built places of worship of some religions are commonly called "temples" in Engli ...
being cut so that the hairline was a straight line from behind the ears to the forehead; thus it was deemed necessary to retain sidelocks, leading to the development of a distinctly Jewish form of sidelock, known as
payot. As for the beard, more complicated views arose; the ''corners of the beard'' were explained to refer to five extremities in the
Talmud
The Talmud (; ) is the central text of Rabbinic Judaism and the primary source of Jewish religious law (''halakha'') and Jewish theology. Until the advent of Haskalah#Effects, modernity, in nearly all Jewish communities, the Talmud was the cen ...
. There are many opinions in medieval scholars as to what these five points are. For example, it may be a point on each cheek near the temples, a point at the end of the cheek bone towards the centre of the face, and the point of the chin. Or it may be two on the mustache, two somewhere on the cheek, and one on the point on the chin. As a result,
Shulchan Aruch
The ''Shulhan Arukh'' ( ),, often called "the Code of Jewish Law", is the most widely consulted of the various legal codes in Rabbinic Judaism. It was authored in the city of Safed in what is now Israel by Joseph Karo in 1563 and published in ...
prohibits the shaving of the entire beard and mustache.
Because the biblical prohibition against shaving uses the Hebrew word ''gelech'' (''גלח''), which refers to shaving with a blade against the skin, Talmudic rabbis interpreted it to only refer to a blade, and only to the hair being cut close to the roots, in a smooth manner.
This means that only a razor would be prohibited, trimming or non-razor shaving would be permitted. In the ancient land of Israel, it was common among more scholarly circles of Jews to clip beards.
Ezekiel's request for priests to keep their hair trimmed was read by the Talmudists as referring specifically to the artistic
Lydia
Lydia (; ) was an Iron Age Monarchy, kingdom situated in western Anatolia, in modern-day Turkey. Later, it became an important province of the Achaemenid Empire and then the Roman Empire. Its capital was Sardis.
At some point before 800 BC, ...
n style of haircut, in which the ends of the hair of one row reaches the roots of the next.
This hairstyle was apparently a distinguishing feature of the
nobility
Nobility is a social class found in many societies that have an aristocracy. It is normally appointed by and ranked immediately below royalty. Nobility has often been an estate of the realm with many exclusive functions and characteristics. T ...
, as the common population shaved their heads entirely except for the sidelocks;
the king is said to have had his hair cut in this manner each day, the
Jewish High Priest to have done so each week just before the
Sabbath
In Abrahamic religions, the Sabbath () or Shabbat (from Hebrew ) is a day set aside for rest and worship. According to the Book of Exodus, the Sabbath is a day of rest on the seventh day, Ten Commandments, commanded by God to be kept as a Holid ...
, and ordinary
Jewish priests to have done so every thirty days. The Talmudic Rabbis also argue that anyone who was constantly in contact with government officers could adopt
tonsure
Tonsure () is the practice of cutting or shaving some or all of the hair on the scalp as a sign of religious devotion or humility. The term originates from the Latin word ' (meaning "clipping" or "shearing") and referred to a specific practice in ...
s, although they do state that to everyone else it was forbidden; during the period of Hellenic domination over Judah, the tonsure was a fashionable haircut among the Greeks.
In rabbinic literature of the Middle Ages
The ''
Shulchan Aruch
The ''Shulhan Arukh'' ( ),, often called "the Code of Jewish Law", is the most widely consulted of the various legal codes in Rabbinic Judaism. It was authored in the city of Safed in what is now Israel by Joseph Karo in 1563 and published in ...
'' quotes the
Talmud
The Talmud (; ) is the central text of Rabbinic Judaism and the primary source of Jewish religious law (''halakha'') and Jewish theology. Until the advent of Haskalah#Effects, modernity, in nearly all Jewish communities, the Talmud was the cen ...
that because scissors have two blades, it would therefore be permitted to trim the beard by using them since the cutting action would come from contact between two blades and not from that between blade and skin.
[Shulchan Arukh, '']Yoreh De'ah
''Yoreh De'ah'' () is a section of Rabbi Jacob ben Asher's compilation of halakha (Jewish law), the ''Arba'ah Turim'', written around 1300.
This section treats all aspects of Jewish law not pertinent to the Hebrew calendar, finance, torts, marr ...
'', 181 In Germany and Italy, by the end of the seventeenth century, Jews started removing beards with the aid of
pumice stone
Pumice (), called pumicite in its powdered or dust form, is a volcanic rock that consists of extremely vesicular rough-textured volcanic glass, which may or may not contain crystals. It is typically light-colored. Scoria is another vesicular ...
s and
chemical depilatories, which would leave the face smooth as if it had been shaven. These are non-razor shaves, which are not prohibited.
Menachem Mendel Schneersohn argued that shaving a beard would fall under the biblical regulation against
crossdressing (he also extended the prohibition for wanton destruction to destroying the hair of the beard); the ''Shulchan Aruch'' interpreted this regulation in a different way, arguing that it forbade men from removing hair from areas where women were accustomed to removing hair, such as
underarm hair
Underarm hair, also known as axillary hair or armpit hair, is the hair in the underarm area (''axilla'').
Development
Underarm or axillary hair goes through four stages of development, as staged by the Wolfsdorf Axillary Hair Scale, driven by ...
and
pubic hair
Pubic hair (or pubes , ) is terminal hair, terminal body hair that is found in the sex organ, genital area and pubic region of adolescent and adult humans. The hair is located on and around the sex organs, and sometimes at the top of the inside ...
.
In the early Middle Ages, Jewish custom concerning beards followed the fashions of each nation;
in Germany, France, and Italy, Jews removed their beards, but in Muslim countries, Jews grew them long.
In 1720, a mild confrontation arose between a group of Italian Jews, who had migrated to
Salonica
Thessaloniki (; ), also known as Thessalonica (), Saloniki, Salonika, or Salonica (), is the second-largest city in Greece (with slightly over one million inhabitants in its Thessaloniki metropolitan area, metropolitan area) and the capital cit ...
in the
Ottoman Empire
The Ottoman Empire (), also called the Turkish Empire, was an empire, imperial realm that controlled much of Southeast Europe, West Asia, and North Africa from the 14th to early 20th centuries; it also controlled parts of southeastern Centr ...
, and the local Jewish population because the Italians didn't wear beards while the local population insisted they were necessary.
It was later remarked by
Jacob Emden
Jacob Emden, also known as the Yaʿavetz (June 4, 1697 – April 19, 1776), was a leading German rabbi and talmudist who championed traditional Judaism in the face of the growing influence of the Sabbatean movement. He was widely acclaimed for ...
that the Jewish population in Western Europe had objected to these regulations so much that it had been impractical to enforce them, There had also been prominent opponents of beards, such as
Joseph Solomon Delmedigo
Joseph Solomon Delmedigo (or Del Medigo), also known as Yashar Mi-Qandia (; 16 June 1591 – 16 October 1655), was a rabbi, author, physician, mathematician, and music theory, music theorist.
Born in Heraklion, Candia, Crete, a descendant of E ...
, to whom is attributed the epigram, "If men are judged wise by their beards and their girth, then goats were the wisest of creatures on earth."
In Kabbalah
The ''
Zohar
The ''Zohar'' (, ''Zōhar'', lit. "Splendor" or "Radiance") is a foundational work of Kabbalistic literature. It is a group of books including commentary on the mystical aspects of the Torah and scriptural interpretations as well as material o ...
'', one of the primary sources of
Kabbalah
Kabbalah or Qabalah ( ; , ; ) is an esoteric method, discipline and school of thought in Jewish mysticism. It forms the foundation of Mysticism, mystical religious interpretations within Judaism. A traditional Kabbalist is called a Mekubbal ...
, attributes holiness to the beard and strongly discourages its removal, declaring that even the shortening of a beard by scissors is a great sin.
It was said that
Isaac Luria
Isaac ben Solomon Ashkenazi Luria (; #FINE_2003, Fine 2003, p24/ref>July 25, 1572), commonly known in Jewish religious circles as Ha'ari, Ha'ari Hakadosh or Arizal, was a leading rabbi and Jewish mysticism, Jewish mystic in the community of Saf ...
, a significant figure in the history of Kabbalistic mysticism, meticulously avoided touching his beard lest he should accidentally cause hairs to drop from it. Kabbalistic teachings gradually spread into
Slav
The Slavs or Slavic people are groups of people who speak Slavic languages. Slavs are geographically distributed throughout the northern parts of Eurasia; they predominantly inhabit Central Europe, Eastern Europe, Southeastern Europe, and N ...
ic regions. Consequently, beard trimming was discouraged in these areas, even if it involved scissors.
Hasidic Jews more closely followed Kabbalistic practices than
Litvaks
{{Infobox ethnic group
, group = Litvaks
, image =
, caption =
, poptime =
, region1 = {{flag, Lithuania
, pop1 = 2,800
, region2 =
{{flag, South Africa
, pop2 = 6 ...
and
Misnagdim
''Misnagdim'' (, "Opponents"; Sephardi pronunciation: ''Mitnagdim''; singular ''misnaged / mitnaged'') was a Jewish religious movements, religious movement among the Eastern European Jewry, Jews of Eastern Europe which resisted the rise of Has ...
; Hasidic Jews who are known for the distinctive beards. However, in Italy, shaving the beard was so popular that even the Italian followers of Kabbalah did it; an Italian Kabbalist even argued that beard shaving was only prohibited in
Canaan
CanaanThe current scholarly edition of the Septuagint, Greek Old Testament spells the word without any accents, cf. Septuaginta : id est Vetus Testamentum graece iuxta LXX interprets. 2. ed. / recogn. et emendavit Robert Hanhart. Stuttgart : D ...
and was to be encouraged elsewhere.
Electric shavers

In Leviticus 19:27, which is part of the Holiness code, Jews are prohibited from "destroying" the corners of the beard. The
Talmud
The Talmud (; ) is the central text of Rabbinic Judaism and the primary source of Jewish religious law (''halakha'') and Jewish theology. Until the advent of Haskalah#Effects, modernity, in nearly all Jewish communities, the Talmud was the cen ...
,
Makkot
Makkot () is a tractate of the Mishnah and Talmud. It is the fifth volume of the order of ''Nezikin''. Makkot deals primarily with laws of the beth din ('' halakhic'' courts) and the punishments which they may administer and may be regarded as a ...
20a understand this means the use of a single-bladed razor (as opposed to any scissors-like device, which requires two blades to cut) or to remove beard hair even with tweezers. Therefore, Jewish men may not use a razor to cut certain parts of their beards. For practical purposes, those who comply with
halakha
''Halakha'' ( ; , ), also Romanization of Hebrew, transliterated as ''halacha'', ''halakhah'', and ''halocho'' ( ), is the collective body of Judaism, Jewish religious laws that are derived from the Torah, Written and Oral Torah. ''Halakha'' is ...
as defined by
Rabbinic Judaism
Rabbinic Judaism (), also called Rabbinism, Rabbinicism, Rabbanite Judaism, or Talmudic Judaism, is rooted in the many forms of Judaism that coexisted and together formed Second Temple Judaism in the land of Israel, giving birth to classical rabb ...
refrain from the use of razors altogether.
Many Orthodox Jews, especially Haredi Orthodox Jews, refrain from cutting their beards altogether and never cut their facial hair, with the exception of occasionally trimming their mustaches with scissors when they interfere with eating. Orthodox Jews who do shave their facial hair must utilize electric shavers rather than razors.
Some modern
Jewish religious legislators in
Orthodox Judaism
Orthodox Judaism is a collective term for the traditionalist branches of contemporary Judaism. Theologically, it is chiefly defined by regarding the Torah, both Torah, Written and Oral Torah, Oral, as literally revelation, revealed by God in Ju ...
, including
Moshe Feinstein and
Yosef Eliyahu Henkin, permit the use of electric razors to remain clean-shaven, because, in their view, electric razors work like scissors, cutting by trapping hair between the blades and a metal grating. However, other modern rabbinical authorities, such as
Avrohom Yeshaya Karelitz and
Yaakov Yisrael Kanievsky, consider electric razors, particularly
rotary models which use "Lift and Cut" heads made by
Philips
Koninklijke Philips N.V. (), simply branded Philips, is a Dutch multinational health technology company that was founded in Eindhoven in 1891. Since 1997, its world headquarters have been situated in Amsterdam, though the Benelux headquarter ...
, to work in the manner of primitive razors, and consequently prohibit their use. According to some interpretations of the permissive view, these shavers can be used if the lifters attached to the shaver's cutters are removed first. According to other interpretations of this view, these shavers can be used without removing the lifters; indeed, according to some, it may even be preferable ''not'' to do so.
The rotary electric shaver was invented by a Jewish engineer named
Alexandre Horowitz. Many Orthodox Jews prefer to grow beards, for a variety of religious, social, and cultural reasons, even if they believe that electric shavers would be permitted; many Orthodox Jews, even Hasidic ones, today grow beards to keep the tradition of their ancestors, regardless of the permissibility of their removal.
Approved depilating chemicals were also a common way to remove hair.
Mourning (including Sefirat Haomer and The Three Weeks)
Orthodox Jewish mourners do not shave or get a haircut for thirty days.
This refers to those observing one of the seven types of personal loss: Father, Mother, Spouse, Brother, Sister, Son, Daughter.
There is another type of mourning. Haircut and shaving customs apply, each according to custom, for the communal mourning during
the Three Weeks
The Three Weeks or ''Bein ha-Metzarim'' (, "Between the Straits", cf "dire straits") is a period of mourning commemorating the destruction of the first and second Jewish Temples. The Three Weeks start on the seventeenth day of the Jewish month o ...
,
and to part or all of the period known as
Counting of the Omer
Counting of the Omer (, Sefirat HaOmer, sometimes abbreviated as Sefira) is a ritual in Judaism. It consists of a verbal counting of each of the 49 days between the holidays of Passover and Shavuot. The period of 49 days is known as the "omer p ...
.
Body and pubic hair removal for men
The Talmud prohibits men from shaving their body and pubic hair because such activity is considered feminine behavior, violating the prohibition of: "A man shall not put on a woman’s garment." Ashkenazi Jewish men followed the Talmudic law as they lived in a European society in which such shaving was regarded as feminine. Sephardic men since the
Geonic era have shaved their body and pubic hair as this was the practice amongst Muslim men of their society.
Antisemitic attacks
During twentieth century
antisemitic
Antisemitism or Jew-hatred is hostility to, prejudice towards, or discrimination against Jews. A person who harbours it is called an antisemite. Whether antisemitism is considered a form of racism depends on the school of thought. Antisemi ...
violence, especially the
Holocaust
The Holocaust (), known in Hebrew language, Hebrew as the (), was the genocide of History of the Jews in Europe, European Jews during World War II. From 1941 to 1945, Nazi Germany and Collaboration with Nazi Germany and Fascist Italy ...
, Germans and other perpetrators would forcibly shave Jewish men as a form of humiliation.
See also
*
Payot
References
{{DEFAULTSORT:Shaving In Judaism
Jewish law and rituals
Shaving
Negative Mitzvoth